Throughout California, mostly to 1000m, occasionally to 2100m. Common in northern and central regions of the state, uncommon in desert. Grasslands, sagebrush communities, rangeland, fields, open disturbed areas, roadsides. Thrives on fertile soil but can also colonize low-fertility soils such as serpentine (1). Inhabits grasslands near oaks but is outcompeted by B. diandrus under oak canopies (2). The only non-native species that invades the serpentine soil significantly (3).
","1. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488. 2. Rice, K.J., and E. S. Nagy. 2000. Oak canopy effects on the distribution patterns of two annual grasses: the role of competition and soil nutrients. American Journal of Botany. 87:1699-1706 3. Freitas, H. and H. Mooney. 1996. Effects of water stress and soil texture on the performance of two Bromus hordeaceus ecotypes from sandstone and serpentine soils. Acta Oecologica 17(4): 307-317.
","One of the most common annual grasses in the state. Found in nearly all grassland sites.
","DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.
",,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,,,,D,C,,,C,,,,C,A,A,B,,,,,,,,,,A,C,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/bromus-hordeaceus-profile/, "Bromus japonicus",,"Bromus abolini Drob., Bromus chiapporianus de Not. Ex Nyman, Bromus commutatus Schrad., Bromus cyri Trin., Bromus gedrosianus Penzes, Bromus japonicus ssp. anatolicus (Boiss. & Heldr.) Penzes, Bromus japonicus Thunb. ex Murr. var. porectus Hack., Bromus japonicus var. susquarrosus (Borb.) Savul. & Rays, Bromus multiflorus DC. ex Lam. & DC, Bromus patulus Mert. & Koch, Bromus pendulus Schur. Bromus unilateralis Schur., Bromus vestitus Schrad.","Japanese brome; Japanese chess",1/3/07,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph M. DiTomaso","Univ. California, Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Joe DiTomaso,Peter Warner,Joanna Clines",20070214,,,,B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,"Other Published Material",U,,B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,B,Observational,D,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,A,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,Array,Array,B,2.5,Limited,,"Can be a litter accumulator, but not nearly to the level of medusahead. They are also capable of changing the fire frequency in an area, much like other introduced annual grasses.","Ogle, S.M., D. Ojima, and W.A. Reiners. 2005. Biological Invasions 6(3):365-377","Competes for moisture with and displaces perennial grasses.","DiTomaso, J. M., and E. A. Healy. 2007. Weeds of California and Other Western States. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3488. Oakland, CA. text here","Good forage for livestock and wildlife. No known negative impacts. Introduced as a livestock forage.","DiTomaso, J. M., and E. A. Healy. 2007. Weeds of California and Other Western States. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3488. Oakland, CA. text here","There are nine native species of Bromus in California. No information on hybridization.","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA","Mostly in disturbed sites but can invade undisturbed areas. Mechanical disturbance of the soil can greatly increase Japanese brome.","DiTomaso, J. M., and E. A. Healy. 2007. Weeds of California and Other Western States. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3488. Oakland, CA. text here","Appears to be static in its movement","DiTomaso, observational","Has steadily increased in the northern Great Plains region over the past 30 years, but appears to be static in its movement","DiTomaso, observational","Cool season annual. Reproduces by seed. Burning can reduce Japanese brome for 1-2 years but sites repopulated from the seedbank.","DiTomaso, J. M., and E. A. Healy. 2007. Weeds of California and Other Western States. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3488. Oakland, CA. text here","Seeds can be dispersed by vehicles, soil movement, or as seed contaminants, but this is probable not common. Movement in hay is likely more common.","DiTomaso, J. M., and E. A. Healy. 2007. Weeds of California and Other Western States. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3488. Oakland, CA. text here","Most seeds fall near parent plant but can disperse with water, mud, soil movement, or animals.","DiTomaso, J. M., and E. A. Healy. 2007. Weeds of California and Other Western States. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3488. Oakland, CA. text here","Likely found in similar environments in other areas. Primarily a grassland species.","DiTomaso, observational and other internet sources","Grassland, sagebrush communities, rangeland, fields, open disturbed sites, roadsides, crops. Thrives on fertile soils. Desert shrub-grassland communities, pinyon-juniper communities, and open areas in low elevation coniferous forests. Throughout California, mostly to 1000m. Common in northern region of the state.","DiTomaso, J. M., and E. A. Healy. 2007. Weeds of California and Other Western States. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3488. Oakland, CA. text here","Most common in Great Basin grasslands.","DiTomaso, observational",,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Unknown,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,C,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,D,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/bromus-japonicus-profile/, "Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens",,"Bromus rubens","red brome; foxtail chess",2/10/03,"Matt Brooks/Reearch Botanist","U.S. Geological Surveye",702-564-4615,matt_brooks@usgs.gov,"160 N.Stephanie St., Henderson, NV 89074",,,,,,"Carla Bossard,Joe DiTomaso,John Randall,Peter Warner,Doug Johnson,John Hall,Cindy Roye,Dana Backer",20030210,,,,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",U,Observational,B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,A,Observational,A,Observational,Array,Array,A,3,High,,"A: fire, soil nutrient status (via fire-induced changes) Increases fuel continuity and flammability. Removal of shrub cover alters microhabitat characterisitcs and soil nutrient cycling and distribution.","Brooks, M.L. 1999a. Alien annual grasses and fire in the Mojave Desert. Madro_o 46:13-19, Brooks, M.L., and T.C. Esque. 2002. Alien annual plants and wildfire in desert tortoise habitat: status, ecological effects, and management. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 4:330-340. Brooks, M.L. 2000. Bromus madritensis subsp. rubens (L.) Husnot [ B. rubens L.], Foxtail Chess (Red Brome). In: Bossard, C., Hoshovsky, M. and Randall, J. (Eds.). Noxious Wildland Weeds of California. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 72-76. Brooks, M.L. and D. Pyke. 2001. Invasive plants and fire in the deserts of North America. Pp. 1-14 In K. Galley and T. Wilson (eds.), Proceedings of the Invasive Species Workshop: The Role of Fire In the Control and Spread of Invasive Species. Fire Conference 2000: The First National Congress on Fire, Ecology, Prevention and Management. Miscellaneous Publications No. 11, Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.","B: May reduce vigor, fecundity, and species diveristy of native annual plant communities. Can compete with native annual plants, reducing the biomass and species richness of seedling cohorts. Can have high % cover, but usually only after disturbances such as fire, creation of new thach layer in semi-arid systems may extirpate native plants (but not actually documented)","Brooks, M.L. 2000. Competition between alien annual grasses and native annual plants in the Mojave Desert. American Midland Naturalist 144:92-108. Brooks, M.L. 2000a. Bromus madritensis subsp. rubens (L.) Husnot [ B. rubens L.], Foxtail Chess (Red Brome). In: Bossard, C., Hoshovsky, M. and Randall, J. (Eds.). Noxious Wildland Weeds of California. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 72-76. Brooks, M.L. and D. Pyke. 2001. Invasive plants and fire in the deserts of North America. Pp. 1-14 In K. Galley and T. Wilson (eds.), Proceedings of the Invasive Species Workshop: The Role of Fire In the Control and Spread of Invasive Species. Fire Conference 2000: The First National Congress on Fire, Ecology, Prevention and Management. Miscellaneous Publications No. 11, Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.","B: may alter wildlife habitat for T&E species such as the desert tortoise and the sage grouse. By promoting fire, red brome may promote the conversion of native shrubland to alien annual grassland. Competes with native annual plants that are preferred forage for the desert tortoise. Seeds cached by desert granivorous rodents.","Brooks, M.L., and T.C. Esque. 2002. Alien annual plants and wildfire in desert tortoise habitat: status, ecological effects, and management. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 4:330-340. Brooks, M.L. and D. Pyke. 2001. Invasive plants and fire in the deserts of North America. Pp. 1-14 In K. Galley and T. Wilson (eds.), Proceedings of the Invasive Species Workshop: The Role of Fire In the Control and Spread of Invasive Species. Fire Conference 2000: The First National Congress on Fire, Ecology, Prevention and Management. Miscellaneous Publications No. 11, Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, Florida, USABrooks, M.L. 2000. Competition between alien annual grasses and native annual plants in the Mojave Desert. American Midland Naturalist 144:92-108.","U: May hybidize with alien Bromus and become more invasive, may hybrize with native Bromus May hybidize with Bromus tectorum, and evolve to expand its environmental potential range. No known hyrbidization with native Bromus spp., although numerous species exist.","James Young, Rangeland Scientist, USDA-ARS personal communication.","B: Can establish in relatively undisturbed areas, but will not likely rise to extreme dominance without disturbance. Much higher cover in previously burned areas, and slightly higher cover in areas exposed to OHV and livestock grazing, compared to relatively undisturbed areas. However, can occur in relatively undisturbed regions. Dominance often more limted by soil nutrient status than disturbance in desert regions.","Brooks, M.L., and T.C. Esque. 2002. Alien annual plants and wildfire in desert tortoise habitat: status, ecological effects, and management. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 4:330-340.Brooks, M.L. 2000. Bromus madritensis subsp. rubens (L.) Husnot [ B. rubens L.], Foxtail Chess (Red Brome). In: Bossard, C., Hoshovsky, M. and Randall, J. (Eds.). Noxious Wildland Weeds of California. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 72-76. Brooks, M.L. and D. Pyke. 2001. Invasive plants and fire in the deserts of North America. Pp. 1-14 In K. Galley and T. Wilson (eds.), Proceedings of the Invasive Species Workshop: The Role of Fire In the Control and Spread of Invasive Species. Fire Conference 2000: The First National Congress on Fire, Ecology, Prevention and Management. Miscellaneous Publications No. 11, Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, Florida, USA. Brooks, M.L. 1999. Habitat invasibility.. Biological Invasions.","B: May spread rapidly, recolonizing areas where it was previously extirpated due to drought. Years of high rainfall result in population explosions and spread.","Brooks, M.L., and T.C. Esque. 2002. Alien annual plants and wildfire in desert tortoise habitat: status, ecological effects, and management. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 4:330-340.Brooks, M.L. 2000. Bromus madritensis subsp. rubens (L.) Husnot [ B. rubens L.], Foxtail Chess (Red Brome). In: Bossard, C., Hoshovsky, M. and Randall, J. (Eds.). Noxious Wildland Weeds of California. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 72-76. Brooks, M.L. and D. Pyke. 2001. Invasive plants and fire in the deserts of North America. Pp. 1-14 In K. Galley and T. Wilson (eds.), Proceedings of the Invasive Species Workshop: The Role of Fire In the Control and Spread of Invasive Species. Fire Conference 2000: The First National Congress on Fire, Ecology, Prevention and Management. Miscellaneous Publications No. 11, Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.","C: Has likely reach maximum distribution under current rainfall and land use regimes. has been present in the state since the 1800s, and was noted to be a dominant disturbance follower from the early 1900s.","Brooks, personal observation Brooks, M.L., and T.C. Esque. 2002. Alien annual plants and wildfire in desert tortoise habitat: status, ecological effects, and management. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 4:330-340.Brooks, M.L. 2000. Bromus madritensis subsp. rubens (L.) Husnot [ B. rubens L.], Foxtail Chess (Red Brome). In: Bossard, C., Hoshovsky, M. and Randall, J. (Eds.). Invasive Wildland Weeds of California. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 72-76.","Brooks, M.L. 2000. Bromus madritensis subsp. rubens (L.) Husnot [ B. rubens L.], Foxtail Chess (Red Brome). In: Bossard, C., Hoshovsky, M. and Randall, J. (Eds.). Invasive Wildland Weeds of California. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 72-76.","A: spread by adhereing to clothing and livestock, also in some seed mixes used for landscaping,","A: spread by adhereing to clothing and livestock, also in some seed mixes used for landscaping,","Brooks, M.L. 2000. Bromus madritensis subsp. rubens (L.) Husnot [ B. rubens L.], Foxtail Chess (Red Brome). In: Bossard, C., Hoshovsky, M. and Randall, J. (Eds.). Invasive Wildland Weeds of California. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 72-76.","A: moderately high Barbed awns allow long-distance dispersal via hitchhiking on animals. Native granivorous rodents also collect and cache seeds on the soil surface.","Brooks, M.L. 2000. Bromus madritensis subsp. rubens (L.) Husnot [ B. rubens L.], Foxtail Chess (Red Brome). In: Bossard, C., Hoshovsky, M. and Randall, J. (Eds.). Invasive Wildland Weeds of California. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 72-76.","C: Has invaded Europe, Africa, Asia appears to have reached current extent of distribution in California, and has invaded similar habitats there as elsewhere","Bor, N.L. 1968. Bromus. in Townsend, Guest, and Al-Rawi. Flora of Iraq. Volume 9. Ministry of Agriculture of Republic of Iraq, Baghdad, Iraq.","A: scrub chaparral, grassland, woodland scrub chaparral, grassland, woodland","Matt Brooks pers obs","A: widespread in arid, semi-arid, and mesic systems.","Matt Brooks pers obs",,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Unknown,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,,,,A,A,C,B,D,C,,B,B,B,D,D,,,,,,,,C,C,C,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/bromus-madritensis-ssp-rubens-profile/, "Bromus tectorum",,,"cheatgrass; downy brome",2/8/03,"Joe DiTomaso","UC Davis",530-754-8715,DiTomaso@vegmail.ucdavis.edu,"Weed Science Program, Robbins Hall, Univ. California, Davis CA 95616",,,,,,"Carla Bossard,John Randall,Peter Warner,Doug Johnson,John Hall,Dana Backer,Cindy Roye,Matt Brooks",20030210,,,,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,,A,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,Observational,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,A,3,High,,"Changes the frequency, extent, and timing of wildfires. In many areas that have been invaded by cheatgrass the natural fire cycle has shortened from every 60-100 years to every 3-5 years. Early fine fuel of downy brome forms a continuum between shrubs and bunchgrasses allowing fires to carry farther. The shorter fire frequency has eliminated many shrubs in these communities. As fires become even more frequent, the area will be dominated by annual grasses alone, with the loss of surface soil, nutrients, and near permanent deterioration of the site.","Young, J. 2000. Bromus tectorum. In, Invasive Plants of Californias Wildlands. Eds., C. Bossard, J. Randall, M. Hoshovsky. UC Press, Berkeley; Whisenant, S.G. 1990. Changing fire frequencies on Idahos Snake River Plains. USDA For. Ser. Gen Tech. Rep INT-276, 4-10; West, N.E. 1979. Basic synecological relationships of sagebrush-dominated lands in the Great Basin and the Colorado Plateau. Pp. 33-41 In Anon. The Sagebrush Ecosystem: A Symposium, Utah State University, College of Natural Resources, Logan, Utah; Whisenant, S.G. 1989. Changing fire frequencies on Idaho's Snake River Plains: Ecological and management implications. Proceedings-Symposium on Cheatgrass Invasion, Shrub Die-off, and Other Aspects of Shrub Biology and Management. General Technical Report INT-276 Forest Service Intermountain Research Station, November 1990; Many others papers, see Mosley, J.C., S.C. Bunting and M.E. Manoukian. 1999. Cheatgrass. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Eds. R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff. Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis for review and other citations.","Can displace native vegetation by outcompeting them for soil moisture. Downy brome is well adapted to fire and often dominates plant communities after fire (Melgoza et al. 1990). Changes in fire frequency can complete alter vegetation and lead to monotypic stands of downy brome.","Melgoza, G., R.S. Nowak, and R.J. Tausch. 1990. Soil water exploitation after fire: Competition between Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) and two native species. Oecologia 83:7-13; Young, J. 2000. Bromus tectorum. In, Invasive Plants of Californias Wildlands. Eds., C. Bossard, J. Randall, M. Hoshovsky. UC Press, Berkeley; Many others papers, see Mosley, J.C., S.C. Bunting and M.E. Manoukian. 1999. Cheatgrass. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Eds. R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff. Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis for review and other citations.","Has had a negative effect on wildlife, particularly due to change in fire frequency. Does have a positive impact of forage for wildland in spring. Slow-moving fauna such as desert tortoises are sometimes killed in the rapidly moving fires. The effects on native game species are largely unknown, but expected to be similar to livestock.","Young, J. 2000. Bromus tectorum. In, Invasive Plants of Californias Wildlands. Eds., C. Bossard, J. Randall, M. Hoshovsky. UC Press, Berkeley","Hybridization with other species rarely occurs under natural conditions. Unlikely to hydridize with other native Bromus species. No evidence that this has occurred.","Upadhaya, M.K., R. Turkington, and D. McIlvride. 1986. The biology of Canadian weeds. 75. Bromus tectorum L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66:689-709; Rice, K.J., and R.N. Mack. 1991. Ecological genetics of Bromus tectorum: intraspecific variation in phenotypic plasticity. Oecologia 88:84-90.","Cultivation and subsequent land abandonment, excessive livestock grazing and repeated fires can all interact to proliferate downy brome. However, it can also thrive in areas that have never been cultivated or grazed by domestic livestock. Movement into grasslands and scrublands appear to be initially in disturbed areas, but it is then capable of moving into undisturbed sites. In undisturbed sites, cheatgrass will most commonly spread along soil cracks and work its way outward into the natural community.","See Mosley, J.C., S.C. Bunting and M.E. Manoukian. 1999. Cheatgrass. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Eds. R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff. Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis for review and other citations; Douglas, B.J., A.G. Thomas and D. A. Derksen. 1990. Downy brome (Bromus tectorum) invasion into southwestern Saskatchewan. Canadian J. Plant Sci. 70:1143-1151; Rice, K.J., and R.N. Mack. 1991. Ecological genetics of Bromus tectorum: A hierarchical analysis of phenotypic variation. Oecologia 88:77-83.","Can double in less than 10 years. Because downy brome now occupies 100 million acres in the US and was only introduced a bit over 100 years ago, it is clear that it is capable of doubling its infestation level within 10 years.","Mosley, J.C., S.C. Bunting and M.E. Manoukian. 1999. Cheatgrass. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Eds. R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff. Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis.","Probably is remaining stable throughout the west, including California. Because it has occupied the full extent of its range, it is likely to be stable at this time.","Observational information.","Young, J. 2000. Bromus tectorum. In, Invasive Plants of Californias Wildlands. Eds., C. Bossard, J. Randall, M. Hoshovsky. UC Press, Berkeley; Mosley, J.C., S.C. Bunting and M.E. Manoukian. 1999. Cheatgrass. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Eds. R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff. Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis; Young, J.A. and R.A. Evans. 1985. Demography of Bromus tectorum in Artemisia communities. In: J. White (ed.). The Population Structure of Vegetation. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands; Upadhaya, M.K., R. Turkington, and D. McIlvride. 1986. The biology of Canadian weeds. 75. Bromus tectorum L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66:689-709.","Spread by attachment to human clothing or by clinging to hair and fur of livestock. Contaminated grain seed probably was the early method of dispersal. Seeds can also be dispersed as a contaminant in hay and straw or by mud clinging to machinery. Not as important in downy brome at it is in other longer awned annual grasses.","Spread by attachment to human clothing or by clinging to hair and fur of livestock. Contaminated grain seed probably was the early method of dispersal. Seeds can also be dispersed as a contaminant in hay and straw or by mud clinging to machinery. Not as important in downy brome at it is in other longer awned annual grasses.","Young, J. 2000. Bromus tectorum. In, Invasive Plants of Californias Wildlands. Eds., C. Bossard, J. Randall, M. Hoshovsky. UC Press, Berkeley; Mosley, J.C., S.C. Bunting and M.E. Manoukian. 1999. Cheatgrass. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Eds. R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff. Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis","Spread by wind, attachment to animal fur, or by small rodents. Animals can also transport seed in their feces and hooves. Movement by natural means probably not very long distance.","Young, J. 2000. Bromus tectorum. In, Invasive Plants of Californias Wildlands. Eds., C. Bossard, J. Randall, M. Hoshovsky. UC Press, Berkeley","Has invaded other areas of Europe, southern Russia, west central Asia, most of North America, Japan, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Iceland, and Greenland. Native to southern Europe, northern Africa, and southwestern Asia. One of the most widely invasive species around the world.","Young, J. 2000. Bromus tectorum. In, Invasive Plants of Californias Wildlands. Eds., C. Bossard, J. Randall, M. Hoshovsky. UC Press, Berkeley; Mosley, J.C., S.C. Bunting and M.E. Manoukian. 1999. Cheatgrass. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Eds. R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff. Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis; Upadhaya, M.K., R. Turkington, and D. McIlvride. 1986. The biology of Canadian weeds. 75. Bromus tectorum L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66:689-709.","First introduced to the US in 1861 into the east coast and first found in California around Yosemite in 1900. Most common in sagebrush/bunchgrass communities, although its distribution extends to higher-elevation juniper, pinyon-juniper, and pine woodlands.","Young, J. 2000. Bromus tectorum. In, Invasive Plants of Californias Wildlands. Eds., C. Bossard, J. Randall, M. Hoshovsky. UC Press, Berkeley; Mosley, J.C., S.C. Bunting and M.E. Manoukian. 1999. Cheatgrass. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Eds. R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff. Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis","Widespread throughout California. Dominant annual grass on sagebrush rangelands on the Modoc Plateau and along the eastern Sierra Nevada to Owens Valley. Also in the coniferous forest zone. Widespread throughout the Great Basin. Less common in valley grasslands. Most common introduced annual grass in the United States. Today, Bromus tectorum is the dominant species on more than 100 million acres of the Intermountain west. Although Bromus tectorum can be found in both disturbed and undisturbed shrub-steppe and intermountain grasslands (e.g., where dominant grasses are Agropyron spicatum = Pesudorogneria spicata and Festuca idahoensis), the largest infestations are usually found in disturbed shrub-steppe areas, overgrazed rangeland, abandoned fields, eroded areas, sand dunes, road verges, and waste places.","Young, J. 2000. Bromus tectorum. In, Invasive Plants of Californias Wildlands. Eds., C. Bossard, J. Randall, M. Hoshovsky. UC Press, Berkeley; Mosley, J.C., S.C. Bunting and M.E. Manoukian. 1999. Cheatgrass. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Eds. R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff. Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis; Whisenant, S.G. 1989. Changing fire frequencies on Idaho's Snake River Plains: Ecological and management implications. Proceedings-Symposium on Cheatgrass Invasion, Shrub Die-off, and Other Aspects of Shrub Biology and Management. General Technical Report INT-276 Forest Service Intermountain Research Station, November 1990; Carpenter, A.T. and T.A. Murray. 2002. Bromus tectorum. The Nature Conservancy. Element Stewardship Abstract http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/bromtec.html",,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,A,,,,D,C,A,,,,,,,,,,,B,,,,,C,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/bromus-tectorum-profile/, "Buddleja davidii",,,"butterfly bush",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/buddleja-davidii-risk/ "Cakile maritima",,,"European sea rocket",5/20/04,"John J. Knapp/ Invasive Plant Program Manager","Catalina Island Conservancy","(310) 510-1299",jknapp@catalinaconservancy.org,"P.O. 2739 Avalon, CA 90704","Joseph M. DiTomaso","University of California, Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Jake Sigg,Peter Warner,Bob Case,John Knapp,Elizabeth Brusati",20171203,,,,C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,B,3.5,Limited,,"C. maritima demonstrates weak allelophy. C. maritima has demonstrated evidence of allelopathic effects in replicated growth chamber experiments; however, the effect was not detected under field experiments.","Boyd, R.S. 1993. Replacement of Cakile endentula by C. maritima in the strand habitat of California. American Midland Naturalist, 130(2):209-228.","C. maritima has lead to the reduction, and in some situations the extirpation of Abronia spp. However, in most places its impacts are minor. C. maritima is invasive, with the ability to produce more seed, tolerate disturbance, and disperse greater distances than native Abronia spp.","Wood, L. 19??. Dune stabilization. Fremontia, ?(?):27. Pers. Obs. Joe DiTomaso, Carla Bossard, Jake Sigg, Peter Warner 9/15/05","Competes for pollination visitation with native vegetation but this may not impact native species. Although self-compatible, insect pollination plays an intergral part in reproduction.","Barbour, M.G. and Rodman, J.E. 1970. Saga of the west coast sea-rockets: Cakile edentula ssp. californica and C. maritima. Rhodora, 72(791):370-386.","No hybridization is known to occur with native California taxa. No related native California taxa in the genus Cakile.","Hickman, J.C. (ed.). 1993. The Jepson manual of higher plants of California. Pp. 406. University of California Press, Berkeley.","Establishes quickly on beaches and dunes that are frequently disturbed and have low diversity. Able to colonize beach and dune habitats along coast that are frequently disturbed by surf and wind, and have low biodiversity.","Haubensak, K. 1999. Cakile maritima. Channel Islands National Park Sevice Species Literature Review. Unpublished.","No populations were recorded in the first Catalina Island flora in 1923, but by 1966, C. maritima was widespread throughout the beaches and dunes of the Island, and has a similar distribution and abundance in 2003. If C. maritima can survive into a second or even a third year of reproduction, it can produce an 18-fold difference in seed output. Seed production is increased during colonization, and has a high fecundity.","Thorne, R.F. 1967. A Flora of Santa Catalina Island, California. Aliso, 6(3):1-77. Knapp, J.J. 2004. Catalina Invasive Plant Ranking Plan for the Catalina Island Conservancy. Unpublished. Barbour, M.G. and Rodman, J.E. 1970. Saga of the west coast sea-rockets: Cakile edentula ssp. californica and C. maritima. Rhodora, 72(791):370-386. Boyd, R.S. 1988. Hebivory and species replacement in the west coast searockets (Cakile, Brassicaceae). American Midland Naturalist, 119(2):304-317. Boyd, R.S. 1993. Replacement of Cakile endentula by C. maritima in the strand habitat of California. American Midland Naturalist, 130(2):209-228. Barbour, M.G. 1970. Seedling ecology of Calike maritima along the California coast. Bulletin of the Torrey Botatnical Club, 97(5):280-289.","Occupies all avaliable habitats along the California and Baja coast. Santa Cruz Island. On Catalina Island, 101,225 square feet are infested. C. maritima has similar xeric region of origin similar to California, with the average temperature at Santa Cruz Island being the optimal for germination.","Wood, L. 19XX. Dune stabilization. Fremontia, X(X):27. Knapp, J.J. 2004. Catalina Invasive Plant Ranking Plan for the Catalina Island Conservancy. Unpublished. Boyd, R.S. 1988. Hebivory and species replacement in the west coast searockets (Cakile, Brassicaceae). American Midland naturalist, 119(2):304-317. Barbour, M.G. 1970. Seedling ecology of Calike maritima along the California coast. Bulletin of the Torrey Botatnical Club, 97(5):280-289.","Seed bank persists for al least 2 years in foredunes. C. maritima can survive disturbance into a second or even a third year of reproduction, producing an 18-fold difference in seed output. Seed production is increased during colonization, and has a high fecundity. Self pollination is possible. 90% seed set. Classified as an annual species; however, has shown to be biennial. Seeds are readily buried in foredunes, allowing them to escape predation by deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), which can remove 95% of seed, causing only 20% seed survivorship. During colonization of disturbed sites of native Abronia maritima, C. maritima will allocate energy to seed production rather than to biomass to survive until the next year leading to a greater level of invasiveness. C. maritima is a faculative annual, germinating in the winter and fruiting in the summer. One seed per fruit segment.","Haubensak, K. 1999. Cakile maritima. Channel Islands National Park Sevice Species Literature Review. Unpublished. Wood, L. 19XX. Dune stabilization. Fremontia, X(X):27. Barbour, M.G. and Rodman, J.E. 1970. Saga of the west coast sea-rockets: Cakile edentula ssp. californica and C. maritima. Rhodora, 72(791):370-386. Boyd, R.S. 1988. Hebivory and species replacement in the west coast searockets (Cakile, Brassicaceae). American Midland Naturalist, 119(2):304-317. Boyd, R.S. 1993. Replacement of Cakile endentula by C. maritima in the strand habitat of California. American Midland Naturalist, 130(2):209-228. Barbour, M.G. 1970. Seedling ecology of Calike maritima along the California coast. Bulletin of the Torrey Botatnical Club, 97(5):280-289. Brown, K. and Brooks, K. 2002. Bushland weeds: a practical guide to their management with case studies from Swan Coastal Plain and beyond. Environmental Weeds Action Network. Greenwood, Australia.","Sand transport, ship ballast, and trampling account for human-caused dispersal. The relocation of sand from areas infested with C. maritima to new locales, and trampling by hikers and campers in dunes may allow for plant material to roll (tumble weed effect), thus dispersing seed.","Rodman, J.E. 1986. Introduction, establishment and replacement of sea-rockets (Cakile, Cruciferae) in Australia. Journal of Biogeography, 13(2):159-171. Wood, L. 19XX. Dune stabilization. Fremontia, X(X):27. Knapp J.J. 2004. Personal observations from 2000-2004 of people walking through infestations on beaches of California and Catalina Island. (310) 510-2821, jknapp@catalinaconservancy.org.","Fruits are adapted for both short and long distance dispersal by wind and water respectively. In California, C. maritima dispersed at a rate of 53 km per year. Deer mice act as microdispersal vectors; however, their herbivory has also impacted C. maritima. Fruits are composed of two segments and have superb dispersability- the upper segment detaches and is carried by the sea, allowing for 50% of detached fruits to stay afloat for over 100 days. The lower segment remains attached to the plant until wind events cause the plant to roll along the surface, thus breaking off the fruits break. Deer mice cachet seeds.","Haubensak, K. 1999. Cakile maritima. Channel Islands National Park Sevice Species Literature Review. Unpublished. Rodman, J.E. 1986. Introduction, establishment and replacement of sea-rockets (Cakile, Cruciferae) in Australia. Journal of Biogeography, 13(2):159-171. Boyd, R.S. 1988. Microdistribution of the beach plant Cakile maritima (Brassicaceae) as influenced by a rodent herbivore. American Journal of Botany, 75(10):1540-1548. Boyd, R.S. 1993. Replacement of Cakile endentula by C. maritima in the strand habitat of California. American Midland Naturalist, 130(2):209-228.","Eastern North America, western and southern Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand are invaded.","Haubensak, K. 1999. Cakile maritima. Channel Islands National Park Sevice Species Literature Review. Unpublished. Rodman, J.E. 1986. Introduction, establishment and replacement of sea-rockets (Cakile, Cruciferae) in Australia. Journal of Biogeography, 13(2):159-171. Barbour, M.G. 1970. Seedling ecology of Calike maritima along the California coast. Bulletin of the Torrey Botatnical Club, 97(5):280-289.","Introduced to California, north of San Francisco in the 1930's. In 1967, Thorne found C. maritima to be well-established, while other botanists found it abundant on Santa Cruz, San Clemente and San Nicolas islands. First recorded on Catalina Island 1966 as well-established on beaches around the Island. Coastal beaches, dunes and sandy stream mouths. Occupies coast line with sandy substrate. On Catalina Island in 2003, 21 populations were recorded and the following are the percentages of habitat infested: beach and dune- 1.4%, and riparian creek mouth-<0.00%.","Barbour, M.G. 1970. Seedling ecology of Calike maritima along the California coast. Bulletin of the Torrey Botatnical Club, 97(5):280-289. Barbour, M.G. and Rodman, J.E. 1970. Saga of the west coast sea-rockets: Cakile edentula ssp. californica and C. maritima. Rhodora, 72(791):370-386. Thorne, R.F. 1967. A flora of Santa Catalina Island, California. Aliso, 6(3):1-77. Knapp, J.J. 2004. Catalina Invasive Plant Ranking Plan for the Catalina Island Conservancy. Unpublished. Haubensak, K. 1999. Cakile maritima. Channel Islands National Park Sevice Species Literature Review. Unpublished.","Very common, but not typically in dense patches.","Barbour, M.G. 1970. Seedling ecology of Calike maritima along the California coast. Bulletin of the Torrey Botatnical Club, 97(5):280-289. Barbour, M.G. and Rodman, J.E. 1970. Saga of the west coast sea-rockets: Cakile edentula ssp. californica and C. maritima. Rhodora, 72(791):370-386. Thorne, R.F. 1967. A flora of Santa Catalina Island, California. Aliso, 6(3):1-77. Knapp, J.J. 2004. Catalina Invasive Plant Ranking Plan for the Catalina Island Conservancy. Unpublished. Haubensak, K. 1999. Cakile maritima. Channel Islands National Park Sevice Species Literature Review. Unpublished. Rodman, J.E. 1986. Introduction, establishment and replacement of sea-rockets (Cakile, Cruciferae) in Australia. Journal of Biogeography, 13(2):159-171.",,Yes,No,Yes,Unknown,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,A,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/cakile-maritima-profile/, "Carduus acanthoides",,"Carduus fortior","plumeless thistle; bristly thistle; giant plumeless thistle; spiny thistle",1/19/05,"Gina Skurka",CDFA,"(916) 654-0768",gskurka@cdfa.ca.gov,"1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA 95814","Joseph DiTomaso","University of California-Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Carla Bossard,John Randall,Carri Pirosko,Dan Gluesenkamp,Gina Skurka,Brianna Richardson",20050708,,,,C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,,C,Observational,A,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,Array,Array,C,3,Limited,,"Possesses taproots that are generally long, thick, fleshy, occasionally branched, and capable of penetrating the soil to depths of 40 cm or more. Minor alteration of ecosystem processes, such as soil water table.","Desrochers, A.M, J.F. Bain, and S.I. Warwick. 1988. The Biology of Canadian weeds. 89. Carduus nutansL. and Carduus acanthoides L. Can. J. Plant Sci. 68: 1053-1068.","Compete with desirable plants, reducing forage production. Moderate alteration of plant community by reduction in survivorship of native species.","Roche, C. Weeds. A Pacific Northwest Extension Publication. December 1992. Desrochers, A.M., J.F. Bain, and S.I. Warwick. The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 89. Carduus nutans L. and Carduus acanthoides L., Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 68: 1053-1068, October 1988.","Spiny leaves and stems hinder live-stock form grazing forage growing near them. Resumable they would do the same with wildlife. As they invade natural vegetation in parks and along roads, their spiny presence may restrict recreational activities. Minor alterations of higher trophic level populations, communities or interactions by minor reduction in foraging sites as livestock and wildlife avoid it.","Roche, C. Weeds. A Pacific Northwest Extension Publication. December 1992.","Plumeless thistle and musk thistle, C. nutans, readily hybridize with one another, and plants with intermediate characteristics may be found where their ranges overlap. Insect-pollinated. No known hybridization with natives.","DiTomaso, J and E. Healy. Weeds of CA and other Western States. Unpublished. Roche, C. Weeds. A Pacific Northwest Extension Publication. December 1992.","In general, thistles compete poorly with healthy, established grasses and other vegetation. Disturbances such as fire, overgrazing, or trampling can create prime sites for thistle colonization. Activities that disturb the soil, weaken competitive vegetation, and allow light to the soil surface speed thistle invasion and thicken thistle stands. This species is primarily restricted to highly disturbed or degraded areas. Old fields, stock ponds, and ditch berms are areas usually infested. Restoration fields can become infested with this thistle due to disturbance from discing, which exposes mineral soil and works up existing seeds.","Desrochers, A.M, J.F. Bain, and S.I. Warwick. 1988. The Biology of Canadian weeds. 89. Carduus nutansL. and Carduus acanthoides L. Can. J. Plant Sci. 68: 1053-1068. The Nature Conservancy Weed Report for Carduus acanthoides, Tall grass prarie preserves, August 25, 1999.","Populations in California are not often encountered. All known populations are currently being managed.",,"Only seems to be a couple of small populations in the state. Often controlled by CDFA.","DiTomaso, observational.","Insect-pollinated. Primarily out-crossing, but self-compatible. Reproduce by seed. First flowerheads can produce large numbers of seeds, sometimes 1500 or more seeds per head. Late flowerheads produce fewer seeds, to less than 25 seeds per head.","DiTomaso, J and E. Healy. Weeds of CA and other Western States. Unpublished.","Little opportunity to disperse long distances by human activities.","DiTomaso, observational","Seeds fall near the parent plant and disperse to greater distances with wind, water, birds, small mammals, and human activities. Achenes are mainly dispersed by wind and fall near the parent plant (within 50 m) with less than 1% being carried further than 100 m.","DiTomaso, J and E. Healy. Weeds of CA and other Western States. Unpublished. Desrochers, A.M., J.F. Bain, and S.L. Warwick. 1988. The Biology of Canadian Weeds: Carduus nutans L. Carduus acanthoides. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 68:1053-1068.","Present in the northeast, the Great Plains states, and Texas.Plumeless thistle is a state-listed noxious weed in Arizona, California, Colorado, Washington, Wyoming, and a few central and eastern states.","USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.","Thistles typically colonize disturbed open sites, roadsides, pastures, annual grasslands, and waste areas. Eastern North Coast Ranges (se Humboldt, cw Trinity, w Glenn, ne Lake, e Colusa cos.), northern Sierra Nevada (w Nevada Co.), Modoc Plateau (ce Modoc Co.), San Francisco Bay region (nw Marin Co.), to 1300 m.","DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488. DiTomaso, J and E. Healy. Weeds of CA and other Western States. Unpublished. Date?","Very uncommon in the state.","DiTomaso, observational.",,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Unknown,No,No,Unknown,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/carduus-acanthoides-profile/, "Carduus nutans",,,"musk thistle; giant plumeless thistle; nodding (plumeless) thistle;",2/3/05,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442 Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph DiTomaso","University of California-Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Carla Bossard,John Randall,Carri Pirosko,Dan Gluesenkamp,Gina Skurka,Brianna Richardson",20050708,,,,C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Anecdotal,D,"Other Published Material",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Observational,B,Observational,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,Array,Array,B,3,Moderate,,"May deplete soil nitrogen. C. nutans severely reduced the ability of Trifolium repens to fix nitrogen, and this inhibition lasted four months after C. nutans died. Effects were strongest in the summer, when nitrogen fixation would normally be highest, suggesting that patch effects created by thistles have the potential to greatly alter input of soil nitrogen for other native legume species (1).","1. Wardle, D.A., K. S. Nicholson, M. Ahmed, and A. Rahman. 1994. Interference effects of the invasive plant Carduus nutans L. against the nitrogen fixation ability of Trifolium repens L. Plant and Soil. 163:287-297","Forms dense stands. Inhibits growth of other plants through possible allelopathy. Formed stands up to 150, 000 plants/ha in Canada (1). Flowering C. nutans strongly inhibited T. repens root growth, nodulation, and acetylene reduction. This appeared to be due to decomposition of rosette leaves. Experiments suggest that decomposing rosette leaves have a strong potential to inhibit T. repens nitrogen fixation (2). Bioassay experiments found that C. nutans inhibited germination of pasture plants, but C. nutans seedlings were not affected by their own species (3). Can colonize burned sites before other species and may prevent reestablishment of native plant community (4). Host plant for introduced weevil Rhynocilus conicus, which attacks native thistles, thereby reducing populations of the native plants (Gluesenkamp and Randall). Dan Gluesenkamp, Audubon Canyon Ranch, and John Randall, The Nature Conservancy, pers. obs.","1. Desrochers, A. M., J. F. Bain, and S. I. Warwick. 1988. The biology of Canadian weeds. 89. Carduus nutans L. and Carduus acanthoides L. Canadian Journal of Plant Sciences. 68: 1053-1068. 2. Wardle et al. 1994. 3. Wardle, D. A., M. Ahmed, K. S. Nicholson. 1991. Allelopathic influence of nodding thistle (Carduus nutans L.) seeds on germination and radicle growth of pasture plants. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 34:185-191 4. Floyd-Hanna, L., W. Romme, D. Kendall, A. Loy, and M. Colyer. 1993. Succession and biological invasion at Mesa Verde NP. Park Science. vol:16-18","Spiny nature of plants prevent livestock foraging and likely have the same effect on wildlife.",,"None No native Carduus spp.","Hickman. 1993. The Jepson Manual.","Prefers disturbed habitats.","1. DiTomaso and Healy Weeds of California and Other Western States. in prep. 2. Stuckey, R. L., and J. L. Forsyth. 1971. Distribution of naturalized Carduus nutans (Compositae) mapped in relation to geology in northwestern Ohio. Ohio Journal of Science. 71:1-15. 3. Floyd-Hanna, L., W. Romme, D. Kendall, A. Loy, and M. Colyer. 1993. Succession and biological invasion at Mesa Verde NP. Park Science. vol:16-18 4. Wardle, D. A., K. S. Nicholson, M. Ahmed, and A. Rahman. 1995. Influence of pasture forage species on seedling emergence, growth, and development of Carduus nutans. Journal of Applied Ecology. 32:225-233","Slowly expanding in Siskiyou, Sierra, Nevada, and Placer Counties.","1. E-mail from Carri Pirosko, California Dept. of Food and Agriculture, 4/7/05 2. Stuckey and Forsyth. 1971.","Slowly expanding, although CDFA has been able to reduce the rate of expansion. Much larger problem in other states that do not have an active control program for this species.","1. E-mail from Carri Pirosko, California Dept. of Food and Agriculture, 4/7/05","Biennial or occasionally winter annual. Primarily outcrossing but can be selfing (1). Reproduces by seed. First flowerheads can produce 1500 seeds/head, but late flowerheads produce many fewer seeds, to 25 seeds/head (1). Seeds generally germinate 2-4 weeks after dispersal. Seeds rarely persist in soil seedbank for more than a few years. A seedbank study of soil in a permanent pasture suggested that seeds did not persist longer than three years because of germination (2).","1. Desrochers et al. 1988 2. DiTomaso and Healy in prep","Can disperse through human activities, but this method is probably uncommon for long distance transport.","1. DiTomaso and Healy in prep.","Seeds fall near parent plant (1,2) and disperse to greater distances with wind, water, birds, and small mammals (3).","1. DiTomaso and Healy. in prep 2. Smith, L. M. II, and L. T. Kok. 1984. Dispersal of musk thistle (Carduus nutans) seeds. Weed Science. 32:120-125","Native to Europe, Siberia, Asia minor, and North Africa. Naturalized in North and South America, Australia, and New Zealand (1). Present in all contiguous U.S. states except possibly Florida, Maine, and Vermont (2, 3). Habitats in other states similar to those invaded in California.","1. Popay, A. I., and R. W. Medd. year. The biology of Australian weeds 21. Carduus nutans L. ssp nutans. journal vol page 2. DiTomaso and Healy in prep. 3. Dunn, P.H. 1976. Distribution of Carduus nutans, C. acanthoides, C. pycnocephalus, and C. crispus, in the United States. Weed Science. 24:518-524","Occurs in Klamath Ranges, Cascade Range (central and south Siskiyou, north Shasta counties), northern Sierra Nevada (south and east Plumas, east Sierra, central and east Nevada counties), Modoc Plateau (Modoc, north and south Lassen counties) to 1200m. Previous infestations now eradicated occurred in the South Coast and Mojave Desert (1). Invades range, pasture, ditch banks, forested areas in new plantations (outshaded when trees grow), and sage scrub.","1. DiTomaso and Healy. in prep. 2. E-mail from Carri Pirosko, California Dept. of Food and Agriculture, 4/7/05","Because of control program by CDFA, musk thistle is not widely distributed in California.","DiTomaso, observational.",,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/carduus-nutans-profile/, "Carduus pycnocephalus",,,"Italian thistle",5/22/04,"John J. Knapp/ Invasive Plant Program Manager","Catalina Island Conservancy","(310) 510-1299",jknapp@catalinaconservancy.org,"P.O. Box 2739 Avalon, CA 90704","Joseph DiTomaso","University of California-Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Carla Bossard,John Randall,Carri Pirosko,Dan Gluesenkamp,Gina Skurka,Brianna Richardson",20050708,,,,C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,Array,Array,A,3,Moderate,,"C. pycnocephalus increases fire frequency and movement into overstory of island scrub oak chaparral, and dense populations of rosettes inhibit light penetration to the soil surface. Fire is carried into the oak overstory by C. pycnocephalus midstory. This may or may not increase the threat compared to native vegetation or annual grasses in the same area, but the Italian thistle plants tend to grow taller and be a better fire ladder than other species.","Wilken, D. and Hannah, L. 1998. Carduus pycnocephalus. Channel Islands National Park Service Species Literature Review. Unpublished. Anonymous. 2003. Written findings of the State Noxious Weed Control Board-Class A Weed. http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Written_findings/Carduus_pycnocephalus.html","Both rosettes and mature adults populations can reach nearly 100% cover over large areas inhibiting seedling recruitment and survivorship. Within island scrub oak chaparral habitat, C. pycnocephalus can form an midstory layer. 85% of seeds produce germination inhibitors, but they are readily leached. Both the depth and density of grasslands are altered. Harbors insect pests. Host plant for introduced weevil Rhynocilus conicus, which attacks native thistles, thereby reducing populations of the native plants (Gluesenkamp and Randall).","Wilken, D. and Hannah, L. 1998. Carduus pycnocephalus. Channel Islands National Park Service Species Literature Review. Unpublished. Knapp, J.J. 2004. Catalina Invasive Plant Ranking Plan for the Catalina Island Conservancy. Unpublished. Pitcher, D. and Russo, M.J. 1997. The Nature Conservancy Element Stewardship Abstract: Carduus pycnocephalus. California Field Office, San Francisco Dan Gluesenkamp, Audubon Canyon Ranch, and John Randall, The Nature Conservancy, pers. obs.","Stem and leaves have spiny wings and phyllaries that are spine tipped, and may be injurous components to wildlife. Dense populations can alter habitat structure. A diversity of insects pollinate C. pycnocephalus. Competes with native vegetation for multiple pollinator visitation due to numerous seed heads.","Wilken, D. and Hannah, L. 1998. Carduus pycnocephalus. Channel Islands National Park Service Species Literature Review. Unpublished. Anonomous. 2003. Written findings of the State Noxious Weed Control Board-Class A Weed. http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Written_findings/Carduus_pycnocephalus.html","No hybridization is known to occur with California native taxa. No taxa native to California are within the genus Carduus.","Hickman, J.C. (ed.). 1993. The Jepson manual of higher plants of California. P. 220. University of California Press, Berkeley.","Disturbed sites such as: fallow fields, margins of cultivated fields, irrigation canals, roadsides, fire breaks, landsides, feral pig rooting, grazed heavily, and canyon bottoms are areas of establishment.","Wilken, D. and Hannah, L. 1998. Carduus pycnocephalus. Channel Islands National Park Service Species Literature Review. Unpublished. Anonomous. 2003. Written findings of the State Noxious Weed Control Board-Class A Weed. Cowan, B. 2000. Italian thistles: an ominous threat. California Exotic Pest Plant Council News, 8(1):15. Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve. 2000. Weed control by species. Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve. Pp. 1-57.","Populations are maintained annually by a majority of seed that fall within a few meters of the population each year. Long distance wind dispersal allows for new satellite populations to form. C. pycnocephalus is described as an aggressive species. Ants are suspected of microdistribution of seed. New populations are being detected each year, and are increasing in size along the Big Sur Coast and Catalina Island. Neither the 1923 or 1967 floras for Catalina Island recorded populations of C. pycnocephalus, but in 2003, 200 population were rcorded throughout the Island. Germinates rapidly in large numbers.","Anonamous. 2004. Tamar Valley Weed Strategy- www.weeds.asn.au. http://www.weeds.asn.au/weeds/txts/slen_thstle.html. Anonomous. 2003. Written findings of the State Noxious Weed Control Board-Class A Weed. Moore, P.E. and Gerlach, J.D. 2001. Exotic species threat assessment in Ssequoia, Kings Canyon, and Yosemite national parks. Crossing boundaries in park management: proceedings of the 11th conference on research and resource management in parks and on public lands. The George Wright Society. Cowan, B. 2000. Italian thistles: an ominous threat. California Exotic Pest Plant Council News, 8(1):15. Massera, J. 2001. More about Italian thistle. California Exotic Pest Plant Council New, spring. Knapp, J.J. 2004. Catalina Invasive Plant Ranking Plan for the Catalina Island Conservancy. Unpublished. Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve. 2000. Weed control by species. Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve. Pp. 1-57.","San Miguel, Santa Rosa and Catalina islands are invaded, along with the California coast from Mendocino to San Diego counties, lower Sacramento River Valley, Sierra nevada foothills. It is listed as a noxious weed by California State Department of Food and Agriculture. C. pycnocephalus control has occurred at Ring Mountain and Jepson Prairie preserves, Sequoia, Yosomite, Kings Canyon, and Channel Islands National Parks, Inland Empire- California State Parks, Elkhorn Slough National Estuarian Research Reserve, and the Catalina Island Conservancy. Currently 8,324,425 square feet are invaded on Catalina Island.","Wilken, D. and Hannah, L. 1998. Carduus pycnocephalus. Channel Islands National Park Service Species Literature Review. Unpublished. Pitcher, D. and Russo, M.J. 1997. The Nature Conservancy Element Stewardship Abstract: Carduus pycnocephalus. California Field Office, San Francisco. Moore, P.E. and Gerlach, J.D. 2001. Exotic species threat assessment in Ssequoia, Kings Canyon, and Yosemite national parks. Crossing boundaries in park management: proceedings of the 11th conference on research and resource management in parks and on public lands. The George Wright Society. Knapp, J.J. 2004. Catalina Invasive Plant Ranking Plan for the Catalina Island Conservancy. Unpublished. California State Parks. 2000. Urban edge effects and their relationship with the natural environment. Pp. 1-30. California State Parks Inland Empire District.","C. pyconocephalus is an annual or biennial that is bisexual and self-compatable. It is pollinated by a diversity of insects. Spreads by seeds only, and is mainly wind dispersed, but seeds become mucilaginous when wetted. Seeds can germinate under water-limiting conditions such as drought. C. pyconocephalus has 83-96% germination rate, with greater germination on clay soils. Seeds remain dormant under shaded conditions, and are thought to remain viable for over 7-10 years in the soil. Individual plants produce hundreds of seeds. Seed can set without vernalisation or stem elongation. Seeds can germinate at lower temperatures (zero to five degrees Celcius) than other thistle species. Presence of musk thistle biocontrol agent (Rhinocyllus conicus) has been reported to reduce seed production by about 50%.","Wilken, D. and Hannah, L. 1998. Carduus pycnocephalus. Channel Islands National Park Service Species Literature Review. Unpublished. Anonamous. 2004. Tamar Valley Weed Strategy- www.weeds.asn.au. http://www.weeds.asn.au/weeds/txts/slen_thstle.html. Pitcher, D. and Russo, M.J. 1997. The Nature Conservancy Element Stewardship Abstract: Carduus pycnocephalus. Moore, P.E. and Gerlach, J.D. 2001. Exotic species threat assessment in Ssequoia, Kings Canyon, and Yosemite national parks. Crossing boundaries in park management: proceedings of the 11th conference on research and resource management in parks and on public lands. The George Wright Society. Groves, R.H. and Kaye, P.E. 1989. Germination and phenology of seven introduced thistle species in Southern Australia. Australian Journal of Botany, 37:351-359. Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve. 2000. Weed control by species. Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve. Pp. 1-57.","Seeds are dispersed by humans, vehicles, machinery, soil, and hay, but long distance transport is probably uncommon.","Anonymous. 2003. Written findings of the State Noxious Weed Control Board Moore, P.E. and Gerlach, J.D. 2001. Exotic species threat assessment in Ssequoia, Kings Canyon, and Yosemite national parks. Crossing boundaries in park management: proceedings of the 11th conference on research and resource management in parks and on public lands. The George Wright Society.","Seed is dispersed mainly by wind; however, mucilagious seeds are dispersed by livestock and short distances by ants. Some movement long distance by animals and by water.","Anonymous. 2004. Tamar Valley Weed Strategy http://www.weeds.asn.au/weeds/txts/slen_thstle.html. Moore, P.E. and Gerlach, J.D. 2001. Exotic species threat assessment in Sequoia, Kings Canyon, and Yosemite national parks. Crossing boundaries in park management: proceedings of the 11th conference on research and resource management in parks and on public lands. The George Wright Society. Brown, K. and Brooks, K. 2002. Bushland Weeds: a practical guide to their management with case studies from the Swan Coastal Plain and beyond. The Environmental Weeds Action Network.","C. pycnocephalus is invasive in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, North America, wetern Asia, Iran, and Pakistan. Naturalized in temperate regions around the world.","Wilken, D. and Hannah, L. 1998. Carduus pycnocephalus. Channel Islands National Park Service Species Literature Review. Unpublished. Anonomous. 2003. Written findings of the State Noxious Weed Control Board-Class A Weed.","C. pycnocephalus was introduced to California during the 1930's. It is not listed in either the 1923 or 1967 Santa Catalina Island Floras. In 2003, 200 populations were detected, and the following is the percentage of habitats invaded: bare-<0.00%, beach-<0.00%, coastal bluff scrub-8%, coastal scrub-0.02%, coastal scrub/grassland-0.01%, grassland-1.5%, mixed chaparral-<0.00%, scrub oak chaparral-<0.00%, riparian-0.12%, oak woodland-<0.00%; and the following is the number of populations by non-native communities: 15-roadside, 1-non-native woodland, and 9-non-native herbaceous.","Anonymous. 2003. Written findings of the State Noxious Weed Control Board-Class A Weed. Knapp, J.J. 2004. Catalina Invasive Plant Ranking Plan for the Catalina Island Conservancy. Unpublished.","Very common in Oak woodlands throughout the state.","Joe DiTomaso, UC Davis, observational",,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,D,,,D,C,,,,,,,D,D,D,,,,,,,,,D,D,B,,,D,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/carduus-pycnocephalus-profile/, "Carduus tenuiflorus",,,"slenderflower thistle; Italian thistle; multiheaded thistle; seaside thistle; shore thistle; winged plumeless thistle ",3/28/05,"Elizabeth Brusati",Cal-IPC,510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442-A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph DiTomaso","University of California-Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Carla Bossard,John Randall,Carri Pirosko,Dan Gluesenkamp,Gina Skurka,Brianna Richardson",20050708,,,"This species is very similar to Carduus pycnocephalus (according to the Jepson Manual, they may be the same species).",D,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,Array,Array,B,3,Limited,,"No known impacts.","Carla Bossard, St. Mary's College, and Dan Gluesenkamp, Audubon Canyon Ranch, pers. obs.","Not often encountered in wildlands in California. May replace species that are better wildlife and livestock forage (1).","1. Roche C. 1992. Slender Thistle, Italian Thistle, Plumeless Thistle. Weeds Pacific Northwest Extension Publication, PNW 431.","Reduces value of forage for wildlife and livestock. Dense stands can restrict grazing. Restricts recreational activities.","1. Roche C. 1992. Slender Thistle, Italian Thistle, Plumeless Thistle. Weeds Pacific Northwest Extension Publication, PNW 431.","None No native California Carduus species.","Hickman. 1993. The Jepson Manual.","Typically inhabit disturbed open sites, roadsides, pastures, annual grasslands, and waste areas. Does not compete well in sites with established vegetation.","DiTomaso, J.M., and E. Healy. in prep. Weeds of California and Other Western States.","Rarely managed in wildland areas and has not spread much except year to year variation.","DiTomaso, observational.","May not be a distinct species from Carduus pycnocephalus. If it is, then it is much less common and invasive.","DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.","DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.","Seeds can disperse with human activities.","Seeds can disperse with human activities.","DiTomaso, J.M., and E. Healy. in prep. Weeds of California and Other Western States.","Seeds can be dispersed with wind, water, birds,and small mammals.",,"State-listed noxious weed in Oregon and Washington, where it primarily occurs in mixed stands on annual rangelands with Italian thistle (1). Also in Texas, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey (2).","1. Roche C. 1992. Slender Thistle, Italian Thistle, Plumeless Thistle. Weeds Pacific Northwest Extension Publication, PNW 431. 2. DiTomaso, J.M., and E. Healy. in prep. Weeds of California and Other Western States.","Present in North Coast, North Coast Ranges, Sierra Nevada foothills, Central Coast, San Francisco Bay region, South Coast Ranges, Southwestern region, to 1000m. Colonizes disturbed sites and annual grasslands (1). Can grow in mixed stands with Italian thistle (C. pycnocephalus) (2).","1. DiTomaso, J.M., and E. Healy. in prep. Weeds of California and Other Western States. 2. Roche C. 1992. Slender Thistle, Italian Thistle, Plumeless Thistle. Weeds Pacific Northwest Extension Publication, PNW 431 Dan Gluesenkamp, Audubon Canyon Ranch, pers. obs.","Not nearly as commonly encountered as Carduus pycnocephalus.","DiTomaso, observational.",,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,,,,"Seed production low because of effect of biocontrol agent, Rhinocyllus conicus.",,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,,,,D,,D,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/carduus-tenuiflorus-profile/, "Carex pendula",,,"hanging sedge",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/carex-pendula-risk/ "Carpobrotus chilensis",,"Mesembryanthemum chilensis, Carpobrotus mellei, Carpobrotus aequilaterus","sea fig; iceplant",6/3/03,"Peter J. Warner, Associate State Parks Resource Ecologist","California Dept. of Parks and Recreation","(707) 937-9172; (707) 937-2278",pwarner@mcn.org,"P. O. Box 603, Little River, CA 95456",,,,,,"Jake Sigg,Peter Warner,Joe DiTomaso,Doug Johnson,Brianna Richardson",20030801,,,,C,Observational,B,Observational,U,"No Information",D,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,A,Observational,B,Observational,A,Observational,C,Observational,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",U,"No Information",A,,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",Array,Array,A,2,Moderate,,"soil pH reduction in loamy sand; accumulations of litter inferred from results of studies on C. edulis",,"displacement of native species; negative impact on water relations and morphological development of native species (inferred from study on C. edulis) personal observations; inference from published literature on closely related C. edulis",,"impacts unknown; deer, raccoons, rodents, et al. may feed on fruits","none found","none known; would seem to be highly unlikely given that no closely related native species grow in California. Since this species hybridizes readily with C. edulis, differentiating ecological characteristics can be difficult. The pure species look different, and grow differently, yet hybridization can confound separating the two species in terms of impacts and management. no closely related species in California","Hickman, J. C. (editor). 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley.","coastal bluff erosion appears to provide unoccupied sites for germination and growth of propagules direct observation of habitat and growing sites","personal observations (P. Warner, T. Sholars)","individual plants grow very rapidly once established, at rates approaching several feet a year. This species does branch as much as C. edulis, nor root as frequently at nodes or as deeply, so mats are not as dense as those of C. edulis. Nevertheless the increase in biomass is well in excess of doubling/10 years. Pickart (1989) found an approximately 3-fold increase in absolute cover of C. chilensis over a 25-year period at Lanphere-Christensen Dunes (Humboldt Co.). 1. personal observations; 2. published, non-peer reviewed literature; 3. unpublished study","1. P. Warner, T. Sholars 2. Pickart, A. J., and J. O. Sawyer. 1998. Ecology and Restoration of Northern California Coastal Dunes. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA 3. Pickart, A. J. 1989. 1989 Monitoring results for northern foredune and northern foredune grassland at the Lanphere-Christensen Dunes Preserve. Unpublished document. The Nature Conservancy, Arcata, CA",,"Hickman, J. C. 1993; personal observations (P. Warner, T. Sholars)","reproduces both by seed and vegetatively; seeds germinate well after digestion by frugivores; disturbance-prone habitat facilitates vegetative reproduction observations; some characteristics inferred from information available on C. edulis (Albert, M. in Bossard, et al. (2000))","Personal observation (P. Warner); Bossard et al. (2000)","this species sold commercially, including on the internet; some plants are removed and pieces distributed to new growing sites, both deliberately and unintentionally, although this is probably not a frequent occurrence. This species hybridizes readily with C. edulis, still planted widely as erosion control. personal observation; published, non-peer-reviewed (internet sites)","P. Warner (personal observations); numerous horticultural internet sites",,"Albert, M. in Bossard et al. (2000); personal observations (P. Warner)","From available literature, this species appears to invade only in Mediterrean climate types, and is already well-established in all suitable ecological regions in California. However, I found no definitive information on this question, only brief accounts of invasions in Chile and France. observational","Peter Warner (personal observations)","Well established in dune systems along entire California coast; well established on many coastal bluffs in northern California; much less common in coastal scrub and coastal prairie, yet still occasionally found there. Species introduced during pre- or early Spanish settlement of California (1500s). personal observations","P. Warner (personal observations)","common in dunes and coastal bluff scrub; less common in coastal scrub and coastal prairie 1.personal observations; 2. published, non-peer-reviewed literature; 3. published, peer-reviewed literature","P. Warner Pickart and Sawyer (1998) Hickman, J. C. (1993)",,No,No,Yes,Yes,Unknown,Unknown,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,,"seed germination enhanced by animal digestion, and fruits are attractive to herbivores",,,,,A,,,B,D,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/carpobrotus-chilensis-profile/, "Carpobrotus edulis",,,"highway iceplant",3/17/05,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Peter Warner","California Dept. of Parks and Recreation",707-937-9172,pwarn@parks.ca.gov,"P.O. Box 603, Little River, CA 95456","Jake Sigg,Peter Warner,Bob Case,John Knapp,Elizabeth Brusati",20050708,,,,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",U,,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,A,3.5,High,,"Reduces soil pH and influences nutrient dynamics (1).",,"Dense fibrous root system interferes with water uptake by other plants. Native shrubs increased in canopy size when iceplant was removed (1). Outcompetes grasses",,"Presumable the plant would have an impact on other organisms within a dune and coastal bluff system, but no information in available to verify this.",,"Hybridizes with native or long-naturalized congener C. chilensis, creating fertile hybrids (1). High potential for natural hybridization between Carpobrotus species (2). Score depends on whether C. chilensis is considered native.",,"Disturbance of the soil was required for colonization at a coastal grassland site, but soil disturbance did not promote establishment in coastal scrub or backdune. Without disturbance, Carpobrotus cannot become established within the matrix of annual grasses in the grassland. Needs rodent burrowing to open space for invasion (1). Commonly invades maritime chaparral after fire (2).",,"Individual plants can expand more than a meter in diameter per year (1).",,"May have occupied much of its habitat. In addition, there are a number of control programs around that have attempted to manage this species. Nevertheless, it is probably still expanding its range within the state.","DiTomaso, observational.","Perennial succulent with indehiscent fleshy fruits. Does not need cross-pollination and can produce seeds without fertilization (1). Produces over 1500 seeds/fruit (2,3). Fruits are produced between February and May. Ungerminated seeds remain viable for at least two years. Uneaten fruits remain on the plant for several years (4).",,"Planted by the California Department of Transportation along highways (1). Sold as an ornamental (2). Found in Cal-IPC nursery survey 2004.",,"Deer, brush rabbits, and jackrabbits eat the seeds and pass them intact. Seed germination is enhanced by ingestion. Viable seeds were found in deer feces >1km from the nearest plant, but this is not common (1, 2). Pieces can raft offshore and colonize stacks along coast (3). .enter text here",,"Native to South Africa. Also an invasive plant in Mediterranean basin of Europe and in Australia (1). Also present in Florida (2). Scoring as C because it already invades many habitats in California.",,"Invades coastal grassland, coastal scrub, dunes (1), coastal bluff scrub, maritime chaparral, oak woodlands, and the margins of wetlands (2). Was introduced into the western United States for dune stabilization in the early 1900's (2).","1. DAntonio C.M. 1993. Mechanisms Controlling Invasion of Coastal Plant Communities by the Alien Succulent Carpobrotus edulis. Ecology 74(1): 83-95. 2. D'Antonio, Carla M.; Odion, Dennis C.; Tyler, Claudia M. 1993. Invasion of maritime chaparral by the introduced succulent Carpobrotus edulis: The roles of fire and herbivory. Oecologia. 95(1): 14-21.","Found in many dune systems throughout California.","DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.",,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,,,,,,,B,,,B,D,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/carpobrotus-edulis-profile/, "Carrichtera annua",,"Vella annua","Ward's weed",21-Dec-16,"Lynn Sweet/Associate Research Specialist","University of California, Riverside",760-834-0594,lynn.sweet@ucr.edu,"75-080 Frank Sinatra Dr., Palm Desert, CA 92211",,,,,,"Jutta Burger,Naomi Fraga,Denise Knapp,Chris McDonald,Ron Vanderhoff,John Knapp,Elizabeth Brusati",20170126,2-Jun-17,,"Information used to prepare the PAF should be based on ""ecological impacts on the species' behavior in ecosystems within the state; however, species behavior elsewhere within similar ecosystems can be used when a non-native species previously unknown within a state is newly discovered and requires judgement as to whether it qualifies for rapid response (Criteria for Categorizing Invasive Non-Native Plants that Threaten Wildlands)."" This is the case with Carrichtera annua in California since it was first documented as occurring in natural areas here in 2007 and has not yet spread widely, but is considered invasive in Australia.",C,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,Array,Array,C,3.5,Moderate,Alert,"Soil erosion- Replacement of native stands in dense patches, however, it is an annual plant, and so may leave bare patches that are exposed to soil erosion (Cook 2003). Moderate probability of large scale soil movement. (1) Fire regime change low- Noted to persist as dry biomass following senescence, however, this was judged to be of minor concern. (2)","(1) Victorian Weed Risk Assessment (WRA) (2) Cooke, Ash, & Groves (2003)","Competition with native plants: C. annua forms dense stands, and displaces native plants and other weed species. It can comprise up to an estimated 95% of total herbaceous biomass (1). Direct replacement of biomass by invader (Victoria, Australia weed risk assessment). (2) Harris and Facelli (2003) did not find impacts on native species abundance in experimentally-manipulated densities of C. annua, however, this finding may have been due to the densities used in the experiment (too low) or may have been community-specific, where the native species chosen were segregated in life history/resource capture (native arid chenopod shrublands, Australia). (3) In the US, in San Diego County, it was assessed to be a serious threat on specific soils ""that hold still relatively common sensitive forbs like Pentachaeta, Harpagonella, Microseris, and Convolvulus, not to mention Acanthomintha and other clay obligates.""(4) Several other species in the Brassicaceae do not have mycorrhyzal associates and also leach compounds which tend to inhibit growth of mycorryzal hyphae, thereby effectively sterilizing a soil of fungal symbionts. It is possible that this species does the same (5) (6).","(1) Cooke, Ash, & Groves (2003) (2) Victorian Weed Risk Assessment (WRA) (3) Harris & Facelli (2003) (4) McConnell, personal communication (2017) (5) Wixted and McGraw 2010 (6) Bell and Muller 1973","Unpalatable to livestock and therefore significantly reduces productivity of grazing areas (1,2). Prolific seeds that are dropped into the soil are fed upon by ants, potentially increasing locally available food for them (Cooke et al. 2013), however, there is no documented change or higher-level impact from this. (3)","(1) Victorian Weed Risk Assessment (WRA) (2) Cooke, Ash, & Groves (2003) (3) Cooke, Ash, & Groves (2013)","C. annua is in the Brassicaceae (mustard) family. There are no other Carrichtera species noted to be in California. (1) This species is most closely related to genera in the monophyletic group, Vellinae, containing Vella, Carrichtera, and Orychophragmus, and of this group, this is the only species in California. (2) While there are many other mustard species, native, non-native, and crop plants, present in California, it is unknown if C. annua can successfully cross with species in other phylogenenetic groups within Brassicaceae, but may be unlikely.","(1) Calflora (accessed 12/30/16) (2) Bailey et al. (2006)","C. annua germination may be reduced by litter from other species (e.g. Casuarina trees), and less plants were found here than in open areas, however, germination may still occur under moderate canopy (1). According to Cooke and others (2003), the species is known to invade disturbed and over-grazed sites, and thus is increased by disturbance. However, this evidence and the Victorian weed risk assessment indicate that this plant does not seem to require disturbance to invade. (2,3)","(1) Barritt & Facelli (2001) (2) Cooke, Ash, & Groves (2003) (3) Victorian Weed Risk Assessment (WRA)","In Australia, the plant was likely introduced to a single site, showed a lag phase of 30 years (possibly due to edaphic factors), and then has rapidly spread in that region (1). These authors believe that the specIes has reached climatic limits in just under a century due to rapid spread and some long-distance dispersal by humans (vehicle and stock movements, railways, noted in Cooke et al. 2003) (2). Local spread of its prolific seed output may be facilitated by ant species, while long-distance dispersal could be via vertebrate mammals (2). No source notes specific rate of spread, making this difficult to answer with certainty, however, the rate of spread within Australia, identified vectors, as well as local dominance indicate that it may increase rapidly. In California, noted from monitoring a mapped population in the La Costa Carlsbad (San Diego County) area that it has infested a rather large area in a short amount of time. (3)","(1) Cooke, Groves, & Ash (2011) (2) Cooke, Ash, & Groves (2003) (3) Giessow, J. (pers. comm. 1/1/17)","This species was first noted in Monterey in 1979, and not noted in San Diego County much prior to 2007 (1). There are currently two sites in southern CA: Camp Pendleton MCB and a preserve in Carlsbad (two populations, Rancho La Costa HCA), both of which are under treatment. Since the known locations are being treated the question is scored as ""B: Increasing less rapidly."" (2,3)","(1) Vinje (2008) (2) Giessow, J. (pers. comm. 1/1/17) (3) San Diego MMP Plant Assessment Form 2011","Noted to have both a soil seedbank and an aerial seedbank on the standing dead matter that is less susceptible to invertebrate predation, but more susceptible to fire and other above-ground disturbance . Longevity in the soil is uknown but thought to be short. Local persistence is therefore explained by the dual banking strategy (1,2).","(1) Meissner & Facelli (1999) (2) Cooke, Ash, & Groves (2003)","They may be dispersed longer distances by vehicles, on larger animals and clothing, and in contaminated agricultural produce (1). As well accidental, infrequent long-distance dispersal via vehicles and railways was noted noted in Cooke (2). In California, managers of the population in Carlsbad believe seed was introduced via erosion control devices (silt fencing) when the developer on the adjacent parcel was creating house pads (3).","(1) Weeds of Australia: Biosecurity Queensland Edition (accessed 12/30/16) (2) Cooke, Ash, & Groves (2003) (3) Vinje 2011","Dispersal mechanisms are thought to be primarily local- ants, gravity and water. The plant has no adaptation for wind dispersal. The species has some limited water dispersal adaptation (1) due to a mucilaginous seed coat, however, this is not a long-distance dispersal mechanism. Possible long-distance dispersal via emu, or other vertebrate species in Australia has been suggested, but not documented (2).","(1) Gutterman, Yitzchak & Shem-Tov (1997) (2) Cooke, Ash, & Groves (2003)","Native to Southern Europe, Mediterranean Islands, and Northern Africa.(1) Serious weed of semi-arid rangelands in Australia, where it is a significant environmental weed in Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia. (3) Noted as present in types in Australia: native arid chenopod shrublands Australia specifically (4,5,6), as well as ""rangelands, grasslands, open woodlands, pastures, disturbed sites, and waste areas in semi-arid regions.""(3) Listed in Victoria risk assessment as being present in: Semi-arid woodland, Shrubby Woodland. New types that may be invaded by this species in California based on this information: chenopod scrub, and open woodland. (7)","(1) GBIF (Accessed 12/26/16) (2) Cooke et al. 2011 (3) Weeds of Australia Biosecurity Queensland Edition (accessed 12/30/16)) (4) Harris & Facelli (2003) (5) Meissner & Facelli (1999) (6) Facelli & Chesson (2008) (7) Victorian Weed Risk Assessment (WRA)","This species was first noted in Monterey in 1979, and was not noted in San Diego County much prior to 2007 (1). Two geolocated observations of C. annua are listed on the Consortium of California Herbaria website, out of 12 total observations. The earliest specimens are from 2007, and the latest 2016, all from San Diego County (2). The Plant Assessment Form from the San Diego MMP lists non-native grassland and Diegan Coastal Sage Scrub. Chaparral has also been noted as a community type it occurs in. (3) In Carlsbad, this plant was located on a southern-facing slope growing among open Diegan coastal sage scrub dominated by California sage (Artemisia californica). Associates included coast sunflower (Encelia californica), buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum), lemonade berry (Rhus integrifolia), and tocalote (Centaurea melitensis). C. annua was growing on open clay lenses in the coastal sage scrub and underneath the shrubs. Although vernal pool affiliates were noted on consortium specimens, observational evidence suggests: ""This plant thrives in open areas, including scrub understory. It does not like long term inundation and competes poorly with dense herbaceous cover."" (4)","(1) Vinje 2008 (2) Consortium of California Herbaria (accessed 12/30/16) (3) San Diego MMP Plant Assessment Form 2011 (4) J. Giessow, personal communication (1/4/17)","This species has only been documented in San Diego County, near the coastline, in the La Costa Carlsbad area and at Camp Pendleton (1). It is present but not >5% in coastal sage scrub and bluff, and chaparral (1,2).","(1) Consortium of California Herbaria (accessed 12/30/16) (2) J. Giessow, personal communication (1/4/17)","Bailey, C. Donovan, et al. (2006) ""Toward a global phylogeny of the Brassicaceae."" Molecular Biology and Evolution 23.11:2142-2160. Barritt, Andrew R., and José M. Facelli. 2001. Effects of Casuarina pauper litter and grove soil on emergence and growth of understorey species in arid lands of South Australia. Journal of Arid Environments 49.3: 569-579. Bell, D.T. and C.H. Muller. 1973. Dominance of California Annual Grasslands by Brassica nigra. American Midland Naturalist, 90(2):277-299. Calflora. Carrichtera annua. Calflora.org (accessed 12/30/16) Consortium of California Herbaria. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortium/. (accessed 12/30/16) Cooke, J., J. Ash, and R. Groves. (2003) ""The ecology of ward's weed (Carrichtera annua; Brassicaceae) a weed of southern rangelands of Australia."" B. Sc.(Hons) Thesis, Australian National University, Canberra. Cooke, Julia, R. H. Groves, and Julian Ash. (2011)""The distribution of Carrichtera annua in Australia: introduction, spread and probable limits."" The Rangeland Journal 33.1: 23-35. Cooke, Julia, J. E. Ash, and R. H. Groves. ""Population dynamics of the invasive, annual species, Carrichtera annua, in Australia."" The Rangeland Journal 34.4 (2013): 375-387. GBIF (0). Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). http://www.gbif.org. Accessed 12/26/2016 Giessow, J. Personal communication from Jason Giessow, Restoration Ecologist, Program Manager. Email received 1/4/17 Gutterman, Yitzchak, and Shachar Shem-Tov. (1997) ""Mucilaginous seed coat structure of Carrichtera annua and Anastatica hierochuntica from the Negev Desert highlands of Israel, and its adhesion to the soil crust."" Journal of Arid Environments 35.4: 695-705. Harris, Mark R., and Jose M. Facelli. (2003) ""Competition and resource availability in an annual plant community dominated by an invasive species, Carrichtera annua (L. Aschers.), in South Australia."" Plant Ecology 167.1: 19-29. McConnell, P. Personal communication from Patrick McConnell, Invasive Plant Program Element Manager, ES Land Management, Camp Pendelton. Email received 1/4/17 Meissner, Rachel A., and Jose M. Facelli. (1999) ""Effects of sheep exclusion on the soil seed bank and annual vegetation in chenopod shrublands of South Australia."" Journal of Arid Environments 42.2: 117-128. Queensland State Government. Weeds of Australia: Biosecurity Queensland Edition. (http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/search.html?zoom_query=). (Accessed 12/30/16) San Diego MMP Plant Assessment Form. 2011. http://sdmmp.com/management/PlantAssessmentForms.aspx. (Accessed 2/1/2017) Victoria State Government. Victorian Weed Risk Assessment (WRA): Impact Assessment - Wards weed (Carrichtera annua) in Victoria Vinje, J. 2008. Carrichtera annua (Ward's weed) found in San Diego County. Cal-IPC News 17(4):9. Vinje, J. 2011. Rancho La Costa Habitat Conservation Area: annual report. Center for Natural Lands Management. www.cnlm.org Wixted, K.L. and J.B. McGraw. 2010. Competitive and allelopathic effects of garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) on American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius). Plant Ecology 208:347–357.",Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Unknown,Yes,No,No,No,,,,"Noted to have both a soil seedbank and an aerial seedbank on the standing dead matter.",,,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/carrichtera-annua-profile/, "Carthamus lanatus",,"Carthamus lanatus ssp. lanatus","woolly distaff thistle; false starthistle; saffron thistle; woolly safflower; woolly starthistle",3/22/05,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph DiTomaso","University of California-Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Carla Bossard,John Randall,Carri Pirosko,Dan Gluesenkamp,Gina Skurka,Brianna Richardson",20050708,,,,U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,"Other Published Material",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,Anecdotal,A,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,Array,Array,C,3,High,,"<p>No information available. May impact the hydrology of the infested sites. Water loss increase on site because foliage is above ground level and does not slow the flow of water down slope as would grass species.</p>","<p>DiTomaso, observational</p>","<p>Outcompetes other species for moisture, light,and nutrients. Restricts growth of other species in low-nutrient soils (1). Forms dense stands (2). Large seeds and flat rosettes give it an early growth advantage over other species (3).</p>","<p>1. Peirce, J. R. 1992. The biology of Australian weeds: 23. Carthamus lanatus L. Plant Protection Quarterly 7(3): 86-95. 2. Anonymous. 1998. Woolly Distaff Thistle Control. Marin Agricultural Land Trust, Technical Bulletin 3. Sindel, B. M. 1991. A review of the ecology and control of thistles in Australia. Weed Res 31(4): 189-201.</p>","<p>Causes injury to mouths and feet of livestock. Impedes passage of animals. Little or no feed or grazing value (1). Displaces palatable plants, decreasing the value of rangeland (2).</p>","<p>1. Peirce 1992 2. Anonymous 1998</p>","<p>None No native Carthamnus species in California</p>","<p>Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA enter text here</p>","<p>Inhabits disturbed areas, especially where the soil has been disturbed or the pasture weakened by overgrazing (1, 2).</p>","<p>1. Burrill, L. C. 1992. Distaff thistle. Pacfic Northwest Extension Publication. PNW 420. 2. Peirce 1992</p>","<p>Numerous anecdotal reports indicate rapid spread of this plant in the coastal counties.</p>",,"<p>Spreading rapidly in Marin County (1) and central north coast area (2).</p>","<p>1. Anonymous 1998 2. DiTomaso and Healy in prep</p>","<p>Winter annual. Germinates after first spring rains. Plants flower late spring through summer, with seed produced in late summer (1). Plants can produce as many as 255 viable seeds (2). Most seeds germinate within two years but can remain viable after eight years under field conditions (3, 4). If mowed too early in season, can regrow and produce more flowers, but late season mowing probably controls plant (1).</p>","<p>1. DiTomaso and Healy in prep. Weeds of California and Other Western States. 2. Peirce 1992 3. Groves, R. H. and P. E. Kaye. 1989. Germination and Phenology of Seven Introduced Thistle Species in Southern Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 37(4): 351-359 4. Quinlivan B.J., Peirce J.R. 1968. The Long-term Field Germination of Saffron Thistle (Carthamus lanatus L.) and the Life Span of Dormant Seeds in the Geraldton Region, W.A. The Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science. Volume unknown: December 1968, pp. 231-232.</p>","<p>A common contaminent of grain. Seeds can attach to clothing (1). Seed can be dispersed on vehicles and by livestock (2). These mechanisms may contribute to spread but are probably not common.</p>","<p>1. Peirce 1992 2. DiTomaso and Healy in prep</p>","<p>Seeds can be dispersed by water (1). Not dispersed by wind, but can attach to animal fur (2). Vast majority of seed likely fall within a few feet of the parent plant.</p>","<p>1. DiTomaso and Healy in prep 2. Peirce 1992</p>","<p>Native to Mediterranean. A noxious weed in Australia, where it is considered the worst weed in New South Wales (1, 2). Spread to Oregon from California (3). Also present in Texas and Oklahoma (4).</p>","<p>1. Peirce 1992 2. Briese, D. T. 1988. Weed Status of Twelve Thistle Species in New South Wales Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly 3(4): 135-141. 3. Burrill 1992 4. DiTomaso and Healy in prep.</p>","Subspecies lanatus has been in California since at least 1891. Abundant in dry grasslands of the coastal areas of California. Also found a middle elevation of Sierra Nevada, in areas disturbed by gold mining (1). Present in northwestern California, central-western CA, central Sierra Nevada, southern North Coast, to 1100m (2).
","1. Fuller, T. C. 1979. Ecology of some Californian weeds that also occur in Australia. Proceedings of the Seventh Conference of the Asian-Pacific Weed Society, pp. 391-393. (cited in Peirce 1992)
","More common in the Central Coast than in Southern California. Also expanding in the North Coast region.
","DiTomaso, observational. Dan Gluesenkamp, Audubon Canyon Ranch, pers. obs. Carla Bossard, St. Mary's College, pers. obs.
",,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,Unknown,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/carthamus-lanatus-profile/, "Casuarina equisetifolia",,,"beach sheoak",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/casuarina-equisetifolia-risk/ "Catharanthus roseus",,,"Madagascar periwinkle",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/catharanthus-roseus-risk/ "Cenchrus echinatus",,,"southern sandbur",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/cenchrus-echinatus-risk/ "Cenchrus longispinus",,,"mat sandbur",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/cenchrus-longispinus-risk/ "Centaurea calcitrapa",,,"purple starthistle",5/22/03,"Joe DiTomaso","UC Davis",530-754-8715,DiTomaso@vegmail.ucdavis.edu,"Weed Science Program, Robbins Hall, Univ. California, Davis CA 95616",,,,,,"Joe DiTomaso,Peter Warner,Alison Stanton,Carla Bossard,Cynthia Roye,Jake Sigg,Doug Johnson,Brianna Richardson",20030606,,,,C,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,B,Observational,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,B,2.5,Moderate,,"Probably impacts water runoff and percolation, as well as soil erosion similar to spotted knapweed, but no work has been conducted to prove this. Plant structure similar to spotted knapweed which increases erosion.",DiTomaso-Observational,,,"Sharp spines can discourage deer or rodent grazing, or reduce forage quality. Not palatable even in early stages of growth. In Australia, plants protect rabbits, which are also invasive.","Amme, D. 1985. Fremontia 13:22-23; Anonymous. 1998. Technical Bulletin. Marin Co.. Agricultural Land Trust, 2 pp.; Parsons, W.T. and E.G. Cuthbertson. 1992. Noxious Weeds of Australia. Inkata Press, Sydney","Probably none. No native Centaurea in California",": DiTomaso-Observational","mainly in disturbed areas, but con invade annual grass dominated grasslands. Prefers heavier bottomland soils.",,"Spreading, but only slightly.",": DiTomaso-Observational","Spreading slowly, but still confined to North Coast areas. Some new reports in other areas.",": DiTomaso-Observational","Seed longevity unknown. Produces lots of seeds, recovers after damage.","DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. DANR (pre-print)","Some movement by machinery, and along roadsides.","Parsons, W.T. and E.G. Cuthbertson. 1992. Noxious Weeds of Australia. Inkata Press, Sydney; Anonymous. 1998. Technical Bulletin. Marin Co.. Agricultural Land Trust, 2 pp.","Some movement in water, but not typically moved very far by natural means. Also can act like a tumbleweed and disperse seed moderate distances.",,"As far north as Washington and east to Utah. Also a problem in Australia, New Zealand, the Middle East, and South Africa. Pasture and cereal crop weed in Australia.","Parsons, W.T. and E.G. Cuthbertson. 1992. Noxious Weeds of Australia. Inkata Press, Sydney; DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. DANR (pre-print)","Primarily in grasslands, sometimes in wetter areas than yellow starthistle. Introduced nearl Vacaville, CA, in 1896.","Amme, D. 1985. Fremontia 13:22-23; : DiTomaso-Observational","Major infestations in Marin, Napa, Solano, and Sonoma counties, but found in other areas of the state. Mainly in grasslands.","Woods, D.M., D.A. Mayhew and J.M. Gendron. 2000. CDFA Biological Cotnrol Program 1999. pp. 78-79",,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Unknown,No,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,C,D,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/centaurea-calcitrapa-profile/, "Centaurea diffusa",,"Acosta diffusa (Lam.) Sojak","diffuse knapweed",11/28/05,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph M. DiTomaso/Coop. Ext. Specialist","University of California, Davis",530-754-8715,ditomaso@vegmail.ucdavis.edu,"Weed Science Program, Robbins Hall","Joe DiTomaso,John Randall,Peter Warner,Jake Sigg",20060110,,,,B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,"Other Published Material",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Observational,D,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,Array,Array,B,3.5,Moderate,,"Increases erosion along streambanks.","1. Sheley, R.L, J.S. Jacobs, and M. F. Carpinelli. 1998. Distribution, biology, and management of diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) and spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa). Weed Technology. 12:353-362","Reduces biodiversity (1). Compounds in shoots extracts reduce germination of other species through allelopathy (2,3) and it has a stronger negative effect on North American plants than on plants that evolved with knapweed in Eurasia (2). Can form monocultures, although populations in California are mostly small patches due to eradication efforts (1). Formation of monotypic stands is aided by the fact that seedling emergence is distributed over several weeks, allowing diffuse knapweed to occupy all available safe sites (4).","1. Sheley et al. 1998 2. Callaway, R., and E. T. Aschehoug. 2000. Invasive plants versus their new and old neighbors: a mechanism for exotic invasion. Science. 290:521-523 3. Muir, A. D., and W. Majak. 1983. Allelopathic potential of diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) extracts. Canadian Journal of Plant Sciences. 63:989-996 4. Sheley, R. L., and L. L. Larson. 1996. Emergence date effects on resource partitioning between diffuse knapweed seedlings. Journal of Range Management. 49:241-244.","Reduces forage for livestock and wildlife, but is grazed by deer. Elk foraging was reduced by 98% on plots of C. maculosa (1). Presumably, diffuse knapweed would act the same. There is anecdotal evidence that diffuse knapweed contains a compound that, when absorbed through the skin through cuts or abrasions, can cause benign tumors in humans, although there is no medical literature on this. Anyone working with diffuse knapweed should wear gloves as a precaution (2).","1. Sheley et al. 1998 2. Carpenter, A. T., and T. A. Murray. 1998. Element Stewardship Abstract for Centaurea diffusa. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA. http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu.","None. There are no native Centaurea spp. in California.","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA","Invades highly disturbed areas such as roadsides and overgrazed grasslands, but can also invade after minor disturbance such as a hailstorm, rodent activity, or light grazing (1, 2,3). Disturbance greatly increases the the rate and final density of diffuse knapweed and allows it to invade a wider range of habitats (1).","1. Sheley et al. 1998 2. Myers, J. H., and D. E. Berube. 1983. Diffuse knapweed invasion into rangeland in the dry interior of British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Plant Sciences. 63:981-987. 3. Lacey, J., P. Husby, and G. Handl. 1990. Observations on spotted and diffuse knapweed invasion into ungrazed bunchgrass communities in western Montana. Rangelands. 12: 30-32.","Has spread at very rapid rates in other western states. In California, the rate of spread appears to be a bit slower, probably due to the efforts of CDFA to manage the species.","DiTomaso, observational.","In California, diffuse knapweed primarily occurs as single plants or small patches and is under eradication through biological control in most areas (1). Stable to declining/decreasing statewide because of treatment efforts (2, 3). Once the seed production has been controlled, infestation levels drop rapidly (3).","1. Joley, D. B., and D. M. Woods. 1996. Biological control of diffuse knapweed, Centaurea diffusa. California Department of Food and Agriculture, Biological Control Program Annual Summary, 1996. Sacramento, CA 2. Carri Pirosko, California Dept. of Food and Agriculture. e-mail 11/29/05 3. Marla Knight, botanist, Klamath National Forest. e-mail 11/29/05","Typically biennial, sometimes annual or short-lived perennial. Obligate outcrosser. Flowers June-September. Seeds can persist in soil for many years. Purple-flowered plants were shown to set significantly more seed than white-flowered plants, event though white-flowered plants out-numbered purple-flowered plants and major insect visitors did not discriminate according to color. Seed production in Washington averaged 11,200 to 48, 100 seeds per square meter.","DiTomaso, J.M., and E. Healy. 2006. Weeds of California and Other Western States Harrod, R. J., and R. J. Taylor. 1995. Reproduction and pollination biology of Centaurea and Acroptilon species, with emphasis on C. diffusa. Northwest Science. 69:97-105.","Can be spread by hitchhiking in the frames of vehicles (1). Was originally introduced to the United States in contaminated alfalfa, and spread further in alfalfa and hay (2).","1. Roche and Roche 1999 2. Sheley et al. 1998","Ball-shaped plants can be spread by the wind, similar to tumbleweed. Seeds are lost gradually, allowing them to spread long distances. Plants can also be carried in rivers and irrigation systems.","1. Roche and Roche 1999","Native to Eurasia. Occurs in all western states, some central and eastern states, especially Illinois and surrounding states. Listed as a noxious weed in several states (1).","1. DiTomaso and Healy 2006","Occurs in the North Coast, North Coast Ranges (Del Norte, Humboldt, Mendocino Cos.), Klamath Ranges (Trinity Co.), Cascade Ranges (Siskiyou, Shasta Cos.), north and central Sierra Nevada (Plumas, Nevada, sc Placer, e El Dorado, e Amador Cos), northern Sacramento Valley (c&e Tehama, sc Glenn, s Sutter, n Sacramento Cos), Modoc Plateau (Modoc, Lassen Cos), southern San Francisco Bay region (ne Santa Clara Co.), South Coast Ranges (se Monterey Co.), South Coast (Los Angeles, San Diego Cos), to 2300m. A population that has been eradicated occurred in the central area of the border between Mariposa and Madera counties (1). Habitats invaded (based on eradication projects listed in NRPI database): oak woodlands, blue oak-foothill pine, pasture, mixed evergreen forest, Great Basin scrub, coastal prairie, north coast coniferous forest, riparian forest and woodland, valley and foothill grassland (2) Mainly invades roadsides, waste areas, and rangelands. Found in some dry/seasonal creek beds in Siskiyou County. Mostly dry areas rather than true riparian areas (3).","1. DiTomaso and Healy 2006 2. Natural Resources Projects Inventory. Database of conservation and monitoring projects in California. Available: http://www.ice.ucdavis.edu/nrpi/. Accessed 11/28/05 3. Carri Pirosko, California Dept. of Food and Agriculture. e-mail 11/29/05.","Mostly small infestations/patches; many single to small plants/patches that are eradicated.","Carri Pirosko, California Dept. of Food and Agriculture. e-mail 11/29/05",,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,Unknown,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,D,D,,D,,,,D,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/centaurea-diffusa-profile/, "Centaurea diluta",,,"North African knapweed",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/centaurea-diluta-risk/ "Centaurea jacea ssp. pratensis",,"Centaurea debeauxii Gren. & Godr., Centaurea x pratensis; Centaurea jacea L. x Centaurea nigra L.","meadow knapweed",5/3/05,"Gina Skurka and Elizabeth Brusati",Cal-IPC,510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442-A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph DiTomaso","University of California-Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Carla Bossard,John Randall,Carri Pirosko,Dan Gluesenkamp,Gina Skurka,Brianna Richardson",20050708,,,,C,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,A,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,Array,Array,C,2.5,Moderate,Alert,"Taproot with a wooly crown, plants grow 0.4 - 1 meter tall. Taproot may change soil water content.","Meadow Knapweed. A Guide to Weeds in British Columbia. www.weedsbc.ca/weed_desc/meadow.html.","Can invade rangeland and pastures, causing reduction in carrying capacity. Forms dense stands. It can also result in reduced yields in hayfields. Meadow knapweed out competes grasses and other pasture species and is difficult to control due to its extensive root system. This level of infestation have not occurred in California and may require more nothern climates.","Meadow Knapweed. A Guide to Weeds in British Columbia. www.weedsbc.ca/weed_desc/meadow.html. Meadow Knapweed. Proposal for listing as an A-rated Weed. Personal communication from Carri Pirosko, California Department of Food and Agriculture 5/5/05 Carri Pirosko, California Dept. of Food and Agriculture, pers. obs.","Low palatability to grazing animals. Reduce winter forage for Elk. Negligible impact; causes no perceivable change in higher trophic level populations, communities, or interactions.","Meadow Knapweed. A Guide to Weeds in British Columbia. www.weedsbc.ca/weed_desc/meadow.html. Meadow Knapweed. Proposal for listing as an A-rated Weed. Personal communication from Carri Pirosko, California Department of Food and Agriculture 5/5/05.","Brown knapweed (C. jacea) and black knapweed (C. nigra) produce fully fertile hybrids (meadow knapweed) that appear to be weedier than either of the parents. May hybridize with YST. Not known to hybridize with native species. No native Centaurea species.","Roche, B.F. Jr. , C.T. Roche. Identification, Introduction, Distribution, Ecology, and Economics of Centaurea Species. Noxious Range Weeds. 1991. 274-291. Ed. James L.F. et al. Westview Press, Boulder, San Francisco, Oxford. Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA","Meadow knapweed inhabit disturbed places in the northwestern region and the San Francisco Bay region, to 500 m. Typically it grows on roadsides and disturbed areas, where it forms dense stands that hinder re-establishment of native species. Meadow knapweed does not need disturbance to establish new populations. One example is the only known infestation in Colorado that is not overgrazed and has a riparian area that has been described as ""very healthy."" The existing native plant community is quite diverse and the infestation is in all the different plant communities.","DiTomaso, J. M. E.A. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States. As yet unpublished. Meadow Knapweed. A Guide to Weeds in British Columbia. www.weedsbc.ca/weed_desc/meadow.html. Meadow Knapweed. Proposal for listing as an A-rated Weed. Personal communication from Carri Pirosko, California Department of Food and Agriculture 5/5/05.","Existing populations are small but rapidly spreading. Has doubled in less than 10 years in Siskiyou and Del Norte Counties.","Meadow Knapweed. Proposal for listing as an A-rated Weed. Personal communication from Carri Pirosko, California Department of Food and Agriculture 5/5/05.","Currently, meadow knapweed has a limited distribution in California. Meadow knapweed presently occurs in a limited distribution in Siskiyou, Humboldt, and Del Norte Counties. Fewer than 10 known sites. All locations are relatively small, but the weed is spreading at an alarming rate. See Carri's report for current management efforts.","Meadow Knapweed. Proposal for listing as an A-rated Weed. Personal communication from Carri Pirosko, California Department of Food and Agriculture 5/5/05.","Meadow knapweed has sterile outer flowers. Primarily reproduce by seed and to some extent by short lateral shoots from the parent plants. Root and crown fragments resprout when disturbed by heavy equimpment or cultivation. Suspected to have upwards of 30 seeds per seedhead. 5 points","DiTomaso, J.M., E.A Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States. As yet unpublished (J. DiTomaso files, KND 8/10/04, hardcopy at Cal-IPC). Roche, B.F. Jr. , C.T. Roche. Identification, Introduction, Distribution, Ecology, and Economics of Centaurea Species. Noxious Range Weeds. 1991. 274-291. Ed. James L.F. et al. Westview Press, Boulder, San Francisco, Oxford. Meadow Knapweed. Proposal for listing as an A-rated Weed. Personal communication from Carri Pirosko, California Department of Food and Agriculture 5/5/05.","Seeds carried by irrigation water systems and vehicles. All indications are that it will spread along road systems and thus increase potential to infest highly valued wildlands such as Botanical Areas and Wilderness Areas. Was used as forage. Present as contaminant in ship ballast. Transplanted into gardens. Infestation in Humboldt County resulted from an overturned hay truck. These methods of dispersal can occur but are not common.","Meadow Knapweed. Proposal for listing as an A-rated Weed. Personal communication from Carri Pirosko, California Department of Food and Agriculture 5/5/05. Roche, B.F. Jr. , C.T. Roche. Identification, Introduction, Distribution, Ecology, and Economics of Centaurea Species. Noxious Range Weeds. 1991. 274-291. Ed. James L.F. et al. Westview Press, Boulder, San Francisco, Oxford.","Seeds are carried in rivers, but generally grow in areas not adjacent to water so long distance dispersal by natural means in very uncommon.","Roche, B.F. Jr. , C.T. Roche. Identification, Introduction, Distribution, Ecology, and Economics of Centaurea Species. Noxious Range Weeds. 1991. 274-291. Ed. James L.F. et al. Westview Press, Boulder, San Francisco, Oxford.","The earliest records of meadow knapweed in the Pacific Northwest are from Multnomah and Lane counties, Oregon, between 1910 and 1920. Occurs at elevations up to 6600 feet in the mountains of Central Europe. In Washington State, it grows in the more mesic meadow and pasture areas, usually in openings in forested areas or along drainages. Further, hybrids such as meadow knapweed can exhibit greater adaptability to new conditions, beyond that of either the brown or black parent stock. In several western states, meadow knapweed has been found growing in : irrigated meadows, along riparian areas, in dry sagebrush upland country, dry-land meadows, aspen stands, and under mixed conifer stands. Scoring as A because has a limited distribution in California but occurs in a number of habitats in the northwest.","Meadow Knapweed. Proposal for listing as an A-rated Weed. Personal communication from Carri Pirosko, California Department of Food and Agriculture 5/5/05.","Introduced from Europe in early 1900s, by 1960 meadow knapweed was well established in the valley between the Coast and Cascade Ranges from British Columbia to northern California. In the past 100 yrs, it has demonstrated a superior ability to move and occupy a yet undefined niche in the more mesic grasslands at lower and middle elevations. Del Norte County, southern edge of Crescent City, gravel bars in Klamath National Forest, meadow in Siskiyou County.","Roche, B.F. Jr. , C.T. Roche. Identification, Introduction, Distribution, Ecology, and Economics of Centaurea Species. Noxious Range Weeds. 1991. 274-291. Ed. James L.F. et al. Westview Press, Boulder, San Francisco, Oxford.","Very limited distribution in California so far.","Meadow Knapweed. Proposal for listing as an A-rated Weed. Personal communication from Carri Pirosko, California Department of Food and Agriculture 5/5/05.",,Yes,Unknown,Yes,No,Yes,Unknown,No,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,D,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/centaurea-jacea-ssp-pratensis-profile/, "Centaurea melitensis",,,"tocalote; Malta starthistle",5/22/03,"Joe DiTomaso","UC Davis",530-754-8715,DiTomaso@vegmail.ucdavis.edu,"Weed Science Program, Robbins Hall, Univ. California, Davis CA 95616",,,,,,"Joe DiTomaso,Peter Warner,Alison Stanton,Carla Bossard,Cynthia Roye,Jake Sigg,Doug Johnson,Brianna Richardson",20030606,,,,B,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,C,Observational,A,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,Array,Array,B,2.5,Moderate,,"May increase erosion, reduce water percolation. Does not survive as long as yellow starthistle so it is not likely to have same effect on soil moisture depletion.",DiTomaso-Observational,"Dense stands can displace native plants and animals. Significantly reduces seed production of the endangered plant Acanthiminta ilicifolia.",,"Can be poisonous to horses and may cause mechanical damage to wildlife. Probably reduces other better forage species.",,"None No native Centaurea in California",DiTomaso-Observational,"Primarily found in disturbed sites, but will move into annual grass dominated grasslands.","DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. DANR (pre-print","Seems to be stable in most areas. Has been in California for over 150 years.",DiTomaso-Observational,"Stable in northern California. Possibly slightly increasing in southern California. This could be due to confusion in past with yellow starthistle.",DiTomaso-Observational,"Annual with seed production only. Averages 1,500 seeds.plant.",,"Probably through human activity including equipment, seed and soil contamination, and vehicles, but because it is not as widespread as yellow starthistle, the rate is not as great.",,"Short distance wind dispersal. Animals can occasionally move seed longer distances in hair or birds after ingestion. Seeds only blow short distance. Most seed fall to ground just below parent plant.",,"Has invaded other southwestern states to the eastern US, but not reported as a problem in other countries. Similar habitats occupied elsewhere.","DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. DANR (pre-print","Mainly found in grasslands, throughout the state but more commonly in southern California. Introduced as early as 1797.","DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. DANR (pre-print","Most common in grasslands, probably <20% of the grasslands, however.",DiTomaso-Observational,,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,C,D,,,,,,,,,,C,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/centaurea-melitensis-profile/, "Centaurea solstitialis",,,"yellow starthistle",2/8/03,"Joe DiTomaso","UC Davis",530-754-8715,DiTomaso@vegmail.ucdavis.edu,"Weed Science Program, Robbins Hall, Univ. California, Davis CA 95616",,,,,,"Carla Bossard,John Randall,Peter Warner,Doug Johnson,John Hall,Dana,Cindy Roye,Matt Brooks",20030210,,,,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Observational,D,,B,Observational,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,Observational,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,A,3,High,,"Yellow starthistle significantly depletes soil moisture reserves in grasslands of California and Oregon. Deep root system allows starthistle to utilize deep soil moisture late into the growing season. Consequently, the next seasons soil moisture recharge is less than native perennial grasslands and annual grasslands.","Enloe, S.F. 2002. PhD dissertation. UC Davis; Borman, M.M., D.E. Johnson, and W.C. Krueger. 1992. Soil moisture extraction by vegetation in a Mediterranean/Maritime climatic regime. Agronomy Journal 84:897-904; Gerlach, J.D., A. Dyer, and K.J. Rice. 1998. Grassland and foothill woodland ecosystems of the Central Valley. Fremontia 26:39-43.","Starthistle infestations can reduce wildlife habitat and forage, displace native plants, and decrease native plant and animal diversity. Dense infestations not only displace native plants and animals, but also threaten natural ecosystems and nature reserves by fragmenting sensitive plant and animal habitat. Because of the spiny nature of yellow starthistle, livestock and wildlife avoid grazing in heavily infested areas. In addition, yellow starthistle has been experimentally shown to have greater than 80% in heavily infested areas.","DiTomaso, J.M. http://wric.ucdavis.edu/yst/impacts/impacts.html; Sheley, R.L. and L.L. Larson. 1994a. Observation: Comparative live-history of cheatgrass and yellow starthistle. Journal of Range Management 47:450-456; Roch_, B.F., Jr., C.T. Roch_, and R.C. Chapman. 1994. Impacts of grassland habitat on yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) invasion. Northwest Science 68:86-96.","Probably reduces wildlife forage once it produces spines. Because of the spiny nature of yellow starthistle and its negative impact on livestock grazing, it is expected that it would have a similar impact on my wildlife species.","DiTomaso, J.M. http://wric.ucdavis.edu/yst/impacts/impacts.html; observational and anecdotal information for many sources, including DiTomaso, J.M.","None There are no native Centaurea species in California, thus it is assumed that there is no opportunity to have an impact.",None,"Any form of soil disturbance can lead to establishment of yellow starthistle. Over grazing and domination by annual grasses in open areas can also lead to establishment and dominance by yellow starthistle. Much evidence indicates that yellow starthistle can invade disturbed areas, particularly roadsides. From here it has been shown to move into grasslands that area either disturbed or undisturbed within the past several years. These grasslands have over 100 year history of disturbance and are now annual grasslands, having been converted from perennial grasslands before European settlement in the west.","Gerlach, J.D., Jr. 1997b. The introduction, dynamics of geographic range expansion, and ecosystem effects of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis). Proc., California Weed Science Society 49:136-141; also see DiTomaso, J.M. http://wric.ucdavis.edu/yst for more information. Much of the evidence for movement into undisturbed sites is observational, particularly by Enloe, DiTomaso and Gerlach.","By 1958, it was estimated to have invaded over 1 million acres of California, much of this in range or grasslands. Today, it is thought to have spread to over 15 million acres in California, and can be found in 56 of the 58 counties in California. Over the past 40 years, yellow starthistle has spread exponentially to infest rangelands, native grasslands, orchards, vineyards, pastures, roadsides, and wasteland areas.","Maddox, D.M. and A. Mayfield. 1985. Yellow starthistle infestations are on the increase. California Agriculture 39(11/12):10-12; Pitcairn, M.J., R.A. O'Connell, and J.M. Gendron. 1998b. Yellow starthistle: survey of statewide distribution. Pages 64-66. D.M. Woods, ed. In, Biological Control Program Annual Summary, 1997. California Department of Food and Agriculture, Plant Health and Pest Prevention Services, Sacramento, CA.","Appears to be stable or perhaps even declining a bit. The leveling out of yellow starthistle infestations in California is probably due to two factors, 1) it has nearly reached its full available range and sites, and 2) a more concerted effort by state, federal, county and local groups and private citizens to manage for yellow starthistle. However, its range and level of infestation is increasing exponentially in the western US outside of California.","Observational by DiTomaso.","Produces seed every year at levels of 10,000 per square meter. Plant is an annual and does not reproduce vegetatively. Seeds can live for 3 or more years in the soil. Seed production and establishment are high.","Many publications have documented the reproduction of yellow starthistle, as well and its seed longevity, and germination characteristics. These are summarized in DiTomaso, J.M. http://wric.ucdavis.edu/yst.","The movement of contaminated hay and uncertified seed are important long distance transportation mechanisms. The use of tractors and other equipment spread starthistle seed to other locations, including grain fields. Seed is transported in large amounts by road maintenance equipment and on the undercarriage of vehicles. In past several years, it is likely that yellow starthistle movement has been initially along roadsides, probably due to contaminated hay and soil. Since the 1960's three factors greatly contributed to its further spread, including extensive road building, increased suburban development, and an expansion in the ranching industry.","Observations by many individuals. See DiTomaso, J.M. http://wric.ucdavis.edu/yst for more information.","Primarily wind blown seed. Some dispersal by birds and mammals after ingestion, but very few seed likely remain viable after passing through the digestive system. About 90% of the seed have been shown to fall within 2 ft of the parent plant.","Roch_, B.F., Jr. 1992. Achene dispersal in yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.). Northwest Science 66:62-65.","Yellow starthistle is in grasslands throughout the Pacific Northwest states. Today yellow starthistle can be found in most of the temperate areas around the world. All Mediterranean climates around the world are susceptible to invasion by yellow starthistle.","Maddox, D.M., A. Mayfield, and N.H. Poritz. 1985. Distribution of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) and Russian knapweed (Centaurea repens). Weed Science 33(3):315-327; Sheley, R.L., L.L. Larson, and J.S. Jacobs. 1999b. Yellow starthistle. Pages 409-416. Sheley, R.L. and J.K. Petroff, eds. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis.","Its introduction in North America probably occurred sometime after 1849 as a seed contaminant in Chilean-grown alfalfa seed, also known as Chilean clover. Because yellow starthistle does not do well in shaded areas, it is restricted to open sites, particularly grasslands. Since grasslands of California are dominated with shallow rooted annual species, starthistle has become very competitive and can dominate these sites.","Gerlach, J.D., Jr. 1997. The introduction, dynamics of geographic range expansion, and ecosystem effects of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis). Proc., California Weed Science Society 49:136-141; Gerlach, J.D., Jr. 1997. How the west was lost: reconstructing the invasion dynamics of yellow starthistle and other plant invaders of western rangelands and natural areas. Proc., California Exotic Pest Plant Council Symposium 3:67-72.","By 1958, it was estimated to have invaded over 1 million acres of California, much of this in range or grasslands. Today, it is thought to have spread to over 15 million acres in California, and can be found in 56 of the 58 counties in California. Primarily invades grasslands and grassland areas within oak woodlands.","Maddox, D.M. and A. Mayfield. 1985. Yellow starthistle infestations are on the increase. California Agriculture 39(11/12):10-12; Pitcairn, M.J., R.A. O'Connell, and J.M. Gendron. 1998b. Yellow starthistle: survey of statewide distribution. Pages 64-66. D.M. Woods, ed. In, Biological Control Program Annual Summary, 1997. California Department of Food and Agriculture, Plant Health and Pest Prevention Services, Sacramento, CA; Gerlach, J.D., A. Dyer, and K.J. Rice. 1998. Grassland and foothill woodland ecosystems of the Central Valley. Fremontia 26:39-43.",,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,B,A,B,,,,,,,,,,B,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/centaurea-solstitialis-profile/, "Centaurea stoebe ssp. micranthos",,"Centaurea maculosa; Centaurea biebersteinii, Centaurea stoebe ssp. stoebe and ssp. maculosa; Centaurea stoebe subsp. australis","spotted knapweed",1/21/05,"Gina Skurka",Cal-IPC,530-400-8992,gmskurka@cal-ipc.org,,"Joseph DiTomaso","University of California-Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Carla Bossard,John Randall,Carri Pirosko,Dan Gluesenkamp,Gina Skurka,Brianna Richardson",20050708,,,"Removed second scientific name, Centaurea maculosa, and added it to the synonym line 3/28/17. Ramona Robison",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,"Other Published Material",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,Array,Array,B,3.5,High,,"Stout elongated taproot may decrease soil moisture. Knapweed infestation can increase surface run-off and sedimentation. They are poor protectors of soil and water resources and they pose a wildfire threat. Success could be attributed to greater use, or more efficient use, of available soil nitrogen. Soil N often limits growth on semi-arid grasslands. Greater or more efficient use of soil N by spotted knapweed may inhibit establishment, survival, or reproduction of native grassess, if this occurred, but it doesn't. Also, Centaurea's success as an invasive species in North america cannot be attributed to greater use of soil water or greater water-use efficiency than native grasses. Knapweed infestation on bunchgrass rangeland is detrimental to water and soil resources. Lacy 1989 determined that surface water runoff and stream sediment yield were 56 and 192% higher, respectively, for spotted knapweed-dominated sites compared to bunchgrass-dominated sites. Bareground and water infiltration rates were greater on sites with unclipped bunchgrass than on those with spotted knapweed. Moderate alteration of ecosystem processes by decreasing soil moisture and facilitating erosion.","Hoffman, Kerns. Wisconsin Manual of Control Recommendations for Ecologically Invasive Plants. Pgs 44-47. 1997. Roche, B.F. Jr. , C.T. Roche. Identification, Introduction, Distribution, Ecology, and Economics of Centaurea Species. Noxious Range Weeds. 1991. 274-291. Ed. James L.F. et al. Westview Press, Boulder, San Francisco, Oxford. Blicker, P.S., B.E. Olson, and R.Engel. 2002. Traits of the invasive Centaurea maculosa and two native grasses: effect of N supply. Plant and Soil V. 247(2) P. 261-269. Blicker, P.S., B.E. Olson, and J.M. Wraith. Water use and water-use efficiency of the invasive Centaurea maculosa and three native grasses. Plant and Soil. v. 254(2) p. 371-381. Sheley, R.L., Jacobs, J.S., Carpinelli M.F., Distribution, Biology and of Diffuse Knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) and Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea maculosa). Weed Technology 12: 353-362. 1998.","Spotted knapweed often attains high densities on sunny wild lands, even those undisturbed by human or livestock activitiy. Knapweed thends to dominate sites at the expense of community diversity or forage production. C. maculosa reduces the productivity of desirable forage plants and floristic diversity. It has the ability to invade mature native bunchgrass communities. Decreased bluebunch wheatgrass yield was correlated with increased production of spotted knapweed. Bluebunch wheatgrass-rough fescue production was reduced by 88% by knapweed invasion. Moderate alteration of plant community composition by reduction in survivorship of native grasses","Hoffman, Kerns. Wisconsin Manual of Control Recommendations for Ecologically Invasive PLants. Pgs. 44-47. 1997. Blicker, P.S., B.E. Olson, and R.Engel. 2002. Traits of the invasive Centaurea maculosa and two native grasses: effect of N supply. Plant and Soil V. 247(2) P. 261-269. Lacey, J.R., P. Husby, and G. Handl, Observations on Spotted and Diffuse Knapweed Invasion into Ungrazed Bunchgrass Communities in Western Montana. Rangelands 12 (1). 1990. 30-32. Sheley, R.L., Jacobs, J.S., Carpinelli M.F., Distribution, Biology and of Diffuse Knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) and Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea maculosa). Weed Technology 12: 353-362. 1998.","Knapweeds are grazed by dear and sheep. These plants also provide nectar and pollen for domestic bees. Domestic animals and wildlife such as elk rely on range grasses and herbs for up to 80% of diet. Knapweed encroachment can destroy the forage base and would result in a significant decline in deer and elk numbers. Detrimental to range resource values because they have low platability to livestock and wildlife. Spotted knapweed reduces livestock forage and negatively impacts wildlife. Elk use was reduced by 98% on spotted knapweed-dominated range compared to bunchgrass-dominated sites. Spoon 1983 predicted a loss of 220 elk annually in Montana because of spotted knapweed infestations on winter range.","Knapweed: Its Cost to British Columbia. Pamphlet from Province of British Columbia, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Roche, B.F. Jr. , C.T. Roche. Identification, Introduction, Distribution, Ecology, and Economics of Centaurea Species. Noxious Range Weeds. 1991. 274-291. Ed. James L.F. et al. Westview Press, Boulder, San Francisco, Oxford. Sheley, R.L., Jacobs, J.S., Carpinelli M.F., Distribution, Biology and of Diffuse Knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) and Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea maculosa). Weed Technology 12: 353-362. 1998.","none No native Centaurea species in California.","Hickman, J. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA.","Spotted knapweed has invaded relatively undisturbed native plant communities and natural areas as well as heavily disturbed sites. Moderate invasive potential - this species may occasionally establish in undistrubed areas but can readily establish in areas with natural disturbances.","Hoffman, Kerns. Wisconsin Manual of Control Recommendations for Ecologically Invasive Plants. Pgs 44-47. 1997. Roche, B.F. Jr. , C.T. Roche. Identification, Introduction, Distribution, Ecology, and Economics of Centaurea Species. Noxious Range Weeds. 1991. 274-291. Ed. James L.F. et al. Westview Press, Boulder, San Francisco, Oxford. Blicker, P.S., B.E. Olson, and R.Engel. 2002. Traits of the invasive Centaurea maculosa and two native grasses: effect of N supply. Plant and Soil V. 247(2) P. 261-269.","Has spread rapidly in most other western states.","Duncan, C.L. and J.K. Clark (eds.). 2005. Invasive plants of range and wildlands and their environmental, ecological, and societal impacts. WSSA.","Through the efforts of CDFA, spotted knapweed populations have remained about stable over the past few years. Without these efforts it is very likely that the infestations would expand exponentially, as they have in so many other states.","DiTomaso, observational.","Reproduces solely by seed. Individual flower heads bloom from late June through August for 2-6 days each. The bracts reopen after about 20 days and scatter seeds. Plants average about 1,000 seeds per plant. Seeds are viable for seven years, and germinate throughout the growing season. Seed production was 1,000-fold that needed to maintain observed levels of infestation. Lives up to 9 years and is able to produce seeds each year. Seed production of spotted knapweed ranges from 5,000 to 40,000 seeds/m2, with more seeds produced during wet years. High. 7 points","Hoffman, Kerns. Wisconsin Manual of Control Recommendations for Ecologically Invasive Plants. Pgs 44-47. 1997. Schirman R. Seed Production and Spring Seedling Establishment of Diffuse and spotted Knapweed. Journal of Range Management 34(1). 1981. 45-47. Sheley, R.L., Jacobs, J.S., Carpinelli M.F., Distribution, Biology and of Diffuse Knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) and Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea maculosa). Weed Technology 12: 353-362. 1998.","People spread knapweed as it is easily caught up and transported great distances in the undercarriage and doors of recreational vehicles, trains, light aircraft landing at infested air strips, logging trucks and heavy machinery. It is also spread by florists who use knapweed in dried floral arrangements, movement of hay from knapweed infested to non-infested areas. Spotted knapweed flower heads also become attached to the undercarriages of vehicles, are transported long distances in mud, and commonly become attached to or drop into shoes. May also be transported in wood brought from Washington for log cabin kits. There are numerous opportunities for dispersal to new areas, but not as high as some other species.","Knapweed: Its Cost to British Columbia. Pamphlet from Province of British Columbia, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Sheley, R.L., Jacobs, J.S., Carpinelli M.F., Distribution, Biology and of Diffuse Knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) and Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea maculosa). Weed Technology 12: 353-362. 1998.","Spread by cattle, deer, and elk may pick up the weed and disperse it, and some bird species and small rodents eat knapweed seed. Soil disturbance provides an ideal seedbed for new knapweed infestation. Spotted knapweed plants do not break off at ground level, and populations are largely extended through peripheral enlargement of existing stands. Movement of stem by wind or passing animals can flick the loosely held achenes up to 1 m from the parent plant. Long distance transport occurs when achenes become attached to passing animals, or by rodents and birds. Long-distnace dispersal by animals or abiotic mechanisms can occur but is not the primarily means of dispersal.","Knapweed: Its Cost to British Columbia. Pamphlet from Province of British Columbia, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Sheley, R.L., Jacobs, J.S., Carpinelli M.F., Distribution, Biology and of Diffuse Knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) and Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea maculosa). Weed Technology 12: 353-362. 1998.","This plant was probably introduced in the late 1890s as a contaminant in alfalfa or hay seed from Europe and Asia. Spotted knapweed, a native of Europe, was collected on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, in 1905 and San Juan Island, Washington, in 1923. By the 1930s it was common in Montana and northern Idaho.","Duncan, C.L. and J.K. Clark (eds.). 2005. Invasive plants of range and wildlands and their environmental, ecological, and societal impacts. WSSA. Hoffman, Kerns. Wisconsin Manual of Control Recommendations for Ecologically Invasive Plants. Pgs 44-47. 1997.","Can occur in Great Basin grasslands, foothill prairie, riparian habitats, along gravel bars. Habitats based on review committee observations.","Duncan, C.L. and J.K. Clark (eds.). 2005. Invasive plants of range and wildlands and their environmental, ecological, and societal impacts. Weed Science Society of America. Carla Bossard, St. Mary's College; John Randall, The Nature Conservancy; Carri Pirosko, California Dept. of Food and Agriculture, pers. obs.","Not commonly encountered because of the efforts of CDFA","DiTomaso, observational.",,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Unknown,No,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,D,D,,D,,,,,D,,,D,,,,,,D,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/centaurea-stoebe-profile/, "Centaurea virgata var. squarrosa",,"Centaurea squarrosa Willd. is an illegally applied name according to the rules of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Saint Louis Code) since the name Centaurea squarrosa Roth was previously applied to a different species. Centaurea virgata Lam. var. squarrosa (Willd.) Boiss. is a synonym of Centaurea squarrosa Willd. Some taxonomists are using the name C. triumfetti All. for diffuse knapweed. Some flora use C. virgata Lam. ssp. squarrosa (Willd.) Gugler, but the taxon was given variety ranking first.","squarrose knapweed",15-Sep-04,"Carri Pirosko","California Department of Food and Agriculture, Noxious Weed Program","(530) 545-9119",cpirosko@cdfa.ca.gov,"20235 Charlanne Drive, Redding, CA 96002",,,,,,"Joe DiTomaso,John Randall,Carla Bossard",20050311,,,,B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,Observational,B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",Array,Array,B,3.5,Moderate,,"light availability is impacted in dense stands of squarrose knapweed- this is the only plant in stands that reach monotypic levels It is suspected that available water in the rangeland profile is severely reduced by dense stands of squarrose knapweed, based on findings with yellow starthistle in similar rangeland settings. The success of Centaurea species in dominating grasslands is explained by their ability to compete successfully for the new limiting resource or resources (K.D. LeJeune et al.) Wildfires create the ideal conditions for rapid expansion. Squarrose knapweed's fire and drought tolerance, excellent seed dispersal, and rapid response to soil resources released by fire nearly guarantee spread into burned closed-canopy juniper sites with little understory.","C. Pirosko, personal observation. LeJeune, Katherine D., Seastedt, Timothy R. 2001. Centaurea species: The forb that won the west. Conservation Biology. 15(6). December: 1568-1574. Sheley and Petroff. Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds.","Formation of dense stands dominate >75% cover by squarrose knapweed, with remaining cover being bare ground. Dense stands build up over time and alter plant community structure and composition. May have allelopathic properties, as other knapweeds (spotted and Russian) do allowing other vegetation to be excluded.","J. DiTomaso and E. Healy, Weeds of California and Other Western States, as yet unpublished. C. Pirosko personal observation.","Dense stands impact bird and wildlife, as well as range animal use of the system. Highly competative, dense stands can exclude desirable vegetation and wildlife in natural areas","J. DiTomaso and E. Healy, Weeds of California, as yet unpublished. Sheley, R. L, and J. K. Petroff. 1999. Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR","No information found as to impacts within populations of native species. Suspected that crossing does occur with other non-native knapweeds- as specimens are found with characteristics of squarrose, spotted, and diffuse knapweeds.","C. Pirosko, personal observation.","Largely invades disturbed sites. Largely dependant on human disturbances such as: over grazing, logging/replanting activities, roadside maintenance/scraping, roads and trails. Dispersal by vehicles and trains appears increasingly important, judging by the expansion of squarrose knapweed along roads, railroads, and off-road vehicles. Often grows on degraded rangeland soils and is more adaptable to drought and cold temperatures than other knapweeds.","J. DiTomaso and E. Healy, Weeds of California, as yet unpublished. Sheley and Petroff. Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds.","Rate of spread is slow and steady within sites- gradually expands at the edges of the populations over time. Spread in the Big Valley area of Lassen County is the best documentation of spread. Since 1950 when the plant was first officially documented (infestation likely had been there since 1930-40's), the infestation has slowly crept along roadways, from ranch to ranch on equipment and sheep. So that today extensions of the original infestation spread up into the forest behind the Kramer Ranch in Big Valley, up into Lookout, Modoc County, and down all the way into Pittville area to the southeast of Big Valley.","personal observation, C. Pirosko California Department of Food and Agriculture. Internal Document (typed document from 1973, author unknown), California Department of Food and Agriculture, Integrated Pest Control Branch, Noxious Weed Program, Redding Field Office.","Not widely distributed throughout the State. Primarily has been isolated to the Great Basin area in northeastern California. Rate of spread is slow and steady. Spread in the Big Valley area of Lassen County is the best documentation of spread. Since 1950 when the plant was first officially documented (infestation likely had been there since 1930-40's), the infestation has slowly crept along roadways, from ranch to ranch on equipment and sheep. So that today extensions of the original infestation spread up into the forest behind the Kramer Ranch in Big Valley, up into Lookout, Modoc County, and down all the way into Pittville area to the southeast of Big Valley.","personal observation, C. Pirosko California Department of Food and Agriculture. Internal Document (typed document from 1973, author unknown), California Department of Food and Agriculture, Integrated Pest Control Branch, Noxious Weed Program, Redding Field Office.","Sheley and Petroff. Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. C. Pirosko personal observation.","Primarily Human caused. Long distance dispersal is primarily through sheep. The recurved spines of squarrose knapweed are ideally suited to transport by sheep's wool. Historically, most of the movement of squarrose knapweed has been associated with sheep. No reference has been found regarding the initial introduction of squarrose knapweed into the western U.S., but it is possible that seed was carried in wool, either of sheep or wool products, yarn, blankets, or clothing. Often grows on degraded rangeland soils and is more adaptable to drought and cold temperatures than other knapweeds. Roadside equipment, scraping of road shoulders by CalTrans and County Road departments is also a mode of long distance dispersal along roadways.","Primarily Human caused. Long distance dispersal is primarily through sheep. The recurved spines of squarrose knapweed are ideally suited to transport by sheep's wool. Historically, most of the movement of squarrose knapweed has been associated with sheep. No reference has been found regarding the initial introduction of squarrose knapweed into the western U.S., but it is possible that seed was carried in wool, either of sheep or wool products, yarn, blankets, or clothing. Often grows on degraded rangeland soils and is more adaptable to drought and cold temperatures than other knapweeds. Roadside equipment, scraping of road shoulders by CalTrans and County Road departments is also a mode of long distance dispersal along roadways.","Bellue, M. K. 1952. Virgate Star Thistle, Centaurea virgata var. squarrosa (Willd.) Boiss. in California. Bulletin, California Dept. of Agriculture. Vol. 41(2): 61-63. J. DiTomaso and E. Healy, Weeds of California, as yet unpublished. C. Pirosko, personal observation.","Primarily Human caused. The highly deciduous nature of the seed heads could lend itself to distribution through wind and water and/or through the fur of wildlife and birds.","Bellue, M. K. 1952. Virgate Star Thistle, Centaurea virgata var. squarrosa (Willd.) Boiss. in California. Bulletin, California Dept. of Agriculture. Vol. 41(2): 61-63. C. Pirosko, personal observation.","Utah, Oregon, Washington, Nevada, Michigan Primarily invades range and pasture lands, as well as along roadsides. Often grows on degraded rangeland soils and is more adaptable to drought and cold temperatures than other knapweeds. Native to Eastern Europe, Southern Russia, and Western Asia--- The climate of these native ranges are very similar to that of the Great Basin found in northeastern California, Eastern Oregon, and parts of Utah. Squarrose knapweed is native to Bulgaria, Lebanon, Anti-Lebanon, Transcaucasia, northern Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and Turkestan. In the Flora of Turkey, the U.S. specimens key to subspecies squarrosa of Centaurea virgata, which is found mainly in Inner Anatolia; much of the plateau of Inner Anatolia lies between 2,500 and 3,300 feet elevation, falling to a large salt lake in the center. The climate in that region is harsh, characterized by erratic precipitation, temperature extremes, wind and devastating hail storms. Precipitation primarily falls as snow in the winter and spring; summers are dry with very low humidity; Winter temperatures are lower than Mediterranean climates and in summer temperatures soar during the day and drop drastically at night. (NOTE: A PERFECT DESCRIPTION OF BIG VALLY, LASSEN COUNTY, CA, USA as well!) Squarrose knapweed is a threat to similar ecological types already invaded; similar great basin-like habitat found in eastern portions of the state; Could still invade range and pasture lands south of Lassen County, into regions along the California/Nevada Border. STILL VAST OPPORTUNITY to keep spreading in areas already invaded, expansion of current distribution. PLUS lots of range/pasture in the GREAT BASIN is still susceptible to invasion which would have significant impacts on productivity of these lands. Squarrose knapweed simply hasn't been introduced in these suceptible areas- if given the opportunity, squarrose knapweed could do more damage to northeastern rangelands.","Internal Document (typed document from 1973, author unknown), California Department of Food and Agriculture, Integrated Pest Control Branch, Noxious Weed Program, Redding Field Office. J. DiTomaso and E. Healy, Weeds of California, as yet unpublished. Sheley and Petroff. Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds.","In northern California, squarrose knapweed grows on dry rocky sites of degraded juniper-shrub savanna with scattered western juniper and poderosa pine and chaparral-type understory (Sheley and Petroff) In the Great Basin and intermountain foothills, the sagebrush and juniper range types appear to be the most susceptible to invasion by squarrose knapweed. Often grows on degraded rangeland soils and is more adaptable to drought and cold temperatures than other knapweeds. First official record was in 1950; this species was collected at the Kramer Ranch in Big Valley, Lassen County by Loring White and identified by J.T. Howell of the Academy of Sciences, and subsequently identified by Dr. S.F. Blake of the USDA. Prior to 1910 there is no information about this ranch on which the sample was collected. After 1910 records indicate that the ranch was rented out as sheep pasture and under lease to neighboring rancher, James Summers. This site was then used as an overnight campground by sheepmen when they trailed their bands of sheep from the Sacramento Valley to higher ranges in the summer and returned them in the fall. In 1935 Mr. Summers reported to have commented on a weed taking over his leased pasture. About 1944 Mr. Rupert Lyons purchased the property and found a heavy infestation of the weed. Mr Lyons sold the land to Mr. O.E. Brown, whose son collected the specimen identified in 1950. Squarrose knapweed has largely Squarrose knapweed is a threat to similar ecological types already invaded; similar great basin-like habitat found in eastern portions of the state; Could still invade range and pasture lands south of Lassen County, into regions along the California/Nevada Border. STILL VAST OPPORTUNITY to keep spreading in areas already invaded, expansion of current distribution. PLUS lots of range/pasture in the GREAT BASIN is still susceptible to invasion which would have significant impacts on productivity of these lands. Squarrose knapweed simply hasn't been introduced in these suceptible areas- if given the opportunity, squarrose knapweed could do more damage to northeastern rangelands.","Internal Document (typed document from 1973, author unknown), California Department of Food and Agriculture, Integrated Pest Control Branch, Noxious Weed Program, Redding Field Office; C. Pirosko personal observation. J. DiTomaso and E. Healy, Weeds of California, as yet unpublished. Sheley and Petroff. Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds.","Klamath Ranges (n Humboldt, c Siskiyou, ce Trinity cos.), Cascade Range (Shasta Co.), Modoc Plateau (Modoc, ne Lassen cos.), northern Sierra Nevada (nc Plumas Co., to 1400 m. Present distribution in California: Lassen, Modoc, Siskiyou, and Shasta Counties. The major infestation is in Big Valley, Lassen County. The Modoc infestation is in the area of Lookout and Lookout Junction- are really extensions of the Big Valley infestation. Also found in the Pittville Area, also an extension of the Big Valley infestation. In Shasta County squarrose knapweed has been found on several ranches. The largest infestations are at the Bidwell Ranch (between Fall River Mills and Cassel), Kane Ranch (Off highway 89, north of the town of Hat Creek), on USFS lands on Brush Mountain, on Pit River Tribe lands called ""Charlie Bone"" off Highway 89, again north of town of Hat Creek, in and around Burney High School, and the PGE Right of Way off Mountain View Road, past Burney High School. Squarrose knapweed is a common find along the roadways- 299, 89, and 44 in Shasta County. A large site known as ""Hawkensville"" in Siskiyou county was under containment for over 30 years, until the late 1990s with Weed Management Area funding the site was aggressively treated. This Siskiyou site has been significantly reduced, follow-up spot treatments are ongoing until it is eradicated. The above mentioned sites are the primary active sites in the state, isolated, single plant finds have been found in other counties throughout the state- these have been eradicated by California Department of Food and Agriculture, Noxious Weed Program. Areas similar to Great Basin are vulnerable to invasion (HOT summers, Snow in Winters); certainly there is room for lots more invasion in the northeastern counties, as well as Nevada/California boarder counties.","Internal Document (typed document from 1973, author unknown), California Department of Food and Agriculture, Integrated Pest Control Branch, Noxious Weed Program, Redding Field Office. J. DiTomaso and E. Healy, Weeds of California, as yet unpublished.",,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Unknown,No,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,C,,,,D,,,C,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/centaurea-virgata-var-squarrosa-profile/, "Cestrum parqui",,,"willow jessamine",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/cestrum-parqui-risk/ "Chasmanthe floribunda",,,"African cornflag",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/chasmanthe-floribunda-risk/ "Chondrilla juncea",,,"skeleton weed; devil's grass; hogbite; gum succory; naked weed",2/8/05,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph M. DiTomaso","University of California, Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Jake Sigg,Peter Warner,Bob Case,John Knapp,Elizabeth Brusati",20050708,,,,B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",U,,D,"Other Published Material",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Observational,B,Observational,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,Array,Array,B,3,Moderate,,"Reduces soil nitrogen. Strong competitor for nitrogen. C. juncea is capable of reducing the level of nitrogen by the equivalent of 56kg/ha of artificial nitrogen.","1. Panetta, F. D. and J. Dodd 1987. The biology of Australian weeds. 16. Chondrilla juncea L. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 53(2): 83-95 2. Liao, J. D., S. B. Monsen, V. J. Anderson, and N. L. Shaw. 2000. Seed biology of rush skeletonweed in sagebrush steppe. Journal of Range Management 53(5): 544-549.","Outcompetes other plants for nitrogen and other nutrients (1, 2). Grows in dense monocultures in other western states, but has not reached this level of density in California (2). Dense near Folsom Dam and in three or four counties (3). Presence of seedlings and young plants reduce seed mortality of Chondrilla (1).","1. Panetta, F. D. and J. Dodd 1987. The biology of Australian weeds. 16. Chondrilla juncea L. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 53(2): 83-95 2. Joe DiTomaso, UC Davis, pers. obs. 3. Bob Case, California Native Plant Society, pers. obs..","no information",,"None No native Chondilla in California.","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA enter text here","Inhabits cultivated areas and open, waste areas with disturbed soil (1). The optimal level of disturbance is equivalent to wheat/fallow cultivation and greater or lesser disturbance produces lower population levels (2). Mostly a roadside invader, but can expand away from roads into roadside corridors with grass or trees (3).","1. Panetta, F. D. and J. Dodd. 1987. The biology of Australian weeds. 16. Chondrilla juncea L. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 53(2): 83-95 2. Wapshere, A. J., S. Hasan, and L. Caresche. 1974. The ecology of Chondrilla juncea in the western Mediterranean. Journal of Applied Ecology 11(2): 783-799 3. Personal communication, Carri Pirosko, CA Dept. of Food and Agriculture .","Slowly expanding in at least some areas.","1. Personal communication, Wendy West, UC Cooperative Extension, El Dorado county. 2. Personal communication, Carri Pirosko, CA Dept. of Food and Agriculture","Probably expanding within state, slowly to moderately (1, 2).","1. Personal communication, Wendy West, UC Cooperative Extension, El Dorado county. 2. Personal communication, Carri Pirosko, CA Dept. of Food and Agriculture","Herbaceous. Long-lived perennial in Australia but behaves as a biennial in its native range. An individual plant can produce >20,000 seeds, but first year plants produce 250-350 seeds (1). In Australia, plants produced up to 27600 seeds with 80-90% viability (2). Produces seeds over a long period each year and plants less than one year old can reproduce (3). Adventitious buds at the top of the tap root and along the major laterals give rsie to daughter rosettes in undisturbed plants. Root break easily with soil disturbance. Adventitious shoots can arise from root fragments throughout the year (3). According to one study, most seeds lose viability within 1 year (4). However, data from a North American study suggested that non-germinating seeds are viable and may be able to persist past one year (5). However, seed viability decreases to 2% by the third year (6). All reproduction is vegetative or from asexual seed production (6).",,"Contaminant of hay. Could be spread by attaching to livestock (see question 2.6), but probably only contributes to a minor degree to long distance transport (1). Can disperse along highways (2).","1. Panetta and Dodd 1987 2. Bob Case, California Native Plant Society, pers. obs.","Wind, attachment to fur.","1. Panetta and Dodd 1987","Listed as a noxious weed in Australia (1). As of 2000, covered 2.5 million ha of rangeland in the Pacific northwest and California. Invades sagebrush steppe in Idaho (2). Does not seem to be in sagebrush areas of California yet.","1. Panetta and Dodd 1987 1. Liao et al. 2000.","Occurs in disturbed soils of roadsides, croplands, semi-arid pastures, rangelands, and residential properties. Grows best on well-drained sandy or gravelly soils in climates with cool winters and hot, relatively dry summers. Tolerates a wide range of environmental conditions, including rain from 250mm (10in) to >1200mm (50in)/year. Present in North Coast, Cascade Range, northern Sierra Nevada, Central Valley, San Francisco Bay Area, South Coast Range, and South Coast, to 600m (1). Very widespread in California (2). Only occasionally in wildland areas, mostly grasslands. Most often found along roadsides.","1. DiTomaso and Healy in press 2. Personal communication, Carri Pirosko, CA Dept. of Food and Agriculture .","Not very common in California. Biocontrol agents have been shown to reduce populations in other western states.","Observational, DiTomaso",,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,D,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,D,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/chondrilla-juncea-profile/, "Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera",,"Osteospermum moniliferum","boneseed; Higgin's curse; jungle flower;",30-Dec-16,"Lynn Sweet/Associate Research Specialist","University of California, Riverside",760-834-0594,lynn.c.sweet@gmail.com,"75-080 Frank Sinatra Dr., Palm Desert, CA 92211","Mona Robison/Science Program Manager",Cal-IPC,916-802-2004,rrobison@cal-ipc.org,,"Jutta Burger,Naomi Fraga,Denise Knapp,Chris McDonald,Ron Vanderhoff,John Knapp,Elizabeth Brusati",20170126,2-Jun-17,,"From the evaluator: The subspecies of Chrysanthemoides that we have here in California, according to Calflora and local experts, is Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera, which is referred to as ""boneseed."" Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata is the subspecies that Australians refer to as ""bitou bush"" therefore this common name should not be used for this species. Key differences from CRC Weed Management Guide: ""In contrast to the closely related bitou bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata) which has a sprawling habit, boneseed is an erect shrub."" ---- Information used to prepare the PAF should be based on ""ecological impacts on the species' behavior in ecosystems within the state; however, species behavior elsewhere within similar ecosystems can be used when a non-native species previously unknown within a state is newly discovered and requires judgement as to whether it qualifies for rapid response (Criteria for Categorizing Invasive Non-Native Plants that Threaten Wildlands)."" Impacts in California are currently low because this species is early in the invasion curve. Observed impacts from the only two extant CA populations (Orange County) are uncertain, as the species currently covers only about 1 acre gross and is primarily in urban edge habitat. However, since the species has naturalized in California impacts from other regions were used to assess the potential impacts.",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,"Other Published Material",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Observational,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,C,3.5,Moderate,Alert,"There is some disagreement about whether this species increases fire frequency or intensity, as listed on the (Australia) Queensland Biosecurity site, but fire can kill adult plants, seedlings and seeds, and has been used to control the species, according to a recent status review (1, 2). This species does regenerate readily after fires in some situations (3). No other information was found specifically for the subspecies, C. monilifera ssp. monilifera, however, the more well-studied subspecies, C. monilifera ssp. rotundata has some documented impacts on soils, listed below. Nutrient and mineral dynamics may be impacted by C. monilifera ssp. rotundata, as rates of decomposition between this species and native sclerophyllous species in Australia were shown to be very different, where the former cycles much faster. (4) Nitrogen cycling was shown to be altered by this species in a separate study by the same authors in Australia. (5) Allelopathic properties were also found for this plant, and the non-polar chemicals were isolated from plant leaves, which could interfere with plant-microbe interactions. The authors hypothesized that the addition of these chemicals to the soil could drive community changes. (6)","(1) Weiss et al. (2008) (2) Queensland Biosecurity Edition (3) Parsons and Cuthbertson (2001) (4) Lindsay & French (2004) (5) Lindsay & French (2005) (6) Ens et al. (2009)","Observed impacts from the only two extant California populations (Orange County) are uncertain, as the species currently covers only about 1 acre gross and is primarily in urban edge habitat. (1) This species has been known to form monocultures and reduces diversity of above-ground vegetation as well as the seedbank in studies in Australia. (2) The species competes well with existing vegetation and can overtop and dominate the native community. Both this and the other subspecies present in Australia (rotundata) are Weeds of National Significance due to threats including to species of special concern, including 14 at risk, as reported, solely due to this species. (3,4) There is some evidence that this species may exude allelopathic compounds that suppress growth by other species. (5)","(1) Vanderhoff, R. 2017. Personal communication. (2) Thomas et al. (2005) (3) Weiss et al. (2008) (4) Parsons, W.T., & Cuthbertson E.G.. (2001) Al Harun et al. (2014)","This species is known to reduce the amount of preferred forage plants for native bird species post-invasion. (1) This species does provide forage for some native birds and marsupials in Australia, as well as some feral and farm species. (2)","(1) Parsons, W.T., & Cuthbertson E.G.. (2001) (2) Weiss et al. (2008)","There are no native species in the Chrysanthemoides genus in California. (1) This species is in the Calenduleae Tribe within Asteraceae, and the other species in this tribe are also not present in California (primarily African/South African origin). (1,2)","(1) Calflora 2016 (2) USDA GRIN","California populations are still emergent, but plants are primarily in semi-cultivated habitats with some plants receiving supplemental irrigation or urban runoff. I would define the CA infestations as primarily disturbed habitat at present. (1) For the species in Australia, Weiss 2008, states that while fire promotes seedling emergence, no disturbance is necessary and this species can readily colonize disturbed sites. (2) This species is in fact suppressed by soil cultivation, trampling and grazing. (3) CA POPULATIONS ARE STILL EMERGENT, BUT PLANTS ARE PRIMARILY IN SEMI-CULTIVATED HABITATS WITH SOME PLANTS RECEIVING SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION OR URBAN RUNOFF. I WOULD DEFINE THE CA INFESTATIONS AS PRIMARILY DISTURBED HABITAT AT PRESENT. RV","(1) Vanderhoff, R. 2017. Personal communication. (2) Weiss et al. (2008) (3) Parsons, W.T., & Cuthbertson E.G.. (2001)","At the principal/largest infestation (Aliso Canyon, South Orange County) observations only span four years since the detection. However, plants were mature and well established, indicating a best guess of the colony being extant for 10-15 years. At present the colony occupies a gross area of .75 acre. One population has spread 500-600 meters in 10 years, noted to be a moderate rate of spread for a woody perennial shrub. Management notes for Australia for this species warn land managers that this species can expand reestablish after fire in certain cases, and the population can ""expand as it quickly re-established a massive seedbank."" ""No management activity has been planned or executed at the two Orange County colonies. The plants are spread across a multitude of private property owners as well as city and probably state property."" A case study detailed in the management guide: ""Boneseed expanded its range rapidly after bushfires in 1985 in the You Yangs Regional Park, south-west of Melbourne. Before the fires, boneseed was scattered throughout the park. The fires were widespread, burning 85 per cent of the park, and they triggered the mass germination of huge numbers of boneseed seedlings. Within three years of the fire, the boneseed infestation became dense and widespread in the You Yangs, and now impacts upon 1300 hectares of the 2000 hectare park. Boneseed now dominates the middle-storey vegetation in the areas that were burned."" (2) It is thought to have been introduced to mainland Australia approximately 1850 as a garden plant, and in 1981 a survey in Victoria found 72,000 ha of scattered plants and an additional 6,0000 ha of moderate to densely infested area. Also introduced to Tasmania and now ""grows abundantly on parts of the North Coast"" as well as occurring in several other regions. (3)","(1) Vanderhoff, R. 2017. Personal communication. (2) CRC (2003) (3) Parsons, W.T., & Cuthbertson E.G. (2001)","Information from local expert R. Vanderhoff: The first US detection was at Palomar College (San Diego County) in 1990, a population that may or may not still be extant. The species is not widespread in the state and is concentrated near the coastline in Orange County. In terms of management activities, ""No management activity has been planned or executed at the two Orange County colonies. The plants are spread across a multitude of private property owners as well as city and probably state property. "" (1) THIS INFORMATION ABOUT A PARTICULAR POPULATION BELONGS IN 2.2. EB I SHIFTED MUCH OF THAT INFO, INCLUDING THE NO MANAGEMENT INFO TO 2.2 (LOCAL MANAGEMENT INFO ALSO LEFT INCLUDED HERE BECAUSE THE GUIDANCE INDICATES MANAGEMENT EFFORTS ARE RELEVANT TO THIS QUESTION).","(1) R Vanderhoff, personal communication (1/9/17)","This species is an aster, the subspecies evaluated here is capable of up to 8 seeds per inflorescence (head). Based on the number of heads produced per year, estimated at up to 50,000 seeds per plant per year. Noted that bees and other visitors ""may not be essential for pollination"" (implying that selfing is possible). 50% germination rate, seeds set into the seedbank persist and are viable for at least 3 years, depending on depth of burial. Vegetative reproduction is possible via layering. Fragmentation and dispersal does not seem likely based on the habitat. Adventitious budding allows resprouting after herbivory or fire (light). (1)","(1) Weiss et al. (2008)","The pathway of introduction of C. monilifera ssp. monilifera in California is unknown, but a closely related/non-invasive species, C. incana, is marginally in the landscape trade currently. My suspicion is that horticulture would be the likely point if introduction, especially since the first CA detection (now extirpated?) was adjacent to the horticulture department at a college in San Diego County (1). There has been some noted dispersal via dumping of garden refuse in Australia; however it is now illegal to sell there, limiting this mechanism of spread. It was also used for ""sandbinding"" (sand stabilization) in many areas, promoting spread (now also prohibited). Infestations are noted to be centered around population centers in Tasmania. Contaminated gravel has been implicated in regional spread in some areas, and there is some mention of dispersal via machinery (3); however, the hard-seeded species does not seem specifically amenable to dispersal this way over any other species. The key would be movement of contaminated soils, not necessarily the use of machines.","(1) R Vanderhoff, personal communication (1/9/17) (2) Weiss et al. (2008) (3) Brougham et al. (2006)","Animals are implicated in ""readily"" spreading the fleshy fruit in Australia long distances, including sheep, cattle, non-native foxes, birds (emu), and several large marsupials. (1,2)","(1) Brougham et al. (2006) (2) Parsons, W.T. & Cuthbertson, E.G.. (2001)","Noted in Australia as growing in a wide range of climatic conditions, in sandy/medium-textured soils, and being tolerant of saline conditions and salt spray. Noted as invading ""malee scrub"", open eucalypt-dominated forests, and coastal fringe. These may be analagous to coastal sage scrub, oak or other open woodlands, and coastal bluffs. (1) Noted as occurring with both a canopy, and in the open, and invading a ""range of communities"" in Australia. It is ""intolerant of water-logged soils however it can grow along watercourses and in estuarine areas."" ""Boneseed It is capable of growing in coastal ecosystems such as dune forests and woodlands, dune scrub, estuarine areas, heathlands, headlands, grasslands and dry sclerophyll forests. It also occurs in a range of communities further inland, including mallee shrubland and open eucalypt woodland."" These also map similarly to coastal bluffs, coastal sage scrub, estuarine areas, grasslands, and perhaps interior oak woodlands and inland sage scrub. (2)","(1) CRC (2003) (2) Weiss (2008)","Specimens in the Consortium of CA Herbaria are noted to be from coastal sage scrub and coastal bluff communities. The first specimens were collected in 1990 in San Diego (Palomar) and Orange County (Irvine) near colleges. The Palomar specimen was noted to be located on a hillside northeast of Palomar College.(1) The first reports of C. monilifera ssp. monilifera naturalizing further away from plantings were in 2013 in Orange County (2). Although in Australia this species occurs on dunes (3), no specimens were noted as being present on dunes.","(1) Consortium of California Herbaria (Accessed 1/8/17) (2) Calflora database (Accessed 1/8/17) (3) Brougham et al. 2006","Plants are distributed on coastal bluffs in Aliso Canyon, including the periphery of dune edges, where heavy foot traffic may be keeping this and other plants from establishing on the dunes. (1) San Diego herbaria specimens note coastal sage scrub habitat. (2) This plant is found in discrete, not ubiquitous populations, with <5% frequency in all of coastal bluff and coastal sage scrub habitats. (1)","(1) R Vanderhoff, personal communication (1/9/17) (2) Calflora (accessed 1/9/17)","Al Harun, M. A. Y., Robinson, R. W., Johnson, J., & Uddin, M. N. (2014). Allelopathic potential of Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. monilifera (boneseed): a novel weapon in the invasion processes. South African Journal of Botany, 93, 157-166. Brougham, K. J., & Downey, P. O. (Eds.). (2006). Boneseed management manual: current management and control options for boneseed (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera) in Australia. Department of Environment and Conservation NSW. Calflora. Calflora.org. Accessed December 2016-January 2017 CRC (2003) Boneseed (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera) weed management guide. CRC for Australian Weed Management and the Commonwealth Department of the Environment and Heritage. http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/weeds/publications/guidelines/wons/c-monilifera-monilifera.html (Accessed 1/8/17) Ens, E. J., Bremner, J. B., French, K., & Korth, J. (2009). Identification of volatile compounds released by roots of an invasive plant, bitou bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera spp. rotundata), and their inhibition of native seedling growth. Biological invasions, 11(2), 275-287. Lindsay, Elizabeth A., and Kris French. (2004) ""Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata invasion alters decomposition rates in coastal areas of south-eastern Australia."" Forest Ecology and Management 198.1: 387-399. Lindsay, E. A., & French, K. (2005). Litterfall and nitrogen cycling following invasion by Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata in coastal Australia. Journal of Applied Ecology, 42(3), 556-566. Parsons, W.T.., & Cuthbertson E.G.. (2001). Noxious Weeds of Australia. Thomas, P.B., Possingham, H. and Roush, R. (2005). Effects of boneseed (Chrysanthemoides monilifera (L.) Norl. ssp. monilifera) on the composition of the vegetation and the soil seed bank of an open eucalypt woodland. Plant Protection Quarterly 20, 74-80. Vanderhoff, R. Personal communication from Ron Vanderhoff, Professional horticulturist. Email received 1/9/17. Weiss, P. W., Adair, R. J., Edwards, P. B., Winkler, M. A., & Downey, P. O. (2008). Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. monilifera (L.) T. Norl. and subsp. rotundata (DC.) T. Norl. Plant Protection Quarterly, 23(1), 3.",Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Unknown,Yes,No,Yes,,,,"Vegetative reproduction noted as via layering. Information from Weiss (2008).",,,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/chrysanthemoides-monilifera-ssp-monilifera-profile/, "Cirsium arvense",,,"Canada thistle",5/23/03,"Joe DiTomaso","UC Davis",530-754-8715,DiTomaso@vegmail.ucdavis.edu,"Weed Science Program, Robbins Hall, Univ. California, Davis CA 95616",,,,,,"Joe DiTomaso,Peter Warner,Alison Stanton,Carla Bossard,Cynthia Roye,Jake Sigg,Doug Johnson,Brianna Richardson",20030606,,,,C,Observational,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",C,Anecdotal,B,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,Array,Array,B,3,Moderate,,"Unknown. Probably minor.",DiTomaso-Observational,"Can form dense monotypic stands. Control of Canada thistle increased plant diversity and species richness. Changes structure and composition of some habitats.","Krueger-Mangold, J. 2002. Weed Technology 16:457-463; Stachion, W.J. and R.J. Zimdahl. 1980. Weed Science 28:83-86; Nuzzo. V. 1977. Canada thistle. Element Stewardship Abstract. TNC","Suggested to impact waterfowl habitat in riparian areas. Reduces forage for animals. Spines can cause mechanical injury.",,"No evidence, but likely Related to numerous thistles in the genus Cirsium. No know evidence of pollen swamping but certainly possible.",Unknown,"Very common in disturbed areas, but can invaded undisturbed sites as well.","Beck, K.G. 1996. Canada thistle. Range #3108. Natural Resource Series. Colorado State Univ.","Extensive horizontal root system spreads up to several meters per year.",,"Some control effort in northern part of state has held it in check. Likely to be spreading but only slowly.","DiTomaso- Observational","Dioecious species. Both sexes in clones must be within 200 ft to cross. Produces up to 64,000 seeds/sq m. Seeds viable in soil to 20 years. Roots brittle and fragment easily.","Donald, W.W. 1994. The biology of Canada thistle. Rev. Weed Sci. 6:77-101; Beck, K.G. 1996. Canada thistle. Range #3108. Natural Resource Series. Colorado State Univ.; Nuzzo. V. 1977. Canada thistle. Element Stewardship Abstract. TNC; DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. DANR (pre-print)","Some long distance dispersal in contaminated agricultural seeds. Also in hay and in cattle and horse droppings. Also transported by water.","Nuzzo. V. 1977. Canada thistle. Element Stewardship Abstract. TNC","90% of seed land within 10 m of parent plant and only 0.2% were found 1 km from parent plant.","Nuzzo. V. 1977. Canada thistle. Element Stewardship Abstract. TNC; Bakker, D. 1960. In J.L. Harper. Biology of Weeds. Blackwell Scientific Publ., Oxford, Enland","Weedy throughout much of the world, including US, Australia and many other countries. Invades prairies and grassland in the midwest, but not really in California. Much more widespread in toehr intermountain states. In other states it is found in forests, meadows, prairies, grasslands, riparian areas, sand dunes, shores of lakes and streams, swamps. Currently not in all these sites in California.","Nuzzo. V. 1977. Canada thistle. Element Stewardship Abstract. TNC; DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. DANR (pre-print); Parsons, W.T. and E.G. Cuthbertson. 1992. Noxious Weeds of Australia. Inkata Press, Sydney; Morishita, D.W. 1999. Canada thistle. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Oregon St. Univ. Press, Corvallis.","Invades low-lying, moist soils typical of riparian areas. Common agricultural weed and alos on streambanks. Introduced to North America in the early 17th century.","Krueger-Mangold, J. 2002. Weed Technology 16:457-463; Stachion, W.J. and R.J. Zimdahl. 1980. Weed Science 28:83-86; Bayer, D. 2000. Cirsium arvense. In, Invasive Plants of Californias Wildlands. CalEPPC. UC Press, Berkeley; Nuzzo. V. 1977. Canada thistle. Element Stewardship Abstract. TNC; DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. DANR (pre-print)","Throughout California, except deserts. More dense in Northern California",DiTomaso-Observational,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,D,C,,D,,,,,D,D,,,,,D,D,D,D,D,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/cirsium-arvense-profile/, "Cirsium vulgare",,"Carduus lanceolatus, Cirsium lanceolatum","bull thistle",6/7/05,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph DiTomaso","University of California-Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Joe DiTomaso,Alison Stanton,Joanna Clines,Cynthia Roye,Doug Johnson",20050708,,,,U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,Observational,Array,Array,B,3.5,Moderate,,"no information",,"Dominates recently clearcut forests in the Sierra Nevadas. Growth of ponderosa pine was limited by bull thistle rosettes. Can form dense stands (1). Bull thistle also colonizes and maintains high population densities for up to six years in clearcuts in redwood and mixed evergreen forests in northwestern California (2).",,"Displaces forage species used by native ungulates such as deer and elk (1).",,"Hybridization with bull thistle has been suggested for endangered Cirsium hydrophyllum var. hydrophyllum in California. However, there is no evidence of this (1), chromosome numbers make it highly unlikely (Hickman, 1993), and the claim almost certainly a case of mis-identification (Dean Kelch, pers com to Daniel Gluesenkamp 2001). There are numerous native thistles in California, but no information on hybridization (2).","1. Forcella F., Randall J.M. 1994. Biology of Bull Thistle, Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore. Rev. Weed Sci. 6:29-50. 2. Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA","It is most troublesome in recently or repeatedly disturbed areas such as pastures, overgrazed rangelands, recently burned forests and forest clearcuts, and along roads, ditches, and fences. Even small-scale disturbances such as gopher mounds promote bull thistle establishment and survival. It can also colonize areas in relatively undisturbed grasslands, meadows, and forest openings.",,"Already present in most of California, so probably not spreading much.","USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.","Already present in most of California, so probably not spreading much. Transient populations enter after disturbance, then disappear.","USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Joe DiTomaso, UC Davis, pers. obs.","Biennial. Reproduces only by seed. Flowers are bisexual and can be either self- or cross-pollinated. Plants in California had >60 infloresences, but inflorescences per plant ranged from 1 to 475. Under favorable conditions, bull thistle can produce about 200 seeds/inflorescence (1). Other studies found a mean of 4000 seeds per plant, with germination ranging from 60-90% (2). Less than 5% of plants cut at the soil surface resprouted. However, bull thistle can resprout if cut early in the season (1). Flowering may occur from early June until the first snowfall or hard frost; in California there is a pronounced peak in July and early August. Seeds ripen and are released from early July through October, occasionally later along the coast (3).",,"Transported by vehicles and farm equipment. Most common method of transport is in contaminated hay (1).","1. Mitich L.W. 1998. Intriguing World of Weeds, Bull Thistle, Cirsium vulgare. Weed Technology 12: 761-763.","Unlikely. Most seeds fall close to the parent plant. Only 10% are transported >32m.","1. Forcella F., Randall J.M. 1994. Biology of Bull Thistle, Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore. Rev. Weed Sci. 6:29-50. John Randall, The Nature Conservancy, pers. obs.","Native to Europe. Introduced in North America, Australia, Chile, and New Zealand. In other areas, occurs in grasslands, roadsides, coastal dunes, woodland clearings, rock outcroppings, and on banks of rivers and streams (1). The species occurs on every continent except Antarctic (2). Present in all US states (3). Scoring as C because widespread in California.","1. Klinkhamer P.G.L., de Jong T.J. Biological Flora of the British Isles: (Carduus lanceolatus L., Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Scop., non Hill) Journal of Ecology 81: 177-191. 1993. 2. .Forcella F., Randall J.M. 1994. Biology of Bull Thistle, Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore. Rev. Weed Sci. 6:29-50. 3. USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.","Present through most of California (1). Dominates recently clearcut forests in the Sierra Nevadas. Considered a serious pest in Yosemite National Park (2). In California, most common in coastal grasslands, along edges of fresh and brackish marshes, and in meadows and mesic forest openings in the mountains below 7,000 feet (2,120 m). By 1925 it had been reported in California from the San Francisco Bay Area, Central Valley, Klamath region, North Coast, and the northern Sierra Nevada (3).","1. USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. 2. Forcella F., Randall J.M. 1994. Biology of Bull Thistle, Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore. Rev. Weed Sci. 6:29-50. 3. Randall, J. M. 2000. in Bossard, C. C. , J. M. Randall, and M. C. Hoshovsky. Invasive Plants of Californias Wildlands. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. Also on-line: http://groups.ucanr.org/ceppc/Invasive_Plants_of_California's_Wildlands/",,"Dan Gluesenkamp, Audubon Canyon Ranch, observational. Peter Warner, California Dept. of Parks and Recreation, pers. obs. Joanna Clines, US Forest Service, pers. obs.",,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,C,D,,,C,,,,C,D,D,D,D,,,,C,D,C,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/cirsium-vulgare-profile/, "Clematis vitalba",,"Anemone vitalba","old man's beard; traveler's joy",23-Dec-16,"Ramona Robison/Science Program Manager",Cal-IPC,916-802-2004,rrobison@cal-ipc.org,,,,,,,"Elizabeth Brusati,Tim Hyland,Eric Wrubel,Irina Irvine,Holly Forbes",20170125,2-Jun-17,,"C. vitalba has only recently been identified in California (2014). It is not included in the Jepson Manual, and in Muir Woods it was misidentified for many years as C. ligusticifolia, which may be true elsewhere in the state. These two species can only be reliably differentiated in flower.",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,Observational,C,Observational,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Observational,D,Observational,Array,Array,C,3,Moderate,Alert,"In California, C. vitalba has smothered over 1.5 acres of riparian oak-bay woodland at Muir Woods, where it forms large monocultures. The dense canopy suppresses all vegetation below by significantly reducing light availability (Wrubel, pers. comm.). Restricts light availability for species under the canopy. Hill et al. (2001) report that, ""Vines can climb the tallest forest trees, forming a dense, light-absorbing canopy that suppresses all vegetation beneath it. C. vitalba can be so vigorous that the weight of foliage and stems breaks the supporting trees, reducing once-healthy forest to a low, long-lived thicket of vines scrambling over stumps and logs"". However Ogle et al. (2000) observe that the vines ascend to the canopy of forest but are unable to climb large diameter emergent trees unless shrubs and smaller trees provide a series of stepping stones to the crown of tall trees. Their study findings (study area Taihape reserve, New Zealand) indicate that the numbers and variety of understorey trees and shrubs that have been severely reduced following the infestation of C. vitalba correlates with observations of the growth habit of C. vitalba. Ogle et al. showed e.g. that not a single canopy tree species had been lost from the Taihape Reserves though 25% or so of the understorey trees and shrubs species had been lost.","GISD 2005 Hill et al. 2001 Ogle et al. 2000 Wrubel, E., Personal communication.","In California, C. vitalba has smothered over 1.5 acres of riparian oak-bay woodland at Muir Woods, where it forms large monocultures. The dense canopy suppresses all vegetation below. Shrub and herb diversity is severely reduced under dense infestations (Wrubel, pers. comm.). This is also consistent with its behavior in Santa Cruz County (Hyland pers. comm.). Forms dense, smothering blanket over trees. Loss of forest structure and biodiversity at ecosystem and species levels, loss of recruitment of native shrubs in New Zealand. Dense, smothering cover can block movement through trees. It is invasive because it forms a dense smothering blanket over native trees, impeding their growth and increasing wind and ice damage. The vine rapidly climbs into the crown by its leaf tendrils. It invades forests from the edge or in canopy gaps, alters their structure and reduces the diversity of native understory species (Weber 2003).","Bungard 1996 Hyland, T., Personal communication. Ogle et al. 2000 Weber 2003 Wrubel, E., Personal communication.","In California, C. vitalba has smothered over 1.5 acres of riparian oak-bay woodland at Muir Woods, where it forms large monocultures. The dense canopy suppresses all vegetation below and may impede movement of humans and animals (Wrubel, pers. comm.). In Santa Cruz County the infestation is 60 acres and there C. vitalba plants also grow over trees and may block movement (Hamey, pers. comm.). The changes caused to habitat structure by the growth of vines over trees and in thick masses on the forest floor would impede the movement of wildlife and change the diversity of plants in the understory.","Hamey, N., Personal communication. Weber 2003 Wrubel, E., Personal communication.","C. vitalba could have the potential to hybridize with the native Clematis species (C. ligusticifolia and C. lasiantha) which overlap with its range, but there is no documentation that this is able to occur. C. vitalba has been artificially hybridized with other species to produce vigorous garden varieties such as C. x jouiniana (C. vitalba x C. davidiana or C. vitalba x C. heracleifolia) and C. 'Paul Farges' ('summer snow') (C. vitalba x C. potanini) (CABI 2015). Since C. vitalba co-occurs with native Clematis this is scored as Minor, without evidence for hybridization.","CABI 2015","This species may occasionally establish in undisturbed areas, but can readily establish in areas with natural disturbance. In Muir Woods, C. vitalba occasionally establishes in undisturbed forest and woodland, and frequently establishes in naturally disturbed riparian vegetation (Wrubel, pers. comm.). In Santa Cruz County C. vitalba is thought to have been introduced in the town of San Vicente which was located in the San Vicente Creek watershed. This historic town was established for workers at a nearby limestone quarry and is now uninhabited (Hamey, pers. comm.). C. vitalba is able to establish in areas with natural or human-caused disturbance, but is not known to establish in undisturbed natural areas. C. vitalba requires high light for growth and reproduction, and is tolerant of moderate shade. In seedling germination studies done in forests, C. vitalba seedlings did not survive in undisturbed forests with low light levels. It was also found that nitrogen may be the limiting nutrient resource (Bungard et al. 1998). C. vitalba is a successful weed because it can tolerate dense shade but also has the ability to grow rapidly in high-light environments, meaning it can establish in areas with very small forest canopy gaps (Baars and Kelly 1996).","Baars and Kelly 1996 Bungard et al. 1997 Hamey, N. Personal communication. Wrubel, E. Personal communication.","Without management, C. vitalba has the potential to spread rapidly into disturbed forest edges and canopy gaps where light is available. In Marin County it is reported as spreading rapidly and the population size has doubled since management began (Wrubel, pers. comm.). In Santa Cruz County C. vitalba was first detected in 2009 or 2010, and control work did not begin until 2012. The population is now estimated to be 60 acres and is increasing in density where it occurs (Hamey, pers. comm.).","Hamey, N. Personal communication. Wrubel, E. Personal communication.","Once introduced, C. vitalba has the potential to spread rapidly into forest edges and canopy gaps. In Marin County it is reported as spreading rapidly and the population size has doubled since management began (Wrubel, pers. comm.). In Santa Cruz County C. vitalba was first detected in 2009 or 2010, and control work did not begin until 2012. The population is now estimated to be 60 acres and is increasing in density where it occurs (Hamey, pers. comm.). Given the recent detection of this species in California, and the fact that both known populations are under management, the question is scored as stable and will be changed if more information becomes available.","Hamey, N. Personal communication. Wrubel, E. Personal communication.","Roots can resprout. Aerial shoots touching ground after cutting may become rooted. Seed production is high. An estimated 17,000 viable seeds are produced per 0.5 square meters in areas where it is a canopy species. Seed production is possible after one to three years, depending on the exposure to full sunlight. Asexual reproduction is possible after one year. (Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board). A soil seed bank is produced and seeds are easily wind dispersed. Seeds can remain on the vine over winter and well into summer. Aerial shoots touching the ground after cutting may become rooted (Weber 2003). Seed viability in California may be low: 4 of 5 seed accessions stored at UC Botanic Garden seeds were not viable (Forbes, pers. comm.).","Bungard 1996 CABI 2015 Forbes, H. Personal communication. Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board 1999 Weber 2003 ","Dumping of garden waste containing C. vitalba vines onto roadsides has been a significant cause of spread in New Zealand. This weed appears to invade along roadsides by seed, possibly aided by the turbulence created by motor vehicles (CABI). Fragments are spread by water, and from garden cuttings (Washington 1999). C. vitalba often grows on roadsides, and the risk of seeds being transported on road vehicles from known infestations to new sites within continents is high. In the past, ornamental Clematis species were often grafted onto C. vitalba rootstocks. It is likely that some incursions of C. vitalba have resulted from reversion of these rootstocks. The highest risk of introduction remains via intentional introduction of the plant as an ornamental, and plants and seed continue to be sold by nurseries, mail order catalogues and websites (CABI). In Santa Cruz County C. vitalba is thought to have been introduced in the town of San Vicente which was located in the San Vicente Creek watershed. This historic town was established for workers at a nearby limestone quarry and is now uninhabited (Hamey, pers. comm.). There is also a risk of inadvertent introduction and increase via seed collection and revegetation projects, since C. vitalba can be mistaken for native clematis species (Wrubel, pers. comm.).","CABI 2015 Hamey, N. Personal communication. Washington Noxious Weed Control Board 1999 Wrubel, E. Personal communication.","Can be dispersed by birds and animals in New Zealand. Seeds are also wind-dispersed or water-dispersed in New Zealand. Fragments are spread by water, and from garden cuttings (Washington 1999). A soil seed bank is produced and seeds are easily wind dispersed. Seeds can remain on the vine over winter and well into summer (Weber 2003).","Washington Noxious Weed Control Board 1999 Weber 2003","C. vitalba is also naturalized and considered invasive in Oregon, Washington, Australia, New Zealand. C. vitalba is native to Europe, from southern England and the Netherlands to North Africa, and from Spain to the Middle East and the Caucasus (CABI). It occurs in agricultural areas, coastland, natural forests, planted forests, range/grasslands, riparian zones, ruderal/disturbed, scrub/shrublands, and urban areas (GISD 2005). More specifically, outside of its native range, this species is found in forest lands and in the margins and openings of forested lands. It is also found in riparian areas established with willows, in waste areas, and in coastal and lowland areas (GISD 2005). Infestations of C. vitalba occur in forest reserves, gardens, road margins and other places around Taihape in New Zealand (Ogle et al. 2000), infestations of C. vitalba occur in every region of New Zealand except Northland (north of Auckland). Some of the habitat types it has not invaded in California include scrub and shrub-dominated habitats, grasslands, and broad-leaved forests such as oak woodland.","CABI 2015 GISD 2005 Ogle et al. 2000","C. vitalba was first collected in California in 1957 from the Strybing Arboretum in Golden Gate Park. Since that is a cultivated location C. vitalba was not included in the Jepson Manual and was not thought to be naturalized in California until it was verified in Muir Woods and in Santa Cruz County in 2014 (CCH). In Santa Cruz County C. vitalba was first noticed in 2009 or 2010, and control work did not begin until 2012 (Hamey, pers. comm.). Both California locations are under management and occur in riparian and coast redwood forest edges. It is possible that C. vitalba is more widespread as it closely resembles the native C. ligusticifolia.","CCH 2016 Hamey, N. Personal communication Hyland, T. Personal communication Wrubel, E. Personal communication","The two known locations of C. vitalba in California are in riparian oak bay woodland and coast redwood forest edges.","Hamey, N. Personal communication Hyland, T. Personal communication Wrubel, E. Personal communication","Baars, R., and Kelly, D. 1996. Survival and growth responses of native and introduced vines in New Zealand to light availability. New Zealand Journal of Botany 34, 389_400. Bungard, R. A., Daly, G. T., McNeil, D. L., Jones, A. V. and Morton, J. D. 1997. Clematis vitalba in a New Zealand native forest remnant: Does seed germination explain distribution? New Zealand Journal of Botany 35, 525_534. Bungard, R.A. 1996. Ecological and physiological studies of Clematis vitalba L. Ph.D., Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand. 197 pp. <Available: http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1497> CABI Datasheet. 2015. Clematis vitalba. http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/14280. Accessed December 6, 2016. Consortium of California Herbaria (CCH). 2016. Specimen return for Clematis vitalba. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_consort.pl. Accessed December 23, 2016. Forbes, H. 2017. Personal communication with Holly Forbes, Curator, University of California Botanical Garden at Berkeley. PAF comments, January 2017 Global Invasive Species Database. 2005. http://issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=157. Accessed December 23, 2016 Hamey, N. 2017. Personal communication with Nadia Hamey, Forester. Phone conversation, 1/25/17. Hill, R. L., R. Wittenberg, and A. H. Gourlay. 2001. Biology and Host Range of Phytomyza vitalbae and its Establishment for the Biological Control of Clematis vitalba in New Zealand. Biocontrol Science and Technology 11: 459-473 Hyland, T. 2017. Personal communication with Tim Hyland, California State Parks. Email and PAF comments, January 2017 Ogle, C.C., LaCock, G.D., Arnold, G., and Mickleson, N. 2000. Impact of an exotic vine Clematis vitalba (F. Ranunculaceae) and of control measures on plant biodiversity in indigenous forest, Taihape, New Zealand. Austral Ecology. 25, 539_551. Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board: http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/old-mans-beard. Accessed December 23, 2016. Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. 1999. Written findings of the Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/images/weeds/Clematis_vitalba.pdf. Accessed February 15, 2017. Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: A reference guide to environmental weeds. CABI Publishing, Zurich, Switzerland. P. 112. West, C.J. 1992. Ecological Studies of Clematis vitalba (old man's beard) in New Zealand. DSIR Land Resources Vegetation Report No. 736. Citation from CABI Abstract. Wrubel, E. 2017. Personal communication with Eric Wrubel, National Park Service. Email and PAF comments, January 2017.",Unknown,Yes,Yes,Unknown,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,,"Insects visit C. vitalba flowers, but flowers do not appear to be self-incompatible (West, 1992), and pollination can be successful without the attention of insects.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,D,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/clematis-vitalba-profile/, "Colocasia esculenta",,"Arum esculentum; Caladium esculentum; Colocasia antiquorum","taro root; wild taro; coco-yam; eddo; elephant-ear-plant",20-Dec-16,"Mona Robison/Science Program Manager",Cal-IPC,916-802-2004,rrobison@cal-ipc.org,,,,,,,"Elizabeth Brusati,Tim Hyland,Eric Wrubel,Irina Irvine,Holly Forbes",20170125,2-Jun-17,,,B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",U,"No Information",D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Observational,A,Observational,B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,D,3,Moderate,Alert,"Vegetative growth leads to dense populations and its large leaves shade out native vegetation. Since light restriction is considered an abiotic impact, the question was answered as Moderate.","Weber 2003","Forms dense growth along river and lake shores, displacing native shoreline vegetation. Vegetative growth leads to dense populations and its large leaves shade out native vegetation. Colocasia esculenta can tolerate a wide range of wet to dry sites. It easily invades wetland edges, swamps, backwater streams and riverine forests. Colocasia esculenta can form dense stands out-competing native plants. In south-eastern Queensland, it invades waterways and wetlands and replaces native aquatic plants. Extensive stands alter the vegetational structure and dynamics of riparian plant communities. Vegetative growth leads to dense populations and large leaves shade out native vegetation. Grows 1m to 2.5m tall. C. esculenta grows along the edge of the river and along The Meadows Slough mixed with other riparian vegetation, including the State-listed Rare California hibiscus (Hibiscus lasiocarpus var. occidentalis). This will make control of the C. esculenta difficult in some of the area as management of C. esculenta would conflict with the persistence of California hibiscus (Robison pers. comm.).","Langeland and Burks 2008 Weber 2003 Invasive Plant Atlas 2016 Queensland Biosecurity 2016 Robison, R. Personal communication.","There is no information available on the impacts of C. esculenta on higher trophic levels in California or elsewhere.",,"No known hybridization occurs with native species. There are no native Colocasia species in California and few members of the Araceae in California with similar floral structure which it could hybridize with.","Jepson eFlora 2016","C. esculenta is introduced through cultivation and after introduction can spread on its own along river banks and in wetlands. Flooding is also a means of establishment.","Langeland and Burks 2008 Weber 2003 CABI 2017 Wagner 1999","Colocasia esculenta was first collected and verified as occurring naturally in California in 2014 (CCH 2014). The exact introduction date is unknown, but the species has been grown as a crop in California in past years (Molinar and Yang 2001, Moore and Lawrence 2003). There has been no known management in the introduction area since 2014 and the natural resources manager of Delta Meadows State Park reports that it has been observed to spread less than a mile upstream.","Calflora 2016 CCH 2016 Molinar and Yang 2001 Moore and Lawrence 2003 Beard, D. Personal communication","Colocasia esculenta was first collected and verified as occurring naturally in California in 2014 (CCH 2014). The exact introduction date is unknown, but the species has been grown as a crop in California in past years (Molinar and Yang 2001, Moore and Lawrence 2003). There has been no known management in the introduction area since 2014 and the natural resources managers of Delta Meadows State Park reports that it has been observed to spread less than a mile upstream, and the population is expanding enough to be considered doubling in 10 years (Beard, D. and Allen, C. personal communications). After the first detection at Delta Meadows, populations were reported in San Joaquin, Solano and Orange counties, so it is assumed that the plant will be spreading and found elsewhere over time.","Calflora 2016 CCH 2016 Molinar and Yang 2001 Moore and Lawrence 2003 Allen, C. Personal communication. Beard, D. Personal communication.","Like most other root and tuber crops, taro is vegetatively propagated, although seed production is possible. Natural breeding and population spread have been reported for wild taro. Cultivars are propagated through the use of corms, cormels (also known as suckers), while vegetative propagation occurs through stolons in the wild. According to Weber (2003), naturalized plants rarely produce seeds and only in hot, tropical climates.","Chair 2016 Weber 2003","Dispersed primarily by purposeful or accidental movement of vegetative fragments. Only a portion of corm crown and petiole are needed to establish a new plant. C. esculenta has been grown as a crop in California in past years (Molinar and Yang 2001, Moore and Lawrence 2003).","Langeland and Burks 2008 Molinar and Yang 2001 Moore and Lawrence 2003","Rhizome fragments are carried by streams. Grows mostly next to rivers so there is high potential for long-distance dispersal. Floods can dislodge bud-laden rhizomes from the banks. Growth seems to be best in the silty soils lining the river-banks.","Langeland and Burks 2008 Weber 2003","C. esculenta is native to Australia, India, and southeastern Asia. It is naturalized in Florida, New Zealand, West Indies, southern Europe, and the Canary Islands, mainly in tropical climates. It can be found growing mainly in moist forests and wet areas in riparian habitats, riverbanks, along streams, marshes, and canals. It can also be found in secondary forests, roadsides, and disturbed areas near to abandoned crop fields. It has invaded some of these habitat types in California, but is not yet found in woodlands or riparian habitats away from the immediate water's edge, and has not yet spread widely.","Langeland and Burks 2008 Calflora 2016 Wagner et al. 1999","Colocasia esculenta was first collected and verified as occurring naturally in California in 2014 (CCH 2014). The exact introduction date is unknown, but the species has been grown as a crop in California in past years (Molinar and Yang 2001, Moore and Lawrence 2003). A specimen was collected from Delta Meadows State Park in 2014, located near Isleton in Sacramento County. Plants were growing along the edge of the river and in The Meadows Slough mixed with other riparian vegetation, including the State-listed Rare California hibiscus (Hibiscus lasiocarpus var. occidentalis). Further mapping in the area identified it as occurring in 7 patches in the Park as well as upstream and downstream from the Park boundary in two places (Robison 2014). Other reports were submitted to Calflora for locations in Solano, San Joaquin and Orange counties (Calflora 2016). The locations in Solano and San Joaquin counties are on river edges, the Orange County habitat is unknown, but appears to be a wetland edge from the aerial photograph.","CCH 2014 Calflora 2016 Molinar and Yang 2001 Moore and Lawrence 2003 Robison 2014","Occurs along river and slough edges in the Sacramento and San Joaquin delta. In Orange County it is growing along the shaded, moist edge of a small drainage, probably fed by urban runoff, but in a native plant community. Probably best described as a light riparian area (Vanderhoff, R. pers. comm.).","CCH 2014 Calflora 2016 Robison 2014 Vanderhoff, R. Personal communication.","Allen, C. 2017. Personal communication with Cara Allen, Environmental Scientist with California State Parks, Gold Fields District. Phone conversation 2/1/17. Beard, D. 2016. Personal communication with Denali Beard, Environmental Scientist with California State Parks, Gold Fields District. Email, December 2016. CABI Datasheet. 2016. Colocasia esculenta. http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/17221. Accessed November 23, 2016. Calflora. 2016. Species information for Colocasia esculenta. http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=13042. Accessed December 18, 2016. Consortium of California Herbaria (CCH). 2014. Specimen reference for Colocasia esculenta. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/new_detail.pl?CDA40536&YF=0. Accessed December 18, 2016. Chair, H., R. E. Traore, M. F. Duval, R. Rivallan, A. Mukherjee, L. M. Aboagye, J. Van Rensburg, et al. 2016. Genetic Diversification and Dispersal of Taro (Colocasia Esculenta (L.) Schott). PLoS One 11 (6): e0157712. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157712. Invasive Plant Atlas. Colocasia esculenta. http://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=5369. Accessed November 23, 2016. Jepson eFlora treatment. Araceae Family. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?key=53. Accessed December 20, 2016. Langeland, K.A., and K. Craddock Burks. 2008. Identification and Biology of Non-Native Plants in Florida’s Natural Areas. IFAS Publication. SP257, http://www.fleppc.org/ID_book/invasive1.pdf. Accessed November 23, 2016. p. 20-21. Molinar, R. and M. Yang. 2001. Guide to Asian specialty vegetables in the Central Valley, CA. ucanr.edu/sites/Small_Farms_and_Specialty_Crop/files/88378.pdf. Accessed December 18, 2016. Moore, L. M. and J. H. Lawrence. 2003. USDA NRCS Taro Colocasia esculenta Plant Guide. http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_coes.pdf. Accessed November 23, 2016. Onwueme, I. 1999. Taro cultivation in Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok, Thailand: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 15 pp. [FAO Report.] http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AC450E/ac450e00.HTM. Accessed December 20, 2016. Queensland Biosecurity. 2016. http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/colocasia_esculenta.htm Accessed December 20, 2016. Robison, R. 2014. Taro Root (Colocasia esculenta) Reported Naturalizing in California. Poster presented at the Cal-IPC Annual Symposium, Chico, CA. http://www.cal-ipc.org/symposia/archive/2014_presentations.php. Accessed December 16, 2016. Vanderhoff, R. 2017. Personal communication from Ron Vanderhoff, Roger’s Gardens Nursery. Email received 2/2/17. Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA: Bishop Museum Press, 1919 pp. Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: A reference guide to environmental weeds. CABI Publishing, Zurich, Switzerland. ",Yes,No,No,Unknown,Unknown,Unknown,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/colocasia-esculenta-profile/, "Conicosia pugioniformis",,"Mesembryanthemum elongatum","narrowleaf iceplant; false iceplant; conicosia",4/6/05,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph M. DiTomaso","University of California, Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Jake Sigg,Peter Warner,Bob Case,John Knapp,Elizabeth Brusati",20050708,,,"Information needed on dispersal mechanisms.",U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",U,,D,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",B,Anecdotal,A,"Other Published Material",C,Anecdotal,D,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,Array,Array,C,2.5,Limited,,"No information Other members of this family are known to alter soil chemistry, but there is no information for Conicosia pugioniformis.",,"Can cover or be interspersed with other vegetation and can be locally abundant. However, unlike Carpobrotus iceplant, it does not form large clonal mats (1). Can overtake rare native plants on dunes (2). Locally abundant on Tomales Bay, Marin County (3) and in Morro Bay (4).",,"No information",,"None No native Conicosia (or Mesembryanthemum) in California","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA enter text here","Invades areas with natural or anthropogenic disturbance, including open areas in foredunes and maritime chaparral after fire (1). Spreads along roadsides or trails (2).","1. Albert and D'Antonio 2000 2. Bill Deneen, San Luis Obispo, personal communication. 2/24/05","Seeds from dense populations can spread into adjacent areas. Plants can grow to several feet in diameter in a single growing season (1). Observed to be spreading around Tomales Bay, Marin County (2), and on the Guadelupe-Nipomo Dunes in San Luis Obispo (3, 4).","1. Albert and D'Antonio 2000 2. Gluesenkamp, Dan, biologist, Audubon Canyon Ranch. personal communication 2/24/05 3. Thackery, Wendy, ecologist/botanist, The Land Conservancy of San Luis Obispo. personal communication 2/24/05 4.Denneen, Bill, San Luis Obispo, personal communication, 2/24/05","Based on comments in e-mails above, it seems to be spreading. Was not present at Nipomo Dunes twenty years ago, but has become a significant problem since then. The USDA PLANTS database (http://plants.usda.gov) lists it only in Santa Barbara county, but obviously it has spread beyond that.","1. Thackery, Wendy, ecologist/botanist, The Land Conservancy of San Luis Obispo. personal communication 2/24/05 2. Denneen, Bill, San Luis Obispo, personal communication, 2/24/05","Short-lived succulent. Fruit is cone-shaped capsule that splits open when drying and is easily dispersed by wind, spilling seeds as it tumbles. Individual capsules produce tens to hundreds of seeds. Unlike Carpobrotus iceplant, Conicosia does not root along trailing shoots. No spread by vegetative propagules. Plants flower in summer or fall of their first or second year and every subsequent year. Evergreen shoots may grow year-round. Plants can resprout from the buried root crown after aboveground tissue is removed.","Albert and D'Antonio 2000","Spreads along roadsides or trails (1), so seeds could be spread by human either directly by seed capsule sticking to clothing or indirectly by paths in the dunes. Means of dispersal unclear.","1. Denneen, Bill, San Luis Obispo, personal communication, 2/24/05","Fruit is cone-shaped capsule that splits open when drying and can be dispersed by wind, spilling seeds as it tumbles. However, most seed simply fall at the base of parent plant and wind would not move seed 1 km. Unknown how far the seed is able to be carried.","DiTomaso, observational Albert and D'Antonio 2000","Native to South Africa. Probably introduced to US as an ornamental in the early 1900's. Scoring as C because it already invades a range of habitats in California.","Albert and D'Antonio 2000","Found from Point Reyes Peninsula (1) to Point Conception (2). Has only recently (1980's) been recognized as an important component of California coastal habitats. In California, generally found on coastal dunes and bluff scrub, but possibly could invade coastal scrub, coastal prairie, and maritime chaparral. Seems to require well-drained, sandy soil (2).","1. Gluesenkamp, Dan, biologist, Audubon Canyon Ranch. personal communication 2/24/05 2. Albert and D'Antonio 2000","Not very common in California.","DiTomaso, observational.",,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Unknown,Unknown,No,Yes,Yes,,,,,,,,,D,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/conicosia-pugioniformis-profile/, "Conium maculatum",,,poison-hemlock,5/22/03,"Joe DiTomaso","UC Davis",530-754-8715,DiTomaso@vegmail.ucdavis.edu,"Weed Science Program, Robbins Hall, Univ. California, Davis CA 95616",,,,,,"Joe DiTomaso,Peter Warner,Alison Stanton,Carla Bossard,Cynthia Roye,Jake Sigg,Doug Johnson,Brianna Richardson",20030606,,,,U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,B,3,Moderate,,"None reported, unknown.",,"Can form very dense stands and crowd out other vegetation. Pioneer species colonizing disturbed sties and displacing natives during early successional stages. Suppresses light.",,"Toxic to all organisms including humans, livestock, and wildlife. 10% of elk population on Grizzly Island, CA, died from ingestion of poison hemlock in 1985.","Mitich, L.W. 1998. Weed Technology 12:194-197; Pitcher, D. 1989. Poison hemlock. Element Stewardship Abstract. TNC; Parsons, W.T. and E.G. Cuthbertson. 1992. Noxious Weeds of Australia. Inkata Press, Sydney; DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. DANR (pre-print)","None No native Conium species in North America","DiTomaso, J.M. 1999. Poison hemlock. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Oregon St. Univ. Press, Corvallis.","Usually found in disturbed sites, but can invade native plant communities in riparian woodlands and open flood plains of rivers and streams. Common in shady areas","DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. DANR (pre-print); Pitcher, D. 1989. Poison hemlock. Element Stewardship Abstract. TNC","Spreads rapidly in newly disturbed sites. Probably > 10 years.","DiTomaso, J.M. 1999. Poison hemlock. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Oregon St. Univ. Press, Corvallis.","Appears to be stable statewide. Has been around for many years.",DiTomaso-Observational,"Seed dispersal from late summer through winter. Dormancy about 3 years. Biennial, flowers in second year.","Baskin, J.M. and C.C. Baskin. 1990. Seed germination ecology of poison-hemlock. Canadian J. Bot. 68:2018-2024; DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. DANR (pre-print); DiTomaso, J.M. 1999. Poison hemlock. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Oregon St. Univ. Press, Corvallis.","Can be moved by farm machinery, vehicles, ag practices, clothing, etc., but this is usually from agricultural area to agricultural area.","Pitcher, D. 1989. Poison hemlock. Element Stewardship Abstract. TNC","Most seed fall to base of parent plant. Some long distance movement in water when plants are growing near streams.","DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. DANR (pre-print); DiTomaso, J.M. 1999. Poison hemlock. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Oregon St. Univ. Press, Corvallis.","Reported as a weed in South America, Europe, temperate Asia, North Africa, Australia, New Zealand and Canada. Also throughout the US. A weed in 9 crops in 34 contries. Widespread worldwide but in the same type of habitats.",,"Considered a facultative wetland indicator plant in the western US and an obligate wetland species in AZ and NM. Riparian areas, ditches, pastures, waste places. Introduced to the US as a garden plant in 1800s. First reported in California in 1893 in Berkeley.","DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. DANR (pre-print); Drewitz, J. 2000. Conium maculatum. In, Invasive Plants of Californias Wildlands. CalEPPC. UC Press, Berkeley.","Common in shady areas, particularly riparian woodlands and open flood plains of rivers and streams.","Pitcher, D. 1989. Poison hemlock. Element Stewardship Abstract. TNC",,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,D,,,D,,,,,D,C,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/conium-maculatum-profile/, "Cortaderia jubata",,"Cortaderia atacamensis","jubatagrass; pink pampasgrass",5/14/04,"Alison E Stanton","BMP Ecosciences","530 573 1177",alisonestanton@sbcglobal.net,"2163 Cornelian Drive South Lake Tahoe, CA 96150",,,,,,"Alison E Stanton,Joe DiTomaso,Cynthia Roye,Joanna Clines,Doug Johnson",20050708,,,,B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Observational,A,Observational,B,Observational,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,Observational,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,A,3,High,,"fire intensity, fire frequency These large plants produce significant amounts of biomass that is extremely flammable, increasing both the frequency and intensity of fire. The large size also significantly reduces light availability, especailly in mono-specific stands.","1.Gadcil, R.L. A.L. Knowles, and J.A. Zabkiewicz. 1984. Pampas-A new forest weed problem. Proc. 37th New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference. p187-190. 2.Gadcil, R.L., A.M. Sandberg, P.J. Allen, and S. S. Gallagher. 1990. Partial suppression of pamaps grass by other species at the seedling stage. Proceedings of an Internation al Conference, Rotorua, New Zealand, July 1989. Ministry of Forestry FRI Bulletin 155. 3.Gadcil, R.L., P.G. Barton, P.J. Allen, and A.M. Sandberg. 1990. Growth of pampas grass (Cortaderia spp.) in New Zealand Pinus radiata forests. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 20(2):176-183. 4.Harradine, A.R. 1991. The impact of pampas grass as weeds in southern Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly 6:111-115.","Alters plant community conposition and structure. Develops mono-specific stands with >75% cover, eliminates lower layers, displaces native species, and creates a new layer in maritime chaparral and other scrub ecossystems. Cited as a direct threat to Gowen's cypress, Crystal Springs fountain thistle, and the Short-leaved Dudleya.","1. Lambrinos, J. G. 2000. The impact of the invasive alien grass Cortaderia jubata (Lemoine) Stapf on an endangered mediterranean-type shrubland in California. Diversity and Distributions. 6:217-231 2.Fuller, T.C. 1976. Its history as a weed. In B.D. Cowan, The menace of Pampas grass. Fremontia 4(2):14-16. 3. Rawling, J 4.USFWS","Total alteration of native plant communities decreases forage and nesting sites for native animals, although rats, some snakes, and rabbits have been observed in dense infestations. Displacing native coastal prairie in Mission Blue Butterfly habitat","1. Lambrinos, J. G. 2000. The impact of the invasive alien grass Cortaderia jubata (Lemoine) Stapf on an endangered mediterranean-type shrubland in California. Diversity and Distributions. 6:217-231 2.USFWS","No native congeners","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA","Often found in distrubed areas, including roadsides, logged forests, and railroad tracks. Also colonize narturally occuring landslides Germination requires light, but seedlings occasionally establish in undisturbed areas.","1. Drewitz, J.J., and J. M. DiTomaso. 2000. Seed biology and control of jubatagrass. Proceedings of the California Exotic Pest Plant Council Symposium 2000. 6:32 2. Tschohl, A. 2000. Jubatagrass vs. pampasgrass: a growth analysis and comparison of invasive potential. Proceedings of the California Exotic Pest Plant Council Symposium 2000. 6:32-33","Increases rapidly after initial colonization Prolific seed production and light, wind-dispersed seeds facilitate rapid expansion. Apomictic reproduction enables a single individual to reproduce and colonize an area.","1.Conner, H.E. 1965. Breeding systems in New Zealand grasses V. Naturalized species of Cortaderia. New Zealand Journal of Botany 3:17-23 2.Costas-Lippmann, M. 1976. Ecology and reproductive biology of the genus Cortaderia in California. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley 3.Fuller, T.C. 1976. Its history as a weed. In B.D. Cowan, The menace of Pampas grass. Fremontia 4(2):14-16. 4. Harradine, A.R. 1991. The impact of pampas grass as weeds in southern Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly 6:111-115.","Much of the coastal habitat appears to be saturated with infestations, but the total acreage in the state is probably still increasing Jubatagrass is restricted to coastal habitats","1. Lambrinos, J. G. 2000. The impact of the invasive alien grass Cortaderia jubata (Lemoine) Stapf on an endangered mediterranean-type shrubland in California. Diversity and Distributions. 6:217-231 2. Tschohl, A. 2000. Jubatagrass vs. pampasgrass: a growth analysis and comparison of invasive potential. Proceedings of the California Exotic Pest Plant Council Symposium 2000. 6:32-33","Produces prolific seed, more than 100,00 seed on a single plume, although only about 30% are viable. Apomoctic reproductive strategy and gynodiecious breeding system. Plants re-sprout vigorously and root balls will re-root.","1.Conner, H.E. 1965. Breeding systems in New Zealand grasses V. Naturalized species of Cortaderia. New Zealand Journal of Botany 3:17-23 2. Conner, H.E. 1972. Breeding systems in Cortaderia (Gramineae). Evolution 27:663-678. 3.Costas-Lippmann, M. 1976. Ecology and reproductive biology of the genus Cortaderia in California. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley. 4.1. Drewitz, J.J., and J. M. DiTomaso. 2000. Seed biology and control of jubatagrass. Proceedings of the California Exotic Pest Plant Council Symposium 2000. 6:32 5. Tschohl, A. 2000. Jubatagrass vs. pampasgrass: a growth analysis and comparison of invasive potential. Proceedings of the California Exotic Pest Plant Council Symposium 2000. 6:32-33","Humans cut and carry around the plumes including placing plumes on cars and trucks. Thee plant has been mistakenly sold as pampas grass in the past and seed sales would increase the chances of misidentification.","Stanton, personal observation","Seed can blow up to 20 miles in the wind. Seed stick to animal fur and get stuck on other vegetation","1. Harradine, A.R. 1991. The impact of pampas grass as weeds in southern Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly 6:111-115.","Australia, New Zealand,South Africa","1.Fuller, T.C. 1976. Its history as a weed. In B.D. Cowan, The menace of Pampas grass. Fremontia 4(2):14-16. 2. Harradine, A.R. 1991. The impact of pampas grass as weeds in southern Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly 6:111-115. 2. Rawling","Restricted to coastal areas, primarily north of Santa Barbara. Co-occurs with pampasgrass in large urban areas and the North Coast. Tolerates serpentines soils. Appears to require fog, cannot utilize high light intensitites or survive high temepratures. Not frost tolerant.","1. Lambrinos, J. G. 2005. A tale of two invaders: the dynamic history of pampas grass and jubata grass in California. Cal-IPC News. Fall/Winter 2004-05. 2. Lambrinos, J. G. 2000. The impact of the invasive alien grass Cortaderia jubata (Lemoine) Stapf on an endangered mediterranean-type shrubland in California. Diversity and Distributions. 6:217-231 3. DiTomaso et al..",,,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,B,C,,,,,,,,C,,,,D,,,,,,D,,,,,,C,D,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/cortaderia-jubata-profile/, "Cortaderia selloana",,,"pampasgrass; white pampasgrass",5/14/04,"Alison E Stanton","BMP Ecosciences","530 573 1177",alisonestanton@sbcglobal.net,"2163 Cornelian Drive South Lake Tahoe, CA 96150",,,,,,"Alison E Stanton,Joe DiTomaso,Cynthia Roye,Joanna Clines,Doug Johnson",20050708,,,,B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Observational,A,Observational,B,Observational,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,Observational,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,Observational,Array,Array,B,3,High,,"fire intensity, fire frequency These large plants produce significant amounts of biomass that is extremely flammable, increasing both the frequency and intensity of fire. The large size also significantly reduces light availability, especailly in mono-specific stands.","1.Gadcil, R.L. A.L. Knowles, and J.A. Zabkiewicz. 1984. Pampas-A new forest weed problem. Proc. 37th New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference. p187-190. 2.Gadcil, R.L., A.M. Sandberg, P.J. Allen, and S. S. Gallagher. 1990. Partial suppression of pamaps grass by other species at the seedling stage. Proceedings of an Internation al Conference, Rotorua, New Zealand, July 1989. Ministry of Forestry FRI Bulletin 155. 3.Gadcil, R.L., P.G. Barton, P.J. Allen, and A.M. Sandberg. 1990. Growth of pampas grass (Cortaderia spp.) in New Zealand Pinus radiata forests. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 20(2):176-183. 4.Harradine, A.R. 1991. The impact of pampas grass as weeds in southern Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly 6:111-115.","Alters plant community conposition and structure. Develops mono-specific stands with >75% cover, eliminates lower layers, displaces native species, and creates a new layer in maritime chaparral and other scrub ecossystems. San Diego plants?","1. Lambrinos, J. G. 2000. The impact of the invasive alien grass Cortaderia jubata (Lemoine) Stapf on an endangered mediterranean-type shrubland in California. Diversity and Distributions. 6:217-231 2. Rawling, J.L. 1988. The ecology and distribution of pampas grass (Cortaderia selloana) in Sydney bushland. Masters thesis. Macquerie University, Australia.","Total alteration of native plant communities decreases forage and nesting sites for native animals, although rats, some snakes, and rabbits have been observed in dense infestations. Rare plants and animals in San Diego?",USFWS,"No native congeners","1. Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA","Often found in distrubed areas, including roadsides, logged forests, and railroad tracks. Also colonize narturally occuring landslides Germination requires light, but seedlings occasionally establish in undisturbed areas.","1. Drewitz, J.J., and J. M. DiTomaso. 2000. Seed biology and control of jubatagrass. Proceedings of the California Exotic Pest Plant Council Symposium 2000. 6:32 2. Tschohl, A. 2000. Jubatagrass vs. pampasgrass: a growth analysis and comparison of invasive potential. Proceedings of the California Exotic Pest Plant Council Symposium 2000. 6:32-33 3.Costas-Lippmann, M. 1976. Ecology and reproductive biology of the genus Cortaderia in California. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley 4.Stanton, A.E. 2000. Cortaderia in California:seedling ecology and management. Masters thesis. University of California, Davis.","Increases rapidly after initial colonization Prolific seed production and light, wind-dispersed seeds facilitate rapid expansion.","1.Conner, H.E. 1965. Breeding systems in New Zealand grasses V. Naturalized species of Cortaderia. New Zealand Journal of Botany 3:17-23 2.Costas-Lippmann, M. 1976. Ecology and reproductive biology of the genus Cortaderia in California. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley","Much of the coastal habitat appears to be saturated with infestations, but the total acreage in the state is probably still increasing pampasgrass may be increasing in the Central Valley. It is most prevalent South of Santa Barbara, but is still widely available in the nursery trade.","1. Lambrinos, J. G. 2000. The impact of the invasive alien grass Cortaderia jubata (Lemoine) Stapf on an endangered mediterranean-type shrubland in California. Diversity and Distributions. 6:217-231 2.Stanton, A.E. 2000. Cortaderia in California:seedling ecology and management. Masters thesis. University of California, Davis.","Produces prolific seed, more than 100,00 seed on a single plume, although only about 30% are viable.","1. Drewitz, J.J., and J. M. DiTomaso. 2000. Seed biology and control of jubatagrass. Proceedings of the California Exotic Pest Plant Council Symposium 2000. 6:32 2. Tschohl, A. 2000. Jubatagrass vs. pampasgrass: a growth analysis and comparison of invasive potential. Proceedings of the California Exotic Pest Plant Council Symposium 2000. 6:32-33 3.Costas-Lippmann, M. 1976. Ecology and reproductive biology of the genus Cortaderia in California. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley 4.Stanton, A.E. 2000. Cortaderia in California:seedling ecology and management. Masters thesis. University of California, Davis.","Widely sold in the nursery trade. Humans cut and carry around the plumes including placing plumes on cars and trucks.","1.Stanton, A.E. 2000. Cortaderia in California:seedling ecology and management. Masters thesis. University of California, Davis.","Seed can blow up to 20 miles in the wind. Seed stick to animal fur and get stuck on other vegetation","1.Costas-Lippmann, M. 1976. Ecology and reproductive biology of the genus Cortaderia in California. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley 2.Harradine, A.R. 1991. The impact of pampas grass as weeds in southern Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly 6:111-115.","Australia, New Zealand,South Africa","1.Harradine, A.R. 1991. The impact of pampas grass as weeds in southern Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly 6:111-115. 2. Rawling, J.L. 1988. The ecology and distribution of pampas grass (Cortaderia selloana) in Sydney bushland. Masters thesis. Macquerie University, Australia.","Distribution is primarily coastal, south of Santa Barbara. Not found on serpentine soils. Co-occurs with jubatagrass in large urban centers, including the North Coast. Escaping in interior regions, esspecially in riparian zones. Introduced to CA in 1872. Tolerates frost, utilizes higher light intensities, survives at higher temperatures.","Costas-Lippmann, Stanton",,"Stanton, DiTomaso",,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,C,C,,,,,,,,C,,,,D,,,,,,D,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/cortaderia-selloana-profile/, "Cotoneaster franchetii",,,"orange Cotoneaster; Cotoneaster; Francheti Cotoneaster",9/6/04,"Caroline Christman, Habitat Restoration Intern","National Park Service, Natural Resources Dept., The Presidio",,caroline_christman@yahoo.com,"Presidio Natural Resources Field Office, 1539 Pershing Dr.San Francisco, CA 94129","Cynthia L. Roye/Associate State Park Resource Ecologist","California State Parks, Natural Resources Division","(916) 653-9083",croye@parks.ca.gov,"P.O. Box 942896,Sacramento, CA 94296-0001","Carla Bossard,John Randall,Cynthia Roye,Jake Sigg,Peter Warner",20050211,,,"I will be basing many of my decisions on my own field experience and on that of my colleagues. I do not have any knowledge on the invasive qualities of cotoneaster in southern California or their potential for inland invasion. 2nd Reviewer addition: Score may change as Q. 3.2 is answered. Weed committee comments: C. franchetii cannot be distinguished from C. pannosa when not in flower.",D,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,C,Observational,Array,Array,B,2.5,Moderate,,"I have not observed any impact on ecosystem processes. I have not observed any impact on ecosystem processes. However, my observations are limited to land managed fairly intensively. Therefore, for example, the fire regime is already drastically altered (there are no fires) and it is difficult to say whether cotoneaster in a different setting would an impact on fire occurrence. Cotoneaster may influences natural erosion processes, such as reducing erosion in old sand dunes and coastal bluffs, this erosion creates opening in coastal scrub for rare and endangered dune and serpentine annual plants. It is not clear whether the extensive root system of the cotoneaster impeded erosion more than the larger scrub plants such as Lupins chamissonis, Bacharis pilularis, Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, etc. From the horticultural literature it seems that Cotoneasters do not impact the nutrient and mineral dynamics of the soil, as they are considered a possible candidate for planting in any well-drained soil and not noted to effect plants around them. However, the impact of one or two cotoneasters may be negligible though greater numbers are not.","Observation, C. Christman. Sigg. J., 2000. Cotoneaster spp. in Bossard, C., J. Randall, and M. Hochovsky, Invasive Plants of California Wildlands. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA Brenzel, K. 2001. The Sunset Western Garden Book.ed. Sunset Publishing Corporation, Menlo Park, CA.","Cotoneaster can quickly come to dominate a scrub or grassland area on sandy or clay soils, and even on serpentine soils and extirpate native species. In many areas of coastal California the Cotoneaster, at 3m tall, will be the tallest plant and shade out native scrub and grasses; in forested areas Cotoneaster seedlings will compete with seedlings from native trees. The Cotoneaster grows quickly in comparison to native scrubs, has a large root system that can extend beyond the canopy of a smaller Cotoneaster, and produces berries that are very popular with birds who spread the seeds. Additionally, the Cotoneasters are highly adaptable and can grow in moist (near waterways) or dry soils, and even in the thin, rocky soils underlying native grasslands. California's grasslands have been severely reduced by the proliferation of non-native annual grasses and are especially difficult to restore. Cotoneaster are able to grow in grasslands, shade out nativegrasses, and create areas with higher organic matter and moisture that favor weedy grasses.","Sigg 2000","Reduces habitat for burrowing rodents such as voles and shrews, reduces habitat for bird species such as quail that require open grassy areas for seed foraging, reduces space in which raptors can hunt. Reducing habitat for rodents and some birds will in turn reduce food source for raptors, foxes, coyotes and other carnivores. Coastal areas of california are defined by areas of scrub and oak interspered with open areas in which grasses and annual forbs persist. This pattern is constantly changing depending on erosion, rainfall, and natural progression from open sand into scrub and eventually oak woodland. However, Cotoneaster grows and spreads much more quickly than native plants. It fills in open areas in scrub and covers grasslands when not rigorously controlled. Its dense roots and branches can effectively close off the area under its canopy making it inhospitable to rodents and difficult for larger birds to penetrate. In Australian bushland cotoneaster has provided food for birds such as the currawong that would normally migrate, but as berries run out during the winter the currawong begins to prey on small songbirds. I don't know of any migratory birds that come through California that may eat songbirds, but it is something to think about.","Observation, C. Christman. Ecoaction: http://www.ecoaction.net.au/ccserac/docs/weeds/cotoneaster.htm","Not aware of any ability to hybridize with natives, but have found no information on this. Cotoneaster is in the rosaceae family and might be able to hybridize with native rosaceae, though it seems unlikely as there are no native plants in the same genus.","Hickman, J. 1993. The Jepson Manual. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA.","Cotoneaster can invade wildlands without any dramatic anthropogenic or natural disturbance. I have observed Cotoneaster growing in undisturbed scrubland, grassland and forested areas. Because birds eat the berries and drop the seed in scat, disturbance is not necessary for the spread of the seed. Additionally, Cotoneaster are well-adapted to many soil types and can do well in full sun or aprt shade conditions. It is likely that the fragmentation of wildlands has been at least partly responsible for this spread, Cotoneasters are a popular horticultural plant (in part because they attract birds!) and they are often cultivated close to wild areas. It has been noted by Jake Sigg that the oldest Cotoneasters seen in the wild are only 15 to 20 years old and that a change in genotype mighy have allowed Cotoneasters to spread more rapidly in the recent past as they have been cultivated in California since 1854.","C. Christmas, Observation., Sigg 2000","Double number of plants in 2 or 3 years. For each fruiting plant I see 5 seedlings at least 50 meters from the parent plant survive for at least one year (at which point I remove them, so I cannot be sure that they would survive to maturity and to produice fruit, but they seem to be healthy when they are pulled). It is difficult to say how rapid the spread of the plant will be exactly because I can find no information regarding at what age they produce fruit.",Observation,"Increasing steadily, unable to quantify Cotoneaster has only recently been noted as a wildland invader, but so far has spread significantly along the coast, esp. near urban areas where it has been in cultivation for many years. It seems likely that as the population of California grows and housing along the coast becomes denser, the Cotoneaster will be brought into local gardens and will spread from them into wild areas. It does not seem likely to spread inland as it prefers the cooler, moister climate of the coast.","Invasive Plants of California Wildlands. Sigg, Jake, on www. cal-ipc.org, Cotoneaster pannosus. Forest Starr, Kim Starr, and Lloyd Loope. United States Geological Survey--Biological Resources Division, Haleakala Field Station, Maui, Hawai'i, January, 2003 National Park Service website: http://www.nps.gov/redw/cotoneaster.htm Invasive Weeds of Humboldt County: http://www.northcoast.com/~cnps/iwhc/iwhcb1.htm","Unsure how quickly it reaches sexual maturity, probably no more than 3 years, a single plant can produce thousands of berries, they fruit every year, the fruit is produced during the fall months and stays on the plant throughout the winter. Seedlings can sprout without being eaten, as shown by many seedlings germinating directly beneath the parent plant, unsure how long seeds are viable in the soil, produce seed from self-and cross- pollination, does not spread by rhizomes or root structures, but does resprout like crazy when cut.","C. Christman, Observation, Sigg 2000","Used in public and private ornamental cultivation. First, I worked in the nursery industry in the past and have sold Cotoneasters (believe me, I have been chastened). Second, there are hundreds of websites advertising many species and varieties of Cotoneaster for sale by mail order or at local nurseries, all over the USA and in many other countries. All of these websites give information on planting and caring for your Cotoneaster.","C. Christman Observation Sigg 2000","Birds and other animals eat fruit and move seed over range. Fruit can be moved by flowing water.","C. Christman, Observation Sigg 2000. Weeds of California and Other Western States. DiTomaso J, Healy E. As yet unpublished","Has invaded temperate bushland in Australia and cool, coastal regions of South Africa. Reviewer #2 lowered score from ""A"" assigned by reviewer #1 based on Worksheet C. Overall score did not change.","Iziko, Museums of Cape Town: http://www.museums.org.za/bio/plants/rosaceae/ Weeds of the Blue Moutain Bushland: http://www.weedsbluemountains.org.au/show_weed.asp?id=12","Cotoneaster can be found in all coastal ecosystems except foredunes, as I know from observation, and it is found mainly in an area around Los Angeles, an area around the San Francisco Bay, along the central coast near Big Sur, and in far Northern California near the border with Oregon. It was introduced to the state in 1854 for ornamental purposes. I have no information on where else it may be or what percentage of total ecosystem in California it has invaded. I would guess around 5%-10% for riparian woodland, and more like 20% for coastal scrub and prarie, considering how reduced in size and number these ecosystms are. However, I have no information to prove this. Known from five major types per Worksheet C.","C. Christman, Observation Sigg 2000.","Score based on weed committee consensus.",,,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Unknown,Yes,No,No,Yes,,,,"seeds spread by birds and other animals, also spread by water movement and human cultivation. It is likely that a single plant can produce several thousand seeds per year, depending on plant size and vigor, but I have seen nothing documenting this. Different Cotoneaster species may hybridize",,,,,U,,,U,U,,,,,,,,U,,,,,,,,,,U,,,,,D,D,C,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/cotoneaster-franchetii-profile/, "Cotoneaster lacteus",,"Cotoneaster parneyi","milkflower Cotoneaster; Parney's Cotoneaster",9/6/04,"Caroline Christman, Habitat Restoration Intern","National Park Service, Natural Resources Dept., The Presidio",,caroline_christman@yahoo.com,"Presidio Natural Resources Field Office, 1539 Pershing Dr.San Francisco, CA 94129","Cynthia L. Roye/Associate State Park Resource Ecologist","California State Parks, Natural Resources Division","(916) 653-9083",croye@parks.ca.gov,"P.O. Box 942896Sacramento, CA 94296-0001","Carla Bossard,John Randall,Cynthia Roye,Jake Sigg,Peter Warner2/11/05",,,,,D,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",U,,B,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,A,"Other Published Material",A,,U,,A,Observational,U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",Array,Array,B,2,Moderate,,"I have not observed any impact on ecosystem processes. I have not observed any impact on ecosystem processes. However, my observations are limited to land managed fairly intensively. Therefore, for example, the fire regime is already drastically altered (there are no fires) and it is difficult to say whether cotoneaster in a different setting would an impact on fire occurrence. Cotoneaster may influences natural erosion processes, such as reducing erosion in old sand dunes and coastal bluffs, this erosion creates opening in coastal scrub for rare and endangered dune and serpentine annual plants. It is not clear whether the extensive root system of the cotoneaster impeded erosion more than the larger scrub plants such as Lupins chamissonis, Bacharis pilularis, Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, etc. From the horticultural literature it seems that Cotoneasters do not impact the nutrient and mineral dynamics of the soil, as they are considered a possible candidate for planting in any well-drained soil and not noted to effect plants around them. However, the impact of one or two cotoneasters may be negligible though greater numbers are not.","C. Christman, Observation, Sigg, J., 2000. Cotoneaster spp. in Bossard, C., J. Randall, and M. Hochovsky. Invasive Plants of California Wildlands. University of California Press. Berkeley, Ca. The Sunset Western Garden Book.ed. Brenzel, Kathleen. Sunset Publishing Corporation, Menlo Park, CA. 2001","Cotoneaster can quickly come to dominate a scrub or grassland area on sandy or clay soils, and even on serpentine soils and extirpate native species. In many areas of coastal California the Cotoneaster, at 3m tall, will be the tallest plant and shade out native scrub and grasses, in forested areas Cotoneaster seedlings will compete with seedlings from native trees. The Cotoneaster grows quickly in comparison to native scrubs, has a large root system that can extend beyond the canopy of a smaller Cotoneaster, and produces berries which are very popular with birds which spread the seeds. Additionally, the Cotoneasters are highly adaptable and can grow in moist (near waterways) or dry soils, and even in the thin, rocky soils underlying native grasslands. California's grasslands have been severely reduced by the proliferation of non-native annual grasses and are especially difficult to restore. Cotoneaster are able to grow in grasslands, shade out nativegrasses and create areas with higher organic matter and moisture which favor weedy grasses. Cotoneaster spread very rapidly which intensifies the risk to many of our native ecosystems.","Sigg 2000.","Reduces habitat for burrowing rodents such as voles and shrews, reduces habitat for bird species such as quail that require open grassy areas for seed foraging, reduces space in which raptors can hunt. Reducing habitat for rodents and some birds will in turn reduce food source for raptors, foxes, coyotes and other carnivores. Coastal areas of california are defined by areas of scrub and oak interspered with open areas in which grasses and annual forbs persist, this pattern is constantly changing depending on erosion, rainfall, and natural progression from open sand into scrub and eventually oak woodland. However, Cotoneaster grows and spreads much more quickly than native plants and fills in open areas in scrub and covers grasslands when not rigorously controlled. It's dense roots and branches can effectively close off the area under its canopy making it inhospitable to rodents and difficult for larger birds to penetrate.","C. Christman, Observation","Not aware of any ability to hybridize with natives, but have found no information on this. Cotoneaster is in the rosaceae family and might be able to hybridize with native rosaceae, though it seems unlikely as there are no native plants in the same genus.","no information","Cotoneaster can invade wildlands without any dramatic anthropogenic or natural disturbance. I have observed Cotoneaster growing in undisturbed scrubland, grassland and forested areas. Because birds eat the berries and drop the seed in scat, disturbance is not necessary for the spread of the seed. Additionally, Cotoneaster are well-adapted to many soil types and can do well in full sun or aprt shade conditions. It is likely that the fragmentation of wildlands has been at least partly responsible for this spread, Cotoneasters are a popular horticultural plant (in part because they attract birds!) and they are often cultivated close to wild areas. It has been noted by Jake Sigg that the oldest Cotoneasters seen in the wild are only 15 to 20 years old and that a change in genotype mighy have allowed Cotoneasters to spread more rapidly in the recent past as they have been cultivated in California since 1854.","C. Christman, Observation. Sigg 2000",Unknown,Observation,"Increasing steadily, unable to quantify Cotoneaster has only recenly been noted as a wildland invader, but so far has spread significantly along the coast, esp. near urban areas where it has been in cultivation for many years. It seems likely that as the population of California grows and housing along the coast becomes denser, the Cotoneaster will be brought into local gardens and will spread from them into wild areas. It does not seem likely to spread inland as it prefers the cooler, moister climate of the coast.","Sigg 2000","Unsure how quickly it reaches sexual maturity, probably no more than 3 years, a single plant can produce thousands of berries, they fruit every year, the fruit is produced during the fall months and stay on the plant throughout the winter, seedlings can sprout without being eaten, as shown by many seedlings germinating directly beneath the parent plant, unsure how long seeds are viable in the soil, produce seed from self-and cross- pollination, does not spread by rhizomes or root structures, but does resprout like crazy when cut.","C. Christman, Observation. Sigg 2000","Used in public and private ornamental cultivation. First, I worked in the nursery industry in the past and have sold Cotoneasters (believe me, I have been chastened). Second, there are hundreds of websites advertising many species and varieties of Cotoneaster for sale by mail order or at local nurseries, all over the USA and in many other countries. All of these websites give information on planting and caring for your Cotoneaster.","C. Christman, Observation Sigg 2000","Birds and other animals eat fruit and move seed over range. Fruit can be moved by flowing water.","C. Christman, Observation Invasive Plants of California Wildlands. Sigg, Jake, on www. cal-ipc.org Weeds of California and Other Western States. DiTomaso J, Healy E. As yet unpublished","Noted as invading Australian bushland (different websites say there are 6 or 9 species that have invaded Australia: C. pannosa, C. franchettii, C. lacteus and C. gluacophylla are esp. problematic there, Cotoneaster pannosa and C. franchettii, very similar species, are noted in Hawaii and South Africa.","Iziko, Museums of Cape Town: http://www.museums.org.za/bio/plants/rosaceae/ Ecoaction Australia: http://www.ecoaction.net.au/ccserac/docs/weeds/cotoneaster.htm","Cotoneaster can be found in all coastal ecosystems except foredunes, as I know from observation, and it is found mainly in an area around Los Angeles, an area around the San Francisco Bay, along the central coast near Big Sur, and in far Northern California near the border with Oregon. It was introduced to the state in 1854 for ornamental purposes. I have no information on where else it may be or what percentage of total ecosystem in California it has invaded. I would guess around 5%-10% for riparian woodland, and more like 20% for coastal scrub and prarie, considering how reduced in size and number these ecosystms are. However, I have no information to prove this. Per Worksheet C, invades 5 major types, on enter text here","C. Christman, Observation Invasive Plants of California Wildlands. Sigg, Jake, on www. cal-ipc.org",Unknown,,,Unknown,Unknown,Yes,Yes,Unknown,Yes,No,No,Yes,,,,"seeds spread by birds and other animals w, also spread by water movement and human cultivation. It is likely that a single plant can produce several thousand seeds per year, depending on plant size and vigor, but I have seen nothing documenting this. Different Cotoneaster species may hybridize",,,,,U,,,U,U,,,,,,,,U,,,,,,,,,,U,,,,,U,D,C,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/cotoneaster-lacteus-profile/, "Cotoneaster pannosus",,"C. pannosus Franch.","silverleaf Cotoneaster; velvet Cotoneaster",9/6/04,"Caroline Christman, Habitat Restoration Intern","National Park Service, Natural Resources Dept., The Presidio",,caroline_christman@yahoo.com,"Presidio Natural Resources Field Office, 1539 Pershing Dr.San Francisco, CA 94129","Cynthia L. Roye/Associate State Park Resource Ecologist","California State Parks, Natural Resources Division","(916) 653-9083",croye@parks.ca.gov,"P.O. Box 942896Sacramento, CA 94296-0001","Carla Bossard,John Randall,Cynthia Roye,Jake Sigg,Peter Warner",20050211,,,"I will be basing many of my decisions on my own field experience and on that of my colleagues. I do not have any knowledge on the invasive qualities of cotoneaster in southern California or the Central Valley. (Reviewer #1). C. pannosa cannot be distinguished from C. franchetti when not in flower.",D,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,A,"Other Published Material",A,,C,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",Array,Array,B,2.5,Moderate,,"I have not observed any impact on ecosystem processes. I have not observed any impact on ecosystem processes. However, my observations are limited to land managed fairly intensively. Therefore, for example, the fire regime is already drastically altered (there are no fires) and it is difficult to say whether cotoneaster in a different setting would an impact on fire occurrence. Cotoneaster may influences natural erosion processes, such as reducing erosion in old sand dunes and coastal bluffs, this erosion creates opening in coastal scrub for rare and endangered dune and serpentine annual plants. It is not clear whether the extensive root system of the cotoneaster impeded erosion more than the larger scrub plants such as Lupins chamissonis, Bacharis pilularis, Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, etc. From the horticultural literature it seems that Cotoneasters do not impact the nutrient and mineral dynamics of the soil, as they are considered a possible candidate for planting in any well-drained soil and not noted to effect plants around them. However, the impact of one or two cotoneasters may be negligible though greater numbers are not.",,"Cotoneaster can quickly come to dominate a scrub or grassland area on sandy or clay soils, and even on serpentine soils and extirpate native species. In many areas of coastal California the Cotoneaster, at 3m tall, will be the tallest plant and shade out native scrub and grasses, in forested areas Cotoneaster seedlings will compete with seedlings from native trees. The Cotoneaster grows quickly in comparison to native scrubs, has a large root system that can extend beyond the canopy of a smaller Cotoneaster, and produces berries which are very popular with birds which spread the seeds. Additionally, the Cotoneasters are highly adaptable and can grow in moist (near waterways) or dry soils, and even in the thin, rocky soils underlying native grasslands. California's grasslands have been severely reduced by the proliferation of non-native annual grasses and are especially difficult to restore. Cotoneaster are able to grow in grasslands, shade out nativegrasses and create areas with higher organic matter and moisture which favor weedy grasses. Cotoneaster spread very rapidly which intensifies the risk to many of our native ecosystems.","Invasive Plants of California Wildlands. Sigg, Jake, on www. cal-ipc.org,","Reduces habitat for burrowing rodents such as voles and shrews, reduces habitat for bird species such as quail that require open grassy areas for seed foraging, reduces space in which raptors can hunt. Reducing habitat for rodents and some birds will in turn reduce food source for raptors, foxes, coyotes and other carnivores. Coastal areas of California are defined by areas of scrub and oak interspered with open areas in which grasses and annual forbs persist, this pattern is constantly changing depending on erosion, rainfall, and natural progression from open sand into scrub and eventually oak woodland. However, Cotoneaster grows and spreads much more quickly than native plants and fills in open areas in scrub and covers grasslands when not rigorously controlled. It's dense roots and branches can effectively close off the area under its canopy making it inhospitable to rodents and difficult for larger birds to penetrate.",Observation,"Not aware of any ability to hybridize with natives, but have found no information on this. Cotoneaster is in the rosaceae family and might be able to hybridize with native rosaceae, though it seems unlikely as there are no native plants in the same genus.","no information","Cotoneaster can invade wildlands without any dramatic anthropogenic or natural disturbance. I have observed Cotoneaster growing in undisturbed scrubland, grassland and forested areas. Because birds eat the berries and drop the seed in scat, disturbance is not necessary for the spread of the seed. Additionally, Cotoneaster are well-adapted to many soil types and can do well in full sun or part shade conditions. It is likely that the fragmentation of wildlands has been at least partly responsiblep for this spread, Cotoneasters are a popular horticultural plant (in part because they attract birds!) and they are often cultivated close to wild areas. It has been noted by Jake Sigg that the oldest Cotoneasters seen in the wild are only 15 to 20 years old and that a change in genotype mighy have allowed Cotoneasters to spread more rapidly in the recent past as they have been cultivated in California since 1854.","Observation, Invasive Plants of California Wildlands. Sigg, Jake, on www. cal-ipc.org,","Double number of plants in 2 or 3 years. For each fruiting plant I see 5 seedlings at least 50 meters from the parent plant survive for at least one year (at which point I remove them, so I cannot be sure that they would survive to maturity and to produice fruit, but they seem to be healthy when they are pulled). It is difficult to say how rapid the spread of the plant will be exactly because I can find no information regarding at what age they produce fruit.",Observation,"Increasing steadily, unable to quantify Cotoneaster has only recenly been noted as a wildland invader, but so far has spread significantly along the coast, esp. near urban areas where it has been in cultivation for many years. It seems likely that as the population of California grows and housing along the coast becomes denser, the Cotoneaster will be brought into local gardens and will spread from them into wild areas. It does not seem likely to spread inland as it prefers the cooler, moister climate of the coast.","Invasive Plants of California Wildlands. Sigg, Jake, on www. cal-ipc.org, Cotoneaster pannosus. Forest Starr, Kim Starr, and Lloyd Loope. United States Geological Survey--Biological Resources Division, Haleakala Field Station, Maui, Hawai'i, January, 2003","Unsure how quickly it reaches sexual maturity, probably no more than 3 years, a single plant can produce thousands of berries, they fruit every year, the fruit is produced during the fall months and stay on the plant throughout the winter, seedlings can sprout without being eaten, as shown by many seedlings germinating directly beneath the parent plant, unsure how long seeds are viable in the soil, produce seed from self-and cross- pollination, does not spread by rhizomes or root structures, but does resprout like crazy when cut.","Observation, Invasive Plants of California Wildlands. Sigg, Jake, on www. cal-ipc.org,","Used in public and private ornamental cultivation. First, I worked in the nursery industry in the past and have sold Cotoneasters (believe me, I have been chastened). Second, there are hundreds of websites advertising many species and varieties of Cotoneaster for sale by mail order or at local nurseries, all over the USA and in many other countries. All of these websites give information on planting and caring for your Cotoneaster. Additionally, the Hawaiian Forest Service even planted Cotoneaster as part of a reforestation project.","Observation Invasive Plants of California Wildlands. Sigg, Jake, on www. cal-ipc.org Cotoneaster pannosus. Forest Starr, Kim Starr, and Lloyd Loope. United States Geological Survey--Biological Resources Division, Haleakala Field Station, Maui, Hawai'i, January, 2003 Use Google to search for Cotoneaster and see what you find.","Birds and other animals eat fruit and move seed over range. Fruit can be moved by flowing water.","Observation Invasive Plants of California Wildlands. Sigg, Jake, on www. cal-ipc.org Cotoneaster pannosus. Forest Starr, Kim Starr, and Lloyd Loope. United States Geological Survey--Biological Resources Division, Haleakala Field Station, Maui, Hawai'i, January, 2003 Weeds of California and Other Western States. DiTomaso J, Healy E. As yet unpublished","Has invaded cool, upland forests in Hawaii and Guam, temperate bushland in Australia and cool, coastal regions of South Africa. Reviewer #2; Lowered score from ""A"" assigned by Reviewer #1 based on Worksheet C.","Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html Cotoneaster pannosus. Forest Starr, Kim Starr, and Lloyd Loope. United States Geological Survey--Biological Resources Division, Haleakala Field Station, Maui, Hawai'i, January, 2003 Iziko, Museums of Cape Town: http://www.museums.org.za/bio/plants/rosaceae/","Cotoneaster can be found in all coastal ecosystems except foredunes, as I know from observation, and it is found mainly in an area around Los Angeles, an area around the San Francisco Bay, along the central coast near Big Sur, and in far Northern California near the border with Oregon. It was introduced to the state in 1854 for ornamental purposes. I have no information on where else it may be or what percentage of total ecosystem in California it has invaded. I would guess around 5%-10% for riparian woodland, and more like 20% for coastal scrub and prarie, considering how reduced in size and number these ecosystms are. However, I have no information to prove this. Known from 5 major types per Worksheet C. on enter text here","Observation Invasive Plants of California Wildlands. Sigg, Jake, on www. cal-ipc.org Cotoneaster pannosus. Forest Starr, Kim Starr, and Lloyd Loope. United States Geological Survey--Biological Resources Division, Haleakala Field Station, Maui, Hawai'i, January, 200.",Unknown,,,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Unknown,Yes,No,No,Yes,,,,"seeds spread by birds and other animals, also spread by water movement and human cultivation. It is likely that a single plant can produce several thousand seeds per year, depending on plant size and vigor, but I have seen nothing documenting this. Different Cotoneaster species may hybridize",,,,,U,,,U,U,,,,,,,,U,,,,,,,,,,U,,,,,,U,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/cotoneaster-pannosus-profile/, "Cotula coronopifolia",,"Lancisia coronopifolia","common brassbuttons",3/21/05,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph M. DiTomaso","University of California, Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Jake Sigg,Peter Warner,Bob Case,John Knapp,Elizabeth Brusati",20050708,,,,U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,Observational,U,,D,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,B,Observational,C,Observational,A,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,B,2.5,Limited,,Unknown,,". Common in coastal freshwater and brackish marsh (1). Possible impacts to vernal pool species (2).","1. Peter Warner, California State Parks, Mendocino, pers. obs. 2. Jake Sigg and Bob Case, California Native Plant Society, pers. obs.",Unknown,,"None No native Cotula in California.","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA enter text here","Prefers disturbed aquatic or wet sites, but can move into undisturbed sites as well.","DiTomaso, observational.","Seems to spread slowly.","DiTomaso, observational.","Movements in state appears to be fairly static.",,"Wetland or terrestrial perennial. Reproduces by seed and vegetatively from stems that root at nodes. Most seeds germinate after the first winter rains. Seeds survive one to two years under field conditions.","DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.","Inhabits relatively inaccessible areas, so transport by humans is unlikely.","Alaska Natural Heritage Program. 2005. Non-native plant species of Alaska: Common brassbuttons, Cotula coronopifolia L. Environment and Natural Resources Institute, University of Alaska - Anchorage. Available: akweeds.uaa.alaska.edu/pdfs/ species_bios_pdfs/Species_bios_COCO7.pdf","Can be transported by water, but dispersal was recorded as only 350-450 m per year. Dispersal by birds has been recorded but is rare.","Alaska Natural Heritage Program. 2005.","Native to South Africa. Also present in Oregon, Washington, Nevada, Arizona, Alaska, Massachusetts (1) and England (2). Widely distributed around the world (3).","1. USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. 2. Burton, R. M. 1993. Botanical records for 1992. London Naturalist 0(72): 113-121. 3. Alaska Natural Heritage Program 2005","Present in north, central, and south coast, San Francisco Bay, Central Valley, South Coast ranges, to 300m (1, 2). Inhabits freshwater and salt marshes (1, 3), wetlands, vernal pools, ditches, seasonally wet places, such as the edge of rivers, lakes and ponds, in many plant communities. Does not tolerate significant frost (1).","1. DiTomaso and Healy in prep. 2. USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. 3. Noe, G. B. and J. B. Zedler 2000. Differential effects of four abiotic factors on the germination of salt marsh annuals. American Journal of Botany 87(11): 1679-1692.","Common in saline and freshwater marshes along coast.","Hickman 1993",,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Unknown,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,D,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/cotula-coronopifolia-profile/, "Crataegus monogyna",,"Crataegus apiifolia, C. curvisepala, C. dissecta, C. oxyancanthana, C. oxyacantha var. monogyna, C. oxyacantha v. paulii, Mespilus monogyna, Oxyacantha apiifolia, others.","English hawthorn; common hawthorn; oneseed hawthorn; May tree; singleseed hawthorn; azzarola; neapolitan medlar; oneseed hawthorn; whitethorn;",7/30/04,"Brianna Richardson, Project Manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510.843.3902,brichardson@cal-ipc.org,"1442-A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709",,,,,,"Peter Warner,Joe DiTomaso,Cynthia Roye,John Randall,Jake Sigg,Alison Stanton",20040827,,,"Questions 2.2, 2.3, 1.4, and 3.2 need further exploration. A preserve in Willamette Valley, Oregon had to be abandoned because the Crataegus monogyna infestation was so severe it could not be controlled with available resources. This should serve as a warning that this plant has the potential to be a serious invader. (Bossard, CC, JM Randall, MC Hoshovsky. 2000. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. UC Press.) This completed PAF was previewed by Jake Sigg, prior to committee review. August, 2004.",D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,Array,Array,C,3.5,Limited,,"Grubb refers to a 1979 study by Key in which soils under C. monogyna were found to have higher amounts of plant-available phosphorous and nitrate than grassland soil. Little importance is placed on the nutrient-enriching properties of C. monogyna in the literature.","Grubb, P.J., W.G. Lee, J.Kollmann, J.B.Wilson. 1996. Interaction of irradiance and soil nutrient supply on growht of seedlings of ten European tall-shrub speices and Fagus sylvatica. Journal of Ecology V.84: 827-840.","C. monogyna has more conspicuous fruit than native C. douglasii suksdorfii, making it more attractive to robins. This may result in C. monogyna having more dispersal success when the two spp are found in the same location. C. suksdorfii is a rare plant. In a NY study, C. monogyna had a cover >25% in patches >100 sqmtr. Can form dense thickets excluding all understory plants. Can replace open grassland habitat with a dense shrub and small tree layer. Can be severe, forming dense stands and eliminating understory layers. May compete directly with the rare C. suksdorfii for dispersal services of birds. May create shrub or tree layer in grasslands.","Salabanks, R. 1993. Fruiting plant attractiveness to avian seed dispersers: Native v. invasives Crataegus in western Oregon. Madrono V.40 n.2: 108-116. Hunter, J.C., J.A.Mattice. 2002. The spread of woody exotics into the forests of a northeastern landscape, 1938-1990. Journal of th eTorrey Botanical Society 129(3): 220-227. Oregon State University website: www.orst.edu/dept/ldplants/crmo-i.htm. Garry Oak Ecosystems Recovery Team website: www.goert.ca/resources/invspecies.htm. Observational, Peter Warner, John Randall, Jake Sigg, Joe DiTomaso, 2004.","Insect pollinated. C. monogyna has more conspicuous fruit than native C. douglasii suksdorfii, making it more attractive to robins. Seeds may be eaten by mammals. Creates dense thickets that can impede movement, and is covered in thorns. May impede the movement of larger mammals. Thorns may interfere with herbivores, or may damage the mouths of herbivores and frugivores. Provides food for birds and small mammals.","Salabanks, R. 1993. Fruiting plant attractiveness to avian seed dispersers: Native v. invasives Crataegus in western Oregon. Madrono V.40 n.2: 108-116. DiTomaso, J., E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States. unpublised. Bass, D.A. 1990. Dispersal of an introduced shrub (Crataegus monogyna) by the brush-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). Australian Journal of Ecology V.15: 227-229. Weed Info website: www.weedinfo.com.au","Readily hybridizes with several other Crataegus spp. including the native North American spp. C. douglasii Lindley. Hybridizes with the rare C. suksdorfii in Oregon. A. Williams is not aware of any native Crataegus in RNP. No information available about possible hybridization occuring in CA. Can hybridize with native (and rare native ssp), but it is unclear if this is happening in the state.","DiTomaso, J., E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States. unpublised. Salabanks, R. 1993. Fruiting plant attractiveness to avian seed dispersers: Native v. invasives Crataegus in western Oregon. Madrono V.40 n.2: 108-116. Andrea Williams, Redwood NP, personal communication 8/3/04 (phone) Observational, Peter Warner, 2004.","Australia study: C. monogyna occurred more frequently on roadsides than in farmland, where it was only found where planted as hedge. No disturbance noted in most accounts of establishment.","Lane, D. 1979. The significance of noxious weeds on roadsides in agricultural areas of Victoria, Australia. Weed Researc. V.19: 151-156. Many reviewed publications refer to invasion sites.","In Australia, the local range of C.monogyna expands at 120m/yr. In NY study, the rate of spread was not great over a ~50 yr. period, and the authors believe it is not likely to increase (in mature, deciduous forests). No information on rate of spread in CA. Different sites experience different rates of spread.","Salabanks, R. 1993. Fruiting plant attractiveness to avian seed dispersers: Native v. invasives Crataegus in western Oregon. Madrono V.40 n.2: 108-116. Hunter, J.C., J.A.Mattice. 2002. The spread of woody exotics into the forests of a northeastern landscape, 1938-1990. Journal of th eTorrey Botanical Society 129(3): 220-227. Observational, Peter Warner, Jake Sigg, 2004.","Increasing slowly throughout the state.","Observational, Peter Warner, Jake Sigg, 2004.","Crown and upper portion of main roots develop suckers if trees are damaged or disturbed. Cannot pollinate itself. Reproductive maturity at 10 yrs old. 2 points.","DiTomaso, J., E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States. unpublised. Observational, Peter Warner, John Randall, Jake Sigg, Joe DiTomaso, 2004.","Commonly sold horticulturally. Numerous opportunities for plant to be introduced to new areas.","www.naturehills.com and numerous other on-line sites.","Seeds dispersed primarily by animals, especially birds, possibly mammals. May also disperse with water, soil movement. Seeds are not damaged (and do germinate) after passing through the guts of possums. Seeds readily consumed by birds, sometimes preferentially.","Salabanks, R. 1993. Fruiting plant attractiveness to avian seed dispersers: Native v. invasives Crataegus in western Oregon. Madrono V.40 n.2: 108-116. DiTomaso, J., E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States. unpublised. Bass, D.A. 1990. Dispersal of an introduced shrub (Crataegus monogyna) by the brush-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). Australian Journal of Ecology V.15: 227-229.","Invasive in Willamette Valley, OR. Noxious/invasive in Victoria, South, and Western Australia. In British Columbia it's found in wetland and lake margins. Invades similar habitats to the ones it's found in in California. Invades wetlands in BC, isn't noted as doing so in CA, but does prefer more moist grasslands and may exist in wetlands in CA. Conservatively a C, could be a B.","DiTomaso, J., E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States. unpublised. Plants for a Future Database: www.scs.leeds.ac.uk Garry Oak Ecosystems Recovery Team website: www.goert.ca/resources/invspecies.htm.","Riparian areas, woodland, grassland (where moist). Invades 2 major ecological types in CA.","DiTomaso, J., E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States. unpublised. Observational, Peter Warner, Joe DiTomaso, 2004.","Colonizes forest and woodland understories on the San Francisco peninsula and the norhter SF Bay area (Marin and Sonoma counties). North coast, north coast ranges, SF Bay region, central coast. Arkansas, Illinois, Montana, Oregon, Tennessee, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, northeastern US. Inhabits less than 5% of any ecotype in CA.","DiTomaso, J., E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States. unpublised. Observational, Peter Warner, Joe DiTomaso, 2004.",,No,No,Yes,No,Unknown,No,No,No,Yes,,,,"Root suckers sprout when tree is damaged or disturbed.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,D,D,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/crataegus-monogyna-profile/, "Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora",,"derived from C. pottsii X C. aurea; Tritonia X crocosmiiflora",montbretia,8/25/04,"Peter Warner","California Department of Parks and Recreation, Mendocino District","707/937-9172; 707/937-2278",pwarner@mcn.org,"P. O. Box 603, Little River, CA 95456-0603",,,,,,"Alison Stanton,Jake Sigg,Cynthia Roye,John Randall,Joe DiTomaso,Peter Warner",20171025,,,,U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,D,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,B,3,Limited,,"None known. No literature on ecological impacts has been located.",None,,"Nursery and Garden Industry Austraila @ http://www.ngia.com.au/np/2000No12/00-12.html Warner, PJ. 2004. Personal observations, San Mateo, San Francisco, Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino Counties, 1999-2004. pwarner@mcn.org; 707/937-9172.","None known; flowers are likely attractive to hummingbirds and perhaps butterflies. Observed displacing native Rubus species, a native food source for wildlife. No information in scientific literature; personal observation and web posting of hummingbird activity","Warner, PJ. 2004. Personal observations, San Mateo, San Francisco, Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino Counties, 1999-2004. pwarner@mcn.org; 707/937-9172. The Louisiana Museum of Natural History @ http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/HUMNETf/Crocosmia.html","None known; unlikely since no congeners exist in native California flora. Inferred from general knowledge of genetics and evolution.","Hickman, JC. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. p. 1152. Warner, PJ. 2004. Inference based on plant genetics and horticultural concepts.","Crocosmia is a widely cultivated garden plant, so does well with soil disturbance; often found in areas disturbed by human activities; horticulturalists cite the need to thin stands about every 3 years for maximum garden performance (flowering); also observed off trails, especially in damp forests and woodlands. From web-posted horticultural requirements, somewhat dependent upon disturbance of soil. However, montbretia is also capable of spreading without human intervention (personal observation).","The Garden of Paghat the Ratgirl @ www.paghat.com/crocosmia2.html; Floridata @ www.floridata.com; www.weedinfo.com.au/wd_crcro.htm; Nursery and Garden Industry Australia @ http://www.ngia.com.au/np/2000No12/00-12.html Warner, PJ. 2004. Observations from 1986-2003 in residential landscapes and wildlands in Sonoma Co.; Golden Gate National Recreation Area; Pt. Reyes National Seashore; Mendocino County. 707/937-9172; pwarner@mcn.org.","Observed to spread slowly at first, then more rapidly, within a single patch. Can also spread to adjacent areas through seed or cormlet dispersal. My observations suggest that once a new plant is established, it will expand rapidly to occupy more space. Once flowering is initiated, seeds can spread plants to nearby unoccupied sites (within several meters).","The Garden of Paghat the Ratgirl @ www.paghat.com/crocosmia2.html; Floridata @ www.floridata.com; www.weedinfo.com.au/wd_crcro.htm; Ingwersen Nursery @ http://www.ingwersen.co.uk/Crocosmia%20x%20crocosmiiflora.htm Warner, PJ. 2004. Observations from 1986-2004 in residential landscapes and wildlands in Sonoma Co.; Golden Gate National Recreation Area; Pt. Reyes National Seashore; Mendocino County. 707/937-9172; pwarner@mcn.org..","Estimated to be slowly increasing as new plantings and dispersal mechanisms lead to new introductions and establishment. Not known as invasive in interior California _ reports found are all coastal, so some habitats may still be yet to be exploited","Redwood National Park @ www.nps.gov/redw/exot2000.doc Nursery and Garden Industry Australia @ http://www.ngia.com.au/np/2000No12/00-12.html; California Invasive Plant Counil @ ucce.ucdavis.edu/freeform/ceppc/documents/ 2002_Symposium_Proceedings1997.pdf","Corms (bud from existing corms); seeds Corms and seeds are both viable reproductive mechanisms.","Hickman, JC. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. p. 1152. The Garden of Paghat the Ratgirl @ www.paghat.com/crocosmia2.html; Floridata @ www.floridata.com; www.weedinfo.com.au/wd_crcro.htm; Ingwersen Gardens @ http://www.ingwersen.co.uk/Crocosmia%20x%20crocosmiiflora.htm","Sold commercially; entire plants, corms, seeds spread as garden waste debris; spreads from horticultural plantings to adjacent areas from corms that bud prolifically; also produces seed that is easily dispersed by water, in soil movement (perhaps by animals or on human footwear) Numerous mechanisms for dispersal, and most based on human activities.","The Garden of Paghat the Ratgirl @ www.paghat.com/crocosmia2.html; Floridata @ www.floridata.com; Weed Information @ www.weedinfo.com.au/wd_crcro.htm; Warner, PJ. 2004. Personal inference.","Corms and seeds can float; wind dispersal very unlikely; dispersal by animals unknown (seed ingestion by birds?); seeds are viable in warm moist areas Long-distance dispersal mechanisms appear lacking, although the potential for long-distance seed dispersal is unknown.","The Plants Database @ http://plantsdatabase.com; The Garden of Paghat the Ratgirl @ www.paghat.com/crocosmia2.html; Floridata @ www.floridata.com Warner, PJ. 2004. Personal inference.",,"The Plants Database @ http://plantsdatabase.com; The Garden of Paghat the Ratgirl @ www.paghat.com/crocosmia2.html; Floridata @ www.floridata.com; Dept. of Agriculture, Western Australia @ http://agspsrv34.agric.wa.gov.au/progserv/plants/weeds/weedsci4.htm; Dept. of Conservation (New Zealand) @ http://www.doc.govt.nz/Conservation/003~Weeds/south-island-wilding-conifer-strategy/Appendix-One.asp","Occurs in coastal ecological types only in CA; well-established in CA gardens Reports and observations","Redwood National Park @ www.nps.gov/redw/exot2000.doc; Calif. Invasive Plant Council @ ucce.ucdavis.edu/freeform/ceppc/documents/ 2002_Symposium_Proceedings1997.pdf; Warner, PJ. 2004. Observations from 1986-2004 in residential landscapes and wildlands, Sonoma Co.; Golden Gate National Recreation Area; Pt. Reyes National Seashore; Mendocino County. 707/937-9172; pwarner@mcn.org.","Sporadic, may be more extensive than perceived due to vegetative similarity to Iris species Reports and observations","Redwood National Park @ www.nps.gov/redw/exot2000.doc; California Invasive Plant Council @ ucce.ucdavis.edu/freeform/ceppc/documents/ 2002_Symposium_Proceedings1997.pdf; Warner, PJ. 2004. Observations from 1986-2004 in residential landscapes and wildlands, Sonoma Co.; Golden Gate National Recreation Area; Pt. Reyes National Seashore; Mendocino County. 707/937-9172; pwarner@mcn.org.",,Yes,No,Yes,No,Unknown,Unknown,Yes,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,C,D,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/crocosmia-x-crocosmiiflora-profile/, "Crupina vulgaris",,,"common Crupina",1-Aug-03,"Joe DiTomaso","UC Davis",530-754-8715,DiTomaso@vegmail.ucdavis.edu,"Weed Science Program, Robbins Hall, Univ. California, Davis CA 95616",,,,,,"Jake Sigg,Peter Warner,Doug Johnson,Joe DiTomaso,Brianna Richardson",20030801,,,,B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,B,3,Limited,,"Can increase soil erosion, but has not done so in California to date.","Thill, D.C., C.T. Roche and D.L. Zamora. 1999. Common crupina. Pp. 189-201. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Eds. R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff, Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis.","Forms dense populations that dominate forages or disrupt and deplete rangelands, and reduces biodiversity of many native ecosystems. Not as dominant in California. Densities in other states ranged from 161 to 323 plants per m2.","Thill, D.C., C.T. Roche and D.L. Zamora. 1999. Common crupina. Pp. 189-201. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Eds. R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff, Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis.","Poor forage for wildlife. In other states it has degraded habitat for some wildlife species.","Thill, D.C., C.T. Roche and D.L. Zamora. 1999. Common crupina. Pp. 189-201. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Eds. R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff, Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis.","Probably none. No other species of Crupina in California.","DiTomaso, observational","Adapted to a wide range of habitats, but prefers disturbed sites. Biological characteristics favor movement to undisturbed sites even more than yellow starthistle.","Thill, D.C., C.T. Roche and D.L. Zamora. 1999. Common crupina. Pp. 189-201. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Eds. R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff, Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis.; Roche, C.T. and D.C. Thill. 2001. Biology of common crupina and yellow starthistle, two Mediterranean winter annual invaders in western North America. Weed Sci. 49:439-447.","Spread rapidly in other states but not as rapidly in California.","Thill, D.C., C.T. Roche and D.L. Zamora. 1999. Common crupina. Pp. 189-201. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Eds. R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff, Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis.; DiTomaso, observational","CDFA efforts have reduced populations in California. Currently it is considered very uncommon.","DiTomaso, J.M. and E. A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. Div. Nat. Agr. Res. Univ. California (in press)","both self and cross pollination. Seed produced every year, but seed so large that it does not produce >1000 per m2. Seed longevity about 3 years or less in soil.","Thill, D.C., C.T. Roche and D.L. Zamora. 1999. Common crupina. Pp. 189-201. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Eds. R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff, Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis.; DiTomaso, J.M. and E. A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. Div. Nat. Agr. Res. Univ. California (in press); Zamora, D. L. and Thill, D. C. 1989 Seed bank longevity of common crupina (Crupina vulgaris) in natural populations. Weed Technol. 3:166-169.; Thill, D. C., Zamora, D. L., and Kambitsch, D. L. 1985. Germination and viability of common crupina (Crupina vulgaris) achenes buried in the field. Weed Sci. 33:344-348.","Recreational vehicles can spread seeds over long distance but this is very uncommon.","Thill, D.C., C.T. Roche and D.L. Zamora. 1999. Common crupina. Pp. 189-201. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Eds. R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff, Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis.","Seed blow about 5 feet with wind. Deer and rodents also move seed but short distances. Can move through animal digestive tract. Movement over 1 km probably very uncommon.","Thill, D.C., C.T. Roche and D.L. Zamora. 1999. Common crupina. Pp. 189-201. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Eds. R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff, Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis.; Thill, D. C., Zamora, D. L., and Kambitsch, D. L. 1986. The germination and viability of excreted common crupina (Crupina vulgaris) achenes. Weed Sci. 34:237-241.; Prather, T. S., Callihan, R. H., and Thill, D. C. 1991. Common crupina: biology, management and eradication. Curr.Inf.Ser.Coop.Ext.Serv.Univ.Idaho. (880).","Economic pest in rangelands of southern Russia. Other western states, but often in rangelands where it is not yet found in California.","Thill, D.C., C.T. Roche and D.L. Zamora. 1999. Common crupina. Pp. 189-201. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Eds. R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff, Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis.","First discovered in US (Idaho) in 1968 and in California in 1975. Found in many habitats but not all in California. However, its range is expected to increase because of its wide tolerance to temperature and photoperiod conditions. In addition, it has only been here for a short period and may not have had the opportunity to spread yet.","Thill, D.C., C.T. Roche and D.L. Zamora. 1999. Common crupina. Pp. 189-201. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Eds. R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff, Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis.; Roche, C.T. and D.C. Thill. 2001. Biology of common crupina and yellow starthistle, two Mediterranean winter annual invaders in western North America. Weed Sci. 49:439-447.; DiTomaso, J.M. and E. A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. Div. Nat. Agr. Res. Univ. California (in press); Patterson, D. T. and Mortensen, D. A. 1985. Effects of temperature and photoperiod on common crupina (Crupina vulgaris). Weed Sci. 33:333-339.","Forested areas and some scrubland.","Thill, D.C., C.T. Roche and D.L. Zamora. 1999. Common crupina. Pp. 189-201. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Eds. R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff, Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis.; DiTomaso, J.M. and E. A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. Div. Nat. Agr. Res. Univ. California (in press); Quibell, C.F. 1991. Notes. Crupina vulgaris. Madrono 38(4):296.",,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,D,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/crupina-vulgaris-profile/, "Cynara cardunculus",,,"artichoke thistle; cardoon; wild artichoke",8/12/04,"Scott Steinmaus Associate Professor","Cal Poly SLO",805-756-5142,ssteinma@calpoly.edu,"1 Grand Avenue Biological Sciences Department, Cal Poly State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407",,,,,,"Carla Bossard,John Randall,Cynthia Roye,Jake Sigg,Peter Warner",20050211,,,,B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",Array,Array,B,4,Moderate,,"Outcompetes native vegetation for light, water, and nutrients. No evidence of soil chemistry alteration because displaced species are able to recolonize following artichoke removal. Large arching leaves together with a large aggressive tap root system preemptively intercept resources necessary for the growth of other species. .","Kelly, M. Cynara cardunculus. In, Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. Eds., C. Bossard, J. Randall, and M. Hoshovsky. UC Press, Berkeley; Pepper A. and M Kelly. 1994. Portrait of an invader. The ecology and management of the wild artichoke Cynara cardunculus. Cal EPPC News Winter pg. 4-6.","Artichoke thistle can create a monoculture leading to the the decline of, for example, broom baccharis (Baccharis sarothroides). Artichoke thistle is a threat to the endangered San Diego thornmint. Usually displaces annual exotic grasses, which may be facilitated by fire. Seriously threatens grassland ecosystems and may affect coastal sage scrub and riparian habitat in southern California. In San Diego's Los Penasquitos Canyon, artichoke thistle invades open forb covered canyon bottomlands. It can also invade riparian woodlands under willow (Salix spp.), mulefat (Baccharis glutinosa) and sycamore (Platanus racemosa). Artichoke thistle can reach stands of 22,000 plants per acre. Forms a basal rosette of leaves up to six feet in diameter. Reduces available habitat for grassland dependent species; displaces natives. There may be some alleopathic mechanism to neighbor plant suppression. When leaves die and fall to the ground they do not readily decompose, thus providing another barrier to competing species.","Kelly, M. Cynara cardunculus. In, Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. Eds., C. Bossard, J. Randall, and M. Hoshovsky. UC Press, Berkeley; The Nature Conservancy Wildland weed Management and Research 1998-1999 Weed Survey by Trish Smith; Pepper A. and M Kelly. 1994. Portrait of an invader. The ecology and management of the wild artichoke Cynara cardunculus. Cal EPPC News Winter pg. 4-6.","Artichoke thistle is a moderate threat to the Threatened species, California gnatcatcher and Coastal cactus wren. By displacing natives and annual grasses, it reduces the forage value for both livestock and wildlife. It is not used by birds for nesting or predative activities. Alters breeding success for threatened species by displacing native plants. The heavily armoured thistle flowerhead hinders herbivory, hower, the seedlings may be subject to rabbit herbivory and the seeds may provide a food source for birds.","The Nature Conservancy Wildland weed Management and Research 1998-1999 Weed Survey by Trish Smith; Pepper A. and M Kelly. 1994. Portrait of an invader. The ecology and management of the wild artichoke Cynara cardunculus. Cal EPPC News Winter pg. 4-6.","Artichoke thistle is a progenator of the commercially cultivated, spineless globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus) while some taxonomists consider globe artichoke and artichoke thistle to be the same species because a few spiny wild types will appear within a population of globe artichoke seedlings. There are not any closely related California natives. Cultivated globe artichoke and artichoke thistle readily hybridize. The globe artichoke can revert back to the wild ""thistle' state if allowed to grow from seed.","Thomsen, C.D. , G. Barbe, W. Williams, and M. George. 1986. Escaped artichokes are troublesome pests. California Agriculture pg 7-9; Kelly, M. Cynara cardunculus. In, Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. Eds., C. Bossard, J. Randall, and M. Hoshovsky. UC Press, Berkeley; Artichoke thistle Anonymous http://agric.wa.gov.au/agency/pubns/infonote/infonotes/AOO687.html","Seems to require disturbance and most commonly heavily grazed areas. It has been observed to occasionally colonize riparian woodlands and natural openings in chaparral and costal sage scrub.. Artichoke thistle's appearance in California rangelands is linked to its introduction for ornamental and culinary purposes. It is found primarily on distrubed grasslands or abandoned agricultural fields especially those areas subjected to overgrazing practices. . It occurrence along fire maintenance roads is linked to equipement carrying seeds; grazing and fire create openings for new artichoke thistle establishment; fire prone plant communities (grasslands and sage scrub) also tend to exist in climates that are conducive for artichoke thistle growth.","The Nature Conservancy Wildland weed Management and Research 1998-1999 Weed Survey by Trish Smith; Kelly, M. Cynara cardunculus. In, Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. Eds., C. Bossard, J. Randall, and M. Hoshovsky. UC Press, Berkeley;","Spread appeared to be rapid from the late 1800's into the 1930s. Control efforts in northern California (Benecia) have stabilized and even reduced its spread. Most artichoke thistle seeds (achenes) fall very near the parent plant and can disperse 70 feet by wind when attached to a pappus. Seeds can spread further with water, mud, soil movement, animals and human activities. Dispersal by root fragments is important only following mechanical disturbance. Seedlings appear to survive best when adult rosettes are removed but seedling emergence is not influenced by prescence or absence of adult rosettes. The seeds (achenes) are relatively large (6-8 mm long) so will typically not disperse far from the mother plant. A feathery pappus (25-40 mm long) is attached to the seeds while in the flower, which can facilitate long distance dispersal by wind. However, the pappus usually breaks off soon after exiting the flower.","Thomsen, C.D. , G. Barbe, W. Williams, and M. George. 1986. Escaped artichokes are troublesome pests. California Agriculture March-April 1986 ppg 7-9; Kelly, M. Cynara cardunculus. In, Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. Eds., C. Bossard, J. Randall, and M. Hoshovsky. UC Press, Berkeley; The Nature Conservancy Wildland weed Management and Research 1998-1999 Weed Survey by Trish Smith; Artichoke thistle Anonymous http://agric.wa.gov.au/agency/pubns/infonote/infonotes/AOO687.html; Marushia, R. and J.S. Holt. 2003. Patterns of seedling establishment in artichoke thistle, Cynara cardunculus. Proceedings to Cal EPPC 2003 Symposim pg 59.","Infests about 150,000 acres statewide. Contra Costa, Solano, and Orange counties have 95% of the infested acreage. Santa Barabara and San Diego counties have some locally dense stands. California townships of past or present infestation are focused primarily in coastal area of southern California (Orange and San Diego Counties), the eastbay of the San Francisco bay area, and along the rangelands of the central coast. It has been reported that 70, 000 acres focused on the hillsides of Benecia have been infested but have been reduced due to substantial control efforts. In Irvine, 2000 acres are currently infested with another 6000 acres at risk of future invasion. In the 3500 acre Los Penasquitos Canyon Preserve in San Diego one 14 acre site was heavily infested and dense patches exist throughout the preserve. Populations of this plant are either large or they are small. Rarely do you see huge expanses of land covered with species because control measures are instigated soon after these are spotted. Poor grazing practices and soil disturbance on coastal range south of the San Francisco Bay Area will invite new invasions by artichoke thistle.","Thomsen, C.D. , G. Barbe, W. Williams, and M. George. 1986. Escaped artichokes are troublesome pests. California Agriculture March-April 1986 ppg 7-9; Kelly, M. Cynara cardunculus. In, Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. Eds., C. Bossard, J. Randall, and M. Hoshovsky. UC Press, Berkeley; The Nature Conservancy Wildland weed Management and Research 1998-1999 Weed Survey by Trish Smith;","Artichoke thistle seeds are dormant affording them discontinuous germination. The seeds germinate in a variety of habitats and at various times of year. The plant resprouts from perennial roots each year. Seeds survive for at about 5 years under field conditions. One year plants can flower but usually 2 year or older plants flower. Plants can survive for many years. Plants can produce sufficient seed to attain densities of 20,000 plants per acre. Artichoke thistle reproduces and spreads primarly by seed. In San Diego, one mature plant produces more than a dozen flowerheads with as amany as 200 seeds per head.","Thomsen, C.D. , G. Barbe, W. Williams, and M. George. 1986. Escaped artichokes are troublesome pests. California Agriculture March-April 1986 ppg 7-9; Kelly, M. Cynara cardunculus. In, Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. Eds., C. Bossard, J. Randall, and M. Hoshovsky. UC Press, Berkeley; Artichoke thistle Anonymous http://agric.wa.gov.au/agency/pubns/infonote/infonotes/AOO687.html","Is used for ornamental purposes and indiscriminant disposal of flowers could facilitate its spread. It appears to grow and progress along roadways. Populations move along roadways either because seeds are blown as vehicles pass or the seeds are caught up in tires. Vegetative parts not likely except following mechanical operations, and then only for a short distance.","Kelly, M. Cynara cardunculus. In, Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. Eds., C. Bossard, J. Randall, and M. Hoshovsky. UC Press, Berkeley;","Long range dispersal likely if seeds were blown by strong winds. Perhaps seeds could be transport great distances along irrigation canals or along roadway corridors.","Kelly, M. Cynara cardunculus. In, Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. Eds., C. Bossard, J. Randall, and M. Hoshovsky. UC Press, Berkeley;","Proclaimed a noxious weed throughout Victoria and Queensland South Australia and part of New South Wales. Also found in New Zealand. It also is considered an important weed in the Argentine pampas areas of South America. Appears to be well adapted to Mediterranean regions similar to the California central to southern coasts. Appears to be in grassland or coastal scrub-like communities abroad similar to those currently invaded in California.","Parsons, W.T. 1973. Noxious Weeds of Victoria. Inkara Press, Melbourne. Pg. 70-73. Kelly, M. Cynara cardunculus. In, Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. Eds., C. Bossard, J. Randall, and M. Hoshovsky. UC Press, Berkeley;","Artichoke thistle was presumably introduced to California in the mid-1800s as the cultivated, edible cardoon. Escape from cultivation and subsequent reversion to its 'wild', aggressive biotype probably cntributed to its invasive spread. Escaped cultivation in California in 1860-1864 according to botanical surveys. The most successful invasions are in Contra Costa and Orange counties but also in the rangelands of San Diego, Santa Barabara, and other rangelands on California with coastal influence.","Thomsen, C.D. , G. Barbe, W. Williams, and M. George. 1986. Escaped artichokes are troublesome pests. California Agriculture March-April 1986 ppg 7-9; Kelly, M. Cynara cardunculus. In, Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. Eds., C. Bossard, J. Randall, and M. Hoshovsky. UC Press, Berkeley;","Infestations are heaviest in rangelands south of the San Francisco bay area especially those subject to coastal influence. Populations are especially heavy in Contra Costa and Orange Counties. Seeds germinate with any significant rain in late November and December. Rosettes grow vigorously during the cool winter months and plants will bolt to form flowerheads in the spring. Leaves will dies back in the summer as seeds are maturing and falling out of the flowerhead. Artichoke thistle behaves as a typical winter annual thistle species originating from the Mediterranean region.","Kelly, M. Cynara cardunculus. In, Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. Eds., C. Bossard, J. Randall, and M. Hoshovsky. UC Press, Berkeley;",,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Unknown,No,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/cynara-cardunculus-profile/, "Cynodon dactylon",,,"Bermuda grass; couch grass; devil grass; wire grass; vine grass; bermudagrass",5/26/04,"John J. Knapp/ Invasive Plant Program Manager","Catalina Island Conservancy","(310) 510-1299",jknapp@catalinaconservancy.org,"P.O. Box 2739 Avalon, CA 90704","Joseph DiTomaso","University of California-Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Carla Bossard,John Randall,Carri Pirosko,Dan Gluesenkamp,Gina Skurka,Brianna Richardson",20050708,,,"Cal-IPC's concern is effect in desert washes, not in home gardens.",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,Array,Array,B,3.5,Moderate,,"C. dactyon is considered a potent allelopathic plant. In Arizona, C. dactylon increases substrate stability during floods. Can reduce soil nutrient levels and block light penetration to soil surface.",,"C. dactylon forms large dense ground cover mats that can inhibit native flora survival by increasing the density and depth at ground level, thus fragmenting habitat. C. dactylon has been identified as posing a threat to temperate grasslands in North America. Riparian communities in Arizona are severely degraded by C. dactylon. A single shoot from a rhizome may cover 2.5 m2 of soil surface in 150 days after emergence.","Labrada, R., J.C. Caseley, and C. Parker. 1994. Weed management for developing countries. FAO Plant Production Paper 120. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization for the United Nations. Grace, J.B., M.D. Smith, S.L. Grace, S.L. Collins, and T.J. Stohlgren. 2001. Interactions between fire and invasive plants in temperate grasslands of North America. Pp. 40-65 in: Galley, K.E.M. and T.P. Wilson, eds. Proceedings of the invasive species workshop: the role of fire in the control and spread of invasive species. Tallahassee, Florida: Tall Timbers Research Station Miscellaneous Publication No. 11. Arizona-Sonoma Desert Museum Programs and Research. 1996-2003. Biological survey of Ironwood Forest National Monument: exotic plants assessment. http://www.desertmuseum.org/programs/ifnm_exotic.html. Dudley, T. 1998. Exotic plant invasions in California riparian areas and wetlands. Fremontia 26(4): 24-29.","Under drought conditions with high temperatures, C. dactylon may contain hydrocyanic acid (prussic acid), and when ingested it can be poisonous to cattle, sheep, and goats (other herbivores?). C. dactylon has been reported as a host for viral stripe diseases (affecting corn and rice) and several fungal diseases including Bipolaris, Gaeumannomyces, Leptosphaeria, Marasmius, Phyllachora, Puccinia, Sporisorium and Ustilago; however, the impact of these diseases to native flora is unknown. Habitat of the Southwestern willow flycatcher is dominated by C. dactylon. Produces contact dermatitis and is an important cause of hay fever.","Anderson, W.P. 1999. Perennial weeds: characteristics and identification of selected species. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press. Wilken, D. and Hannah, L. 1998. Cynodon dactylon. Channel Island National Park Service Literature Review. Unpublished. Fuller T.C., McClintock E. Poisonous Plants of California. 1986. University of California Press: Berkeley. Pg. 293.","No hybridization is known to occur with native California taxa. No native California taxa occur in the genus Cynodon.","Hickman, J.C. (ed.). 1993. The Jepson manual of higher plants of California. P. 1248. University of California Press, Berkeley.","Waste places, grazed areas, roads, trails and cultivation are disturbances that lead to C. dactylon establishment. Typically requires disturbance. Occasionally found in undisturbed areas, but is considered primarily a landscape of crop weed.","Ivens, G.W. 1967. East African weeds and their control. Nairobi: Oxford University Press. Johnson, B.J. 1992. Common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) suppression in Zoysia spp. with herbicides. Weed Technology 6: 813-819. Wilken, D. and Hannah, L. 1998. Cynodon dactylon. Channel Island National Park Service Literature Review. Unpublished.","In Arizona, spreads slowly once established.","Arizona-Sonoma Desert Museum Programs and Research. 1996-2003. Biological survey of Ironwood Forest National Monument: exotic plants assessment. http://www.desertmuseum.org/programs/ifnm_exotic.html.","First occurence in 1880, and by 1900, is was widespread throughout central and southern California, and is now grown in cultivation in California. Its current trend is unknown. Not listed as noxious weed in California. Controlled along roadsides, urban areas, and restoration trials in decomissioned hayfields.","Wilken, D. and Hannah, L. 1998. Cynodon dactylon. Channel Island National Park Service Literature Review. Unpublished. Knapp, D. 2003. Personal communication.","In California, flowering occurs from March to August. C. dactylon is wind-pollinatied, and can produce 230 seeds per panicle during the first three months after the initial seed set, but is considered a very sparse seed producer except for some biotypes as in California, where the cultivated biotype has a seedset of 95%. Seed in Australia remains viable in the soil for 3-4 years. The axillary buds at the nodes of rhizomes and stolons provide the principal means of spreading and dispersal. Rhizomes can be superficial or very deep from a few centimeters to over a meter in depth, which allows it to survive a wide range of climatic conditions from flooding to droughts. It is also adapted to a wide range of soil conditions from sand to heavy clay, but grows best in moist well drained soils. Seed can remain dormant in the soil, and they maintain their viability well.","Labrada, R., J.C. Caseley, and C. Parker. 1994. Weed management for developing countries. FAO Plant Production Paper 120. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization for the United Nations. Holm, L.G., Doll, J., Holm, E., Pancho, J.V., and Herberger, J.P. 1997. World weeds: natural history and distribution. John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA. Ivens, G.W. 1967. East African weeds and their control. Nairobi: Oxford University Press. Wilken, D. and Hannah, L. 1998. Cynodon dactylon. Channel Island National Park Service Literature Review. Unpublished. Grichar, W. and T. Bosewell. 1989. Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) control with postemergence herbicides in peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Weed Technology 3: 267-271. Brown, K. and K. Brooks. 2002. Bushland weeds _ a practical guide to their management. Environmental Weeds Action Network. Greenwood, Australia.","Seed can be dispersed by cattle and bison with enhanced germination, and the vegetative reproductive parts can be caught on the mud on the hooves of mammals at watering holes. It can be transported far distances as a contaminant in hay, livestock feed, and soil, and by mowing equipment and vehicles. It is commonly planted in athletic fields, roadsides, airports, lawns in saline conditions in the Southern U.S., and it becomes naturalized in agricultural fields, irrigation canals, orchards, roadsides and waste places. Vegetative structures have been seen clinging to the head and legs of bison on Catalina Island. Transport of soil contaminated with seed to new locations, and horses and cattle disperse it internally also.","Holm, L.G., Doll, J., Holm, E., Pancho, J.V., and Herberger, J.P. 1997. World weeds: natural history and distribution. John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA. Anderson, W.P. 1999. Perennial weeds: characteristics and identification of selected species. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press. Ivens, G.W. 1967. East African weeds and their control. Nairobi: Oxford University Press. Johnson, B.J. 1992. Common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) suppression in Zoysia spp. with herbicides. Weed Technology 6: 813-819. Wilken, D. and Hannah, L. 1998. Cynodon dactylon. Channel Island National Park Service Literature Review. Unpublished. Knapp, J.J. 2004. Catalina Invasive Plant Ranking Plan for the Catalina Island Conservancy. Unpublished. Arizona-Sonoma Desert Museum Programs and Research. 1996-2003. Biological survey of Ironwood Forest National Monument: exotic plants assessment. http://www.desertmuseum.org/programs/ifnm_exotic.html. Knapp, J.J. 2004. Personal observation from 2002-2004, C. dactylon stolons matted to the face of bison on Catalina Island. (310) 510-1299, jknapp@catalinaconservancy.org.","Rhizomes and seeds can be dispersed by wind and water, and seeds survive submerged for 50 days. Ants act as short distance vectors.","Holm, L.G., Doll, J., Holm, E., Pancho, J.V., and Herberger, J.P. 1997. World weeds: natural history and distribution. John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA. Brown, K. and K. Brooks. 2002. Bushland weeds _ a practical guide to their management. Environmental Weeds Action Network. Greenwood, Australia. Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve. 2000. Weed control by species. Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve. Pp. 1-57.","C. dactylon occur in regions from 45 degrees north and south latitudes. In arid regions, it invades river banks and stream beds. It is ranked second among the worst weeds of the world in agricultural areas. It is considered a damaging and aggressively invasive plant in other parts of the world, and is suspected of being so on the Galapagos Islands. Between 1983-1994, bermuda grass jumped from being absent on the Weed Science Society's list of the worst weeds to ranking 10th. Most problems were in the southern states. Scoring as C because already widespread in California.","Holm, L.G., Doll, J., Holm, E., Pancho, J.V., and Herberger, J.P. 1997. World weeds: natural history and distribution. John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA. Anderson, W.P. 1999. Perennial weeds: characteristics and identification of selected species. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press. Tye, A. 2001. Invasive plant problems and requirements for weed risk assessment in the Galapagos Islands. Pp. 153-175. Groves, R.H., F.D. Panetta and J.G. Virtue (eds.). Weed Risk Assessment. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood, Victoria, Australia Webster, T. M. and H. D. Coble. 1997. Changes in the weed species composition of the southern United States: 1974-1995. Weed Technology 11(2): 308-317","In California, the first record appeared in both San Jose and San Bernardino in 1880. It occurs on the all northern Channel Islands and nearly all counties west of the Sierra Nevada.","Wilken, D. and Hannah, L. 1998. Cynodon dactylon. Channel Island National Park Service Literature Review. Unpublished.","Not common in wildlands.","Knapp, observational.",,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Unknown,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,,,,,,,D,,,,D,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/cynodon-dactylon-profile/, "Cynoglossum officinale",,,"common houndstongue; beggar's-lice; dog bur; dog's tongue; glovewort; gypsyflower; sheelice; sticktight; woolmat",2/3/05,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442-A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph DiTomaso","University of California-Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Carla Bossard,John Randall,Carri Pirosko,Dan Gluesenkamp,Gina Skurka,Brianna Richardson",20050708,,,,U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",U,,B,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,A,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,Array,Array,B,3,Moderate,,"no information",,"Forms dense stands. Allelopathic. Extracts of hound's-tongue inhibited seed germination and root elongation of wheatgrass (1).","1. Li, S., Q. Dai, M. K. Upadhaya, and B. Adomas. 2002. Influence of hound's-tongue and spotted knapweed leaf leachates on seed germination and seedling growth of crested wheatgrass. Weed Science Society of America abstracts. 42:23","Contains toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids, heliosupine, and acetylheliosupine (1). All animals are susceptible, including wildlife. Poisoning usually occurs when dry plants are mixed with hay and fed to cattle, causing diarrhoea, and nervous problems. No information on impacts on wildlife (1).","Upadhyaya, M. K., H. R. Tilsner, and M. D. Pitt. 1988. The biology of Canadian weeds. 87. Cynoglossum officinale L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 68:763-774","No information on hybridization but there are two native Cynoglossum in California and native C. occidentale overlaps with C. officinale.",,"Inhabits disturbed places. See question 3.1","DiTomaso and Healy in prep.","Can spread fairly rapidly in forested areas of Northern California.","DiTomaso, observational.","Appears to be spreading in past 10 years, particularly in the northeastern portion of the state.","Joe DiTomaso, UC Davis, observational Carri Pirosko, California Dept. of Food and Agriculture, pers.obs. .","Biennial or short-lived perennial. Flowers in second or third year. Forms a rosette. Reproduces by seed only. Seed production is by autogamy and no outcrossing has been reported Estimates of seed production range from 50 to >2000/plant. Does not produce a large, persistent bank of buried seeds (1, 2). In England, could produce 2400 seeds/plant (2).","1. Upadhyaya et al. 1988 2. Boorman, L. A., and R. M. Fuller. 1984. The comparative ecology of two sand dune biennials: Lactuca virosa L. and Cynoglossum officinale L. New Phytologist. 69:609-629","Cattle can disperse seeds on rangelands (1). More burrs were lost from plants in grazed pastures than ungrazed. There was a postive, linear relationship between the number of burrs on a cow's face and the burr stalks/ha in a paddock (1).","1. DeClerck-Floate, R. 1997. Cattle as dispersers of hound's-tongue on rangeland in southeastern British Columbia. Journal of Range Management. 50:239-243. Carri Pirosko, California Dept. of Food and Agriculture, pers.obs.","Can disperse slowly over time by attaching to animal wool, hair, and fur. Specific gravity of seeds may be too high for them to float in water for long periods, so dispersal by water is unlikely (1).","1. Upadhyaya et al. 1988","Native to Eurasia. Present in most contiguous U.S. states except some southern states (1). In Yellowstone National Park, was associated with closed canopies, suggesting it prefers or at least tolerates shade (2). Occurs in all provinces of Canada. In British Columbia, occurs in Interior Douglas Fir, and ponderosa pine-bunchgrass zones (2).","1. DiTomaso and Healy in prep 2. Upadhyaya et al. 1988","Inhabits open disturbed, often moist places, roadsides, fields, pastures, rangeland, open woodland, forests, sand dunes, waste places, abandoned cropland, ditch and canal banks. Often grows on bare soil that is sandy or gravelly. Present in Cascade Range, mostly 800-1525m, possibly higher (1). USDA database lists it in Shasta and Plumas counties (2). 1. DiTomaso, J. and E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States. in prep. 2. USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.",,"Not common at this time, but is expanding range.","DiTomaso, observational.",,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,D,D,D,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/cynoglossum-officinale-profile/, "Cynosurus echinatus",,,"hedgehog dogtail; annual dogtail; bristly dogtail grass; hedgehoggy",3/21/05,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph M. DiTomaso","University of California, Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Jake Sigg,Peter Warner,Bob Case,John Knapp,Elizabeth Brusati",20050708,,,,B,Observational,B,Observational,B,Observational,D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,C,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,Array,Array,A,2.5,Moderate,,"Invasion of annual grasses may have changed the amount of soil moisture available during the summer. No information on this species specifically. Can also change the fire frequency in grasslands.","DiTomaso, observational.","Part of the invasive annuals collective (Geranium spp., Torilis spp., et al.) that displaces many native understory species (1). Here and there in our Bald Hills prairies (HUM), can form monocultures. Have seen it worse in Southern Oregon, same habitat (QUGA4 woodlands), they even have a white oak/hedgehog dogtail association in their forest mapping (2).","1. Personal communication, Peter Warner, California State Parks, Mendocino County 2. Personal communication, Andrea Williams, Redwood State and National Parks.","Long awns on inflorescence make plants unpalatable later in year. Not good quality or quantity forage for wildlife.","DiTomaso, observational","None No native Cynosurus in California.","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA enter text here","A pioneer species. In one study in oak woodlands, was found in sites heavily disturbed by cattle (1). Inhabits disturbed places (2).","1. Jimerson, T. M., and S. K. Carothers. 2002. Northwest California Oak Woodlands: Environment, Species Composition, and Ecological Status. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-184 2. DiTomaso, J., and E. Healy, in prep. Weeds of California and Other Western States.","Would spread at a slow rate in an uninfested area.","Personal communication, Peter Warner, California State Parks, Mendocino County.","It's already widespread (see 3.1 and 3.2), so probably stable at this point.","Personal communication, Peter Warner, California State Parks, Mendocino County.","Annual grass. Reproduces by seed. A persistent seedbank does not appear to develop (1). In an oak woodland, few seeds survived into the second year, and most of those were seedlings rather than dormant seed (2).","1. DiTomaso and Healy in prep 2. Clark, D. L. and M. V. Wilson 2003. Post-dispersal seed fates of four prairie species. American Journal of Botany 90(5): 730-735..","Possibly some movement in hayfields, but this is not a common weed in areas with hay production.","DiTomaso, observational.","Awned seeds facilitate long distance transport by animals, but most seed probably drop directly beneath parent plant. Fertile florets fall near the parent plant and probably disperse to greater distances with water, mud, and by clinging to animals, vehicle tires, and human shoes and clothing. A persistent seedbank does not appear to develop.","DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.","Native to Europe. One of the most invasive species of Oregon oak woodlands in British Columbia. Also occurs in Oregon, Washington, many eastern and southern states, and a few south-central states.","1. DiTomaso and Healy in prep.","Present in northwestern region, central-western region, Sierra Nevada foothills, Sacramento Valley (Sutter Buttes), western Transverse Ranges, and possibly south coast, to 1000m. Inhabits grassland, chaparral, oak woodland, summer dry pasture, coastal bluffs and terraces, riverbanks, and other disturbed places (1).Very common along the coast, and even more so inland. A major understory component in oak woodlands (so is somewhat shade-tolerant), and in almost all grasslands in the N. Coast Ranges and along the coast (2). Roadsides, fields, grassland, chaparral, oak woodland, summer dry pasture, coastal bluffs and terraces, riverbanks, other disturbed places.","1. DiTomaso and Healy in prep 2. Personal communication, Peter Warner, California State Parks, Mendocino County.","Spotty occurrence in oak woodlands and annual rangelands in the El Dorado county area (<1% infested). Not spreading (1). However, is a major component of grasslands and oak woodlands on the north coast.","1. Personal communication, Wendy West, UC Cooperative Extension, El Dorado county.",,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Unknown,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,D,A,D,,,,,,,,,D,,C,,,,D,D,D,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/cynosurus-echinatus-profile/, "Cytisus multiflorus",,,"white Spanish broom",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/cytisus-multiflorus-risk/ "Cytisus proliferus",,,tagasaste,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/cytisus-proliferus-risk/ "Cytisus scoparius",,"Sarathamnus scoparius, Spartium scoparius","Scotch broom; English broom; common broom",3/18/05,"Carla Bossard","St. Mary's College of California","(925) 631-4032",cbossard@stmarys-ca.edu,"401 Del Oro Av, Davis CA","Elizabeth Brusati","California Invasive Plant Council","(510) 843-3902",edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442-A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Carla Bossard,John Randall,Carri Pirosko,Dan Gluesenkamp,Gina Skurka,Brianna Richardson",20050708,,,,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,"Other Published Material",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,Observational,B,Anecdotal,Array,Array,A,3.5,High,,"Nitrogen-fixing species. Can acidify the soil. Carries fire to the tree canopy, increasing frequency and duration of fires.","1. Bossard, C. 2000. Cytisus scoparius. pp. 145-150 in Bossard, C., J. Randall, and M. Hochovsky. (eds). Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of Califonria Press, Berkeley, CA","Lower vegetation dies out beneath mature bushes, leading to widespread loss of herbaceous plants and tree seedlings (1). Displaces native species and forms monospecific stands in California (2). Native communities are not monospecific","Smith J.M.B., Halen R.L. 1991. Preliminary Observations on the Seed Dynamics of Broom (Cytisus scoparius) at Barrington Tops, New South Wales. Plant Protection Quarterly 6(2):73-78. 2. Bossard, C. 2000. Cytisus scoparius. pp. 145-150 in Bossard, C., J. Randall, and M. Hochovsky. (eds). Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of Califonria Press, Berkeley, CA","Seeds are toxic to ungulates. Mature shoots are unpalatable and are not used by forage except by rabbits in the seedling stage. Less food for native species of animals","1. Bossard, C. 2000. Cytisus scoparius. pp. 145-150 in Bossard, C., J. Randall, and M. Hochovsky. (eds). Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of Califonria Press, Berkeley, CA","No native Cytisus None known","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA","Soil disturbance from road and home construction; timber harvest; road side machinery (1). Inhabits a wide range of disturbed and undisturbed habitats. Plants establish best after soil or vegetation disturbance, such as fire or herbicide treatment. However, they can invade vegetation without major disturbance if open microsites are available (2). Seedlings in the native range in France survived better in disturbed plots than undisturbed ones (3). These increase establishment of brooms",,"1 to 1.5 m / year in undisturbed annual grasslands Spreads rapidly especially when many foci of infection are present","1. Bossard, C. 2000. Cytisus scoparius. pp. 145-150 in Bossard, C., J. Randall, and M. Hochovsky. (eds). Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA","Still spreading but not rapidly Many suitable habitats are already occupied by broom","Carla Bossard, St. Mary's College of California, personal observation","Perennial shrub. Becomes reproductive at two to three years and can live up to 17 years in California, longer than in its native range. Has long-lasting seed bank. A mature plant can produce up to 12,000 seeds that create a seedbank of 2000 seeds/sq ft and remain viable for five years (1). Seeds remain dormant for years (2). Can resprout after cutting or fire (3). Variability in the duration between seed deposition and germination (4, 5) provides C. scoparius with considerable flexibility for coping with the fluctuations in precipitation and temperature that are typical in California (4).","1. Bossard, C. 2000. Cytisus scoparius. pp. 145-150 in Bossard, C., J. Randall, and M. Hochovsky. (eds). Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. 2. Smith J.M.B., Halen R.L. 1991. Preliminary Observations on the Seed Dynamics of Broom (Cytisus scoparius) at Barrington Tops, New South Wales. Plant Protection Quarterly 6(2):73-78. 3. Bossard C.C., Rejmanek M. 1994. Herbivory, Growth, Seed Production, and Resprouting of an Exotic Invasive Shrub, Cytisus scoparius. Biological Conservation 67:193-200. 4. Bossard C. 1993. Seed Germination in the Exotic Shrub Cytisus scoparius (Scotch Broom) in California. Madrono 40(1):47-61. 5. Sheppard A.W., et al. 2002. Factors affecting the invasion and persistence of broom Cytisus scoparius in Australia. Journal of Applied Ecology 39: 721-734.","Seeds attach to road equipment (1). Sold as an ornamental (2).","1. Bossard, C. 2000. Cytisus scoparius. pp. 145-150 in Bossard, C., J. Randall, and M. Hochovsky. (eds). Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. 2. Isaacson, D. L. 2000. Impacts of broom (Cytisus scoparius) in western North America. Plant Protection Quarterly 15(4): 145-148.","Ants and ballistic seeds disperse short distances (1). Seeds also disperse with rainwash (2), but long distance movement is probably very uncommon.","1. Bossard C.C. 1991. The Role of Habitat Disturbance, Seed Predation and Ant Dispersal on Establishment of the Exotic Shrub Cytisus scaparius in California. American Midland Naturalist 126: 1-13. 2. Bossard, C. 2000. Cytisus scoparius. pp. 145-150 in Bossard, C., J. Randall, and M. Hochovsky. (eds). Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA","Canada, Australia (Smith), New Zealand and India Scoring as C because many suitable habitats already occupied by broom (see 2.3).","Bossard, C. 2000. Cytisus scoparius. pp. 145-150 in Bossard, C., J. Randall, and M. Hochovsky. (eds). Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA Smith J.M.B., Halen R.L. 1991. Preliminary Observations on the Seed Dynamics of Broom (Cytisus scoparius) at Barrington Tops, New South Wales. Plant Protection Quarterly 6(2):73-78.","As of 2000, occupied >700,000 acres in central to northwest coastal and Sierra Foothill regions. Present along the coast from Monterey to the Oregon border, prevalent in interior mountains of northern California on lower slopes and very prevalent in Eldorado, Nevada, and Placer counties in the Sierra Nevada foothills (2).","1. Bossard, C. 2000. Cytisus scoparius. pp. 145-150 in Bossard, C., J. Randall, and M. Hochovsky. (eds). Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of Califonria Press, Berkeley, CA.","See table","Carla Bossard, St. Mary's College of California, personal observation",,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,B,,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,,,,D,,,C,,,,B,,D,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/cytisus-scoparius-profile/, "Cytisus striatus",,"Cytisus patens L., Cytisus pendulinus, Cytisus welwitschii, Genista striata, Sarthamnus eriocarpus, Sarothamnus patens sensu Webb","Portuguese broom; hairy-fruited broom",18-Mar-05,"Carla Bossard","St. Mary's College of California","(925) 631-4032",cbossard@stmarys-ca.edu,"401 Del Oro Av, Davis CA","Elizabeth Brusati","California Invasive Plant Council","(510) 843-3902",edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442-A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Carla Bossard,John Randall,Carri Pirosko,Dan Gluesenkamp,Gina Skurka,Brianna Richardson",20050708,,,,B,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,C,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,A,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,Array,Array,B,2.5,Moderate,,"Soil N content increased somewhat not as nodulated as some other brooms. Can carry fire to the tree canopy.","1. Alvarez, M. 2000. Cytisus striatus. pp. 150-154 in Bossard, C., J. Randall, and M. Hochovsky. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.","Displaces native species and forms monospecific stands of one mature shurb per two square meters. Native communities are not monospecific","1. Alvarez, M. 2000. Cytisus striatus. pp. 150-154 in Bossard, C., J. Randall, and M. Hochovsky. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.","Displaces forage species; toxic to ungulates. Not as widely distributed as C. scoparius so does not have the same impact. Less food for native species of animals","Alvarez 2000","none No native Cytisus species.","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA","Soil disturbance from road and home construction; timber harvest; road side machinery These increase establishment of brooms","LeBlanc, ANR Publication 8049,bossard et al. 2000","Can spread, but not at the rate of Scotch broom.","DiTomaso, observational.","Possibly slightly spreading, but may be static or outcompeted by other brooms. Other brooms have occupied best sites for this broom","Carla Bossard, St. Mary's College of California. Personal observation.","Long-lived shrub that can survive 12 years in California. Becomes reproductive at two to three years of age. Flowers March through May on the coast, producing copious seeds that mature in June and July. Can repsrout from root crown when cut. Number of seeds variable, usually several per pod.","Alvarez 2000","Escaped from ornamental plantings in Marin County. Can be dispersed by road equipment.","Alvarez 2000","Ballistic and rainwash dispersal for short distances.","Alvarez 2000","Native to Mediterranean. Other areas of invasion not known.","Alvarez 2000","Present in the Marin Headlands, Marin County. Found occasionally in other parts of the Bay Area. Reported from Mendocino and San Diego counties. Can invade coastal prairies, coastal scrub, oak savannah, and open-canopy woodlands. In Bay Area is particularly common on non-calcareous soils.","Alvarez 2000.","Scored as D based on Carla Bossard's information. Not a widespread species.",,,No,Unknown,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/cytisus-striatus-profile/, "Dactylis glomerata",,,"orchard grass",4/4/05,"Jeffrey Corbin","UC Berkeley","510-643-4993, 510-703-4904",corbin@berkeley.edu,"Dept. of Integrative Biology, University of CA, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140","Joseph DiTomaso","University of California-Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Carla Bossard,John Randall,Carri Pirosko,Dan Gluesenkamp,Gina Skurka,Brianna Richardson",20050708,,,"Joe: Check scores for 1.2, 3.1, and 3.2",D,Observational,C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,,D,"Other Published Material",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,Array,Array,B,3,Limited,,"Not well-studied, but likely no impacts","DiTomaso, observational","Can is infrequent circumstances displace native perennial grasses. Dactylis has been shown to invade oak woodlands (Williamson and Harrison 2002), serpentine habitats (Williamson and Harrison 2002), and also appears to be an emerging threat in coastal prairie grasslands (Corbin and D'Antonio in prep). Not usually a problem and seldom in high densities.","Williamson, J. and S. Harrison (2002). ""Biotic and abiotic limits to the spread of exotic revegetation species."" Ecological Applications 12(1): 40-51. Corbin and D""Antonio in prep - unpublished paper, to be submitted to Madrono. Corbin, J. 2004. Out of the frying pan: Invasion of exotic perennial grasses in coastal prairies. Jeffrey D. Corbin, Department of Integrative Biology, UC Berkeley. Presentation at the California Invasive Plant Council Symposium. Available: http://groups.ucanr.org/ceppc/Symposia/2004_Presentations.htm","Not known. The thatch may be poor forage, but not known. Fresh grass considered good forage and is commonly used in pastures.","Very little info.","None known and no native Dactylis in California.","Hickman. 1993. The Jepson Manual.","Disturbed areas at McLaughlin Reserve saw great invasion of Dactylis (Williamson and Harrison). It has also invaded an undisturbed coastal prairie grassland (Corbin and D'Antonio in prep)","See above","Significant increase in its cover during 4 year sampling at Tom's Point Preserve (Corbin and D'Antonio in prep). LIkely not spreading fast enough to warrant an ""A"".","Williamson, J. and S. Harrison (2002). ""Biotic and abiotic limits to the spread of exotic revegetation species."" Ecological Applications 12(1): 40-51. Corbin and D""Antonio in prep - unpublished paper, to be submitted to Madrono. .","This invasion may be relatively recent - within the last 30 years or so, but infestations in the state seem to be static.","DiTomaso, observational","Reaches maturity quickly, and spreads via rhyzomes.","Corbin, J. personal observations DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Pub. #3488.","Along roadways - e.g. McLaughlin reserve (Williamson and Harrison 2002). It is likely a component of forage as well.","Williams and Harrison 2002.","Very light seeds, that likely easily attach to animals in mud, but vast majority of seed fall directly to soil surface below parent plant.","DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Pub. #3488.","British Columbia and Spain",,"Dactylis has been shown to invade oak woodlands (Williamson and Harrison 2002), serpentine habitats (Williamson and Harrison 2002), and also appears to be an emerging threat in coastal prairie grasslands (Corbin and D'Antonio in prep)","CalFlora: Information on California plants for education, research and conservation. [web application]. 2004. Albany, California: The CalFlora Database [a non-profit organization]. Available: http://www.calflora.org/. Williamson and Harrison 2002. Jeff Corbin, personal observations","Grassland, oak woodland.","Very little data about the range of potential habitats. It is widespread in the state (CALFLORA).",,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,D,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/dactylis-glomerata-profile/, "Datura inoxia",,,pricklyburr,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/datura-inoxia-risk/ "Delairea odorata",,"Senecio mikanioides","Cape-ivy; German ivy; Italian ivy; ivy groundsel; parlor ivy; water ivy",12/29/04,"Gina Skurka, Agricultural Technician","California Department of Food and Agriculture","(916) 654-0768",gskurka@cdfa.ca.gov,"1220 N Street, Room A-357, Sacramento, CA 95814","Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442-A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joe DiTomaso,John Randall,Carla Bossard",20050311,,,,A,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,,B,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",A,,C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",Array,Array,B,2.5,High,,"Dense canopy blocks sunlight from reaching plants underneath. Contains potent alkaloids including pyrrolizidine, which can be leached into water. Due to its shallow root system, cape ivy can contriubte to serious soil erosion problems on hillsides. Flood control function along streems is impacted by infestations Severe or moderate alteration of ecosystem processes. Decreases light availability and releases toxins into the water.",,"Associated with reductions in the species richness and diversity of both native and nonnative species. Abundance of native and nonnative seedlings were each significantly lower in plots invaded by Cape ivy compared to uninvaded plots. It grows rapidly and forms a thick blanket, which not only covers and smothers the other vegetation on the ground, but it clambers over small shrubs, and up trees and other vertical objects to a height of eight meters, frequently killing these as well. Formation of stands dominated (>75% cover) by this species. Severe alteration of plant community composition and structure.",,"Eleven different pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which are potent mammalian hepato-toxins, have been detected in Cape ivy and some of these are consumed and sequestered by migrating monarch butterflies. When dipped into an aquarium, Cape ivy will kill fish and a variety of aquatic insects. Refuges created as reserves for native animal and plant species are rendered worthless when large portions of their acreage are occupied by Cape ivy. Underlying vegetation and pre-invasion microclimates are obliterated. Additional Golden Gate National Recreation Area vegetation communities infested with Cape ivy support two federally endangered butterflies, federally threatened coho salmon and steelhead, and federal endangered freshwater shrimp. Cape ivy's occurrence in habitats used by these species may have some detrimental effects on their declining populations. Endangerment of existing native species/population. Severe/moderate alteration of higher trophic populations.","Balciunas, J, E. Grobbelaar, R. Robison, and S. Neser. Distribution of Cape ivy (Delairea odorata), a growing threat to western riparian ecosystems. For publication in J. Aquatic Plant Management. Archbald, G. (1995) Biology and Control of German Ivy: An Update for California Department of Fish & Game, Pesticide Applicators Seminar. DiTomaso, J. and E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States, (Unpublished). Robison, R. (2000) Distribution, Reproductive Dynamics and Physiology of Cape ivy (Delairea odorata syn Senecio mikanioides), an Invasive Wildland Weed of the Pacific Coast (Unpublished).","Cape ivy is not known to reproduce readily by seed in North America; however, viable seed was found in California. No known hybridization.",,"Takes over habitats regardless of anthropogenic or natural disturbance. Cape ivy on the west coast prefers and grows vigorously in physically challenging environments such as streamside thickets, willows and poison oak. Severe invasive potential. This species can establish independent of natural or anthropogenic disturbance.","Archbald, G and J. Sigg. (1998) A Modified Proposal for Biocontrol of Cape Ivy.","Cape ivy spread in the Marin headlands from 8.8 acres in 1987 to 67.3 acres in 1996 (765% in 9 years). A 1987 survey in a portion of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area located 3.6 hectares of Cape ivy, which when resurveyed 9 years later, had expanded nearly nine-fold to 27.2 hectares. Increases rapidly, doubling in less than 10 years.","Nelson, D. 1999. Cape Ivy, Another Problem Plant for the Ventana Wilderness. The Double Cone Quarterly. Spring Equinox 1999, Vol II, No I, <<http://www.ventanawild.org/news/se99/capeivy.html>>. Balciunas, J, E. Grobbelaar, R. Robison, and S. Neser. Distribution of Cape ivy (Delairea odorata), a growing threat to western riparian ecosystems. For publication in J. Aquatic Plant Management.","D. odorata ranges along the entire California coast and some mesic areas of the Central Valley. Over 500,000 acres are infested in California, and on Catalina Island, 13 populations were detected with 6 in riparian habitats and 1 in island scrub oak chaparral near a riparian area. All populations were small with sparse cover. Many of the plants were less than 2 feet long, indicating new establishment. D. odorata has been targeted for control at the Catalina Island Conservancy, Marin Headlands, Golden Gate National Park, Parks within Santa Cruz County, Dos Palmas Reserve, Lake Mead National Recreational Area, Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, Big Sur and San Luis Creek and San Simeon in San Luis Obispo. It can tolerate both freezing and drought, indicating a wide range of climatic preferences. On Catalina Island, 13 populations were recorded in 2003 totalling 13,825 square feet.",,"Cape ivy spreads primarily by vegetative means, breaks apart easily and both stem nodes and leaf petioles are capable of rooting. Insect-pollinated. Reproduces vegetatively from rhizomes, stolons, and fragments of rhizomes, stolons and stems and in some locations, by seed. While most seeds produced are not viable, some viable seeds develop in most sites throughout California and Oregon D. odorata is a perennial that reproduces mainly by the proliferation of stolons in California, but produces viable seed in its native range and areas invaded in Australia; however, untill recently in California no viable seed was thought to be produced. Flowering occurs extensively during December to February, and the flowers are self-incompatible. 95% of all stolons containing only 1 node establish. Rapid vegetative regrowth occurs between February and June. Drying stolons in the sun for ten weeks does not inhibit their ability to root. .","Nelson, D. 1999. Cape Ivy, Another Problem Plant for the Ventana Wilderness. The Double Cone Quarterly. Spring Equinox 1999, Vol II, No I, <<http://www.ventanawild.org/news/se99/capeivy.html>>. DiTomaso, J. and E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States, (Unpublished). Robison, R. E-mail communication. 1/4/2005. Balciunas, J. 2001. Viable seed production by cape ivy in California finally confirmed. CalEPPC News 9(2): 13.","Cape ivy is being sold as an ornamental in North America. Fragments as short as one half inch, carried by runoff or landscape machinery, can take root and colonize new areas. Listed in Sunset Western Garden Book.","Balciunas, J, E. Grobbelaar, R. Robison, and S. Neser. Distribution of Cape ivy (Delairea odorata), a growing threat to western riparian ecosystems. For publication in J. Aquatic Plant Management. Alvarez, M. (1997) Management of Cape-ivy (Delairea odorata) in the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. CalEPPC 1997 Symposium Proceedings. Found in Cal-IPC nursery survey 2004. Brenzel, K. N. 2001. Sunset Western Garden Book. Sunset Publishing Company, Menlo Park, CA","Seeds disperse with wind, water, and soil movement. If there is a Cape ivy source upstream, high water flows in the winter can be expected to transport pieces of plants down-stream, which can begin new colonies. Occasional long distance dispersal by animals or abiotic mechanisms.","Moore, K. (1997) Battling the Kudzu of the West: Controlling Cape Ivy (formerly German ivy) by Hand Removal. CalEPPC News, Fall 1997, Page 4.","Also present in Oregon and Hawaii. Listed as a noxious weed in Australia. Present in Italy and Spain.","USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.","D. odorata was first introduced to the North American east coast in the 1850's, and Marin County and Golden Gate Park, California in the 1950's for landscaping. Within 10 years it became naturalized. In California, populations have been found in following communities: grasslands, open oak forests, coastal scrub, Monterey pine forests, coastal bluff, riparian forests, old growth forests, seasonal wetlands, dunes, serpentine soil, and exotic shrub and forest communities. Also grows under eucalyptus trees, unlike most other species (Bossard, pers. obs.)","Bossard, C.C. 2000. Delairea odorata. Bossard, C.C., J.M. Randall, and M.C. Hoshovsky, (eds). Pp. 154-158. In, Invasive plants of Californias wildlands. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. Elliot, W. 1994. German ivy engulfing riparian forests and heading for the uplands. CalEPPC News 2(1): 9. Hamingson, E.E. and M.E. Alvarez. 2000. Assessing cape-ivy control in two California National Parks. P. 36 in: Kelley, M. (ed.). 2003. Proceedings of the California Exotic Pest Plant Council Symposium Vol. 6: 2000-2002. Dudley, T. 1998. Exotic plant invasions in California riparian areas and wetlands. Fremontia 26(4): 24-29. Freitzke, S. and P. Moore. 1998. Exotic plant management in National Parks of California. Fremontia 26(4):49-53.","see 3.1",,,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,C,D,,,,,,D,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/delairea-odorata-profile/, "Descurainia sophia",,"Arabis sophia, Sisymbrium sophia","tansy mustard, flixweed",3/9/04,"Matt Brooks/Research Botanist","U.S. Geological Survey",702-564-4615,matt_brooks@usgs.gov,"160 N.Stephanie St., Henderson, NV 89074",,,,,,"Carla Bossard,Joe DiTomaso,John Randall,Cynthia Roye,Jake Sigg,Alison Stanton,Peter Warner",20040319,,,,C,Observational,C,Observational,U,,U,,B,Observational,C,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,A,Observational,C,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,Array,Array,B,2,Limited,,"C. Possibly fire regimes May increase fuel loads, but only where alien annual grasses have already altered the fire regime, so additional effect of this species may be only to slightly increase fire intensity.","Matt Brooks personal observation","B. May reduce biomass and fecundity of co-existing species, but does not seem to reach numbers that completely exclude other species. Focused on early successional stages, and often co-exists with cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum).","Howard, J.L. 2003. Descurania sophia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/.","U: Unknown There is some indication that the Oxalic acids in mustard eaten by Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) may have negative physiological effect, but this is only conjecture at this point.","Kristin Berry, personal communication","U. But potential effects on the closely related native speceis, Descurania pinnata. Often coexists with the native congener.","Matt Brooks personal observation.","B. Disturbance promotes dominance and spread. Early successional species, which may decline in dominance as native species re-establish, but likely varies among vegetation types. It may persist indefiniately in riparian areas with repeated natural disturbance.","Matt Brooks personal observation","C. Slow unless there is disturbance. occurs in habitat openings caused by nautural distubances, roads, urban developments, agricultural fields, etc.","Matt Brooks personal observation","C. Probably constant It has beenaround since the 1800s, and was widespread in the intermountain region by 1920","Pyke, David A. 2000. Invasive exotic plants in sagebrush ecosystems of the Intermountain West. In: Entwistle, P. G.; DeBolt, A. M.; Kaltenecker, J. H.; Steenhof, K., compilers. Sagebrush steppe ecosystems symposium: Proceedings; 1999 June 21-23; Boise, ID. Publ. No. BLM/ID/PT-001001+1150. Boise, ID: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Boise State Office: 43-44.","For seed production see Salisbury. E.J. 1961. Weeds and Aliens. Macmillan Co., New York. 330pp, otherwise, Matt Brooks personal observation","A. High Mustard seeds are sticky when wet facilitating dispersal on vehicles and grow in hay fields where they may be dispersed along with the hay when it is sold","A. High Mustard seeds are sticky when wet facilitating dispersal on vehicles and grow in hay fields where they may be dispersed along with the hay when it is sold","Matt Brooks personal observation","C. Low Likely dispersed by saltation or rodents.","Matt Brooks personal observation","C. Unknown, but likely semi-arid to mesic ecosystems worldwide also found in similar ecosystems in South America, Asia, southern Africa, and New Zealand","Howard, J.L. 2003. Descurania sophia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/.","A. Widspread has invaded shrublands, grasslands, woodlands, and riparian areas","Hickman, 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plant of Calfifornia. U.C. Press. and Matt Brooks personal observation","C moderately abundant in coast scrub and Great Basin scrub","Matt Brooks personal observation",,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Unknown,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,,,,D,C,D,D,C,D,,D,D,D,D,D,D,D,,,,,D,D,D,D,D,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/descurainia-sophia-profile/, "Digitalis purpurea",,,foxglove,7/31/03,"Peter J. Warner","California Dept. of Parks and Recreation; CalEPPC","(707) 937-9176; (707) 937-2278",pwarner@mcn.org,"P. O. Box 603, Little River, CA 95456-0603",,,,,,"Jake Sigg,Peter Warner,Joe DiTomaso,Doug Johnson,Brianna Richardson",20030801,,,,U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,Observational,C,Observational,D,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,B,Observational,C,Observational,A,,A,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,Array,Array,B,2.5,Limited,,"None known",,"change in community composition; displacement of native species observed","Peter Warner (personal observation); Joe DiTomaso (personal observation)","potential for wildlife poisoning (1) _ have generalist herbivores learned to avoid? Observations suggest plants are not browsed (2) inferred from toxicity of plant; reports on domestic animal injuries, deaths",,"None known; probability remote due to lack of closely related native species inferred from lack of closely related species native to California","Hickman, JC, et al. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Vascular Plants of California","little, if any, disturbance necessary for establishment; grows in shaded to open, damp forests inferred from conditions where plants have become established (observations)","Peter Warner (personal observation)","Does not appear to spread rapidly; plants do not generally establish in dense populations based on observations of infestations","Peter Warner (personal observation)","probably slowly increasing, due to seed dispersal by birds; species has probably been widely dispersed for a long time (100+ years) observational; inference","Peter Warner (personal observations)","abundant production of small seeds (many per flower, many flowers/plant) written information; inference","Hickman, JC, et al. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Vascular Plants of California; DiTomaso, J (unpublished data); Peter Warner (personal observation)","plants widely used horticulturally; seeds dispersed on clothing, footwear, etc. written information; deductive reasoning based on observations of infested areas","DiTomaso, J (unpublished data);","wind, water, mud clinging to animal hooves & feet (1); often observed spreading along trails in damp areas (2) written information","1. DiTomaso, J (unpublished data) 2. Warner, PJ. 2002-2005. Personal observations in Mendocino Co. 707/937-9176 corylus@earthlink.net","widespread in cool, moist areas of the North American west; northeast U. S. published information; observations","Hickman, JC, et al. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Vascular Plants of California; DiTomaso, J (unpublished data); Peter Warner (personal observation)","common in cool, coastal forests, woodlands, scrub of Pacific Northwest; unknown types of habitats in Sierra Nevada, Cascades, Klamath Mtns.; probably introduced early in Euro-American settlement areas of the West observations; inference based on horticultural popularity, long-term medicinal use of plant","Warner, PJ. 2002-2005. Personal observations, Mendocino Co. 707/937-1976 corylus@earthlink.net 2. Hickman, JC (editor). 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley 3. DiTomaso, J. 2005. unpublished data","common but sporadic in suitable habitat (1,2,3); not observed in a high proportion of vulnerable habitat types, but common within those invaded (1). extrapolation from local observations","1. Warner, PJ. 2002-2005. Personal observations, Mendocino Co. 707/937-1976 corylus@earthlink.net 2. Hickman, JC (editor). 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley 3. DiTomaso, J. 2005. unpublished data",,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,D,,,,D,,,D,D,D,D,,,,,,C,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/digitalis-purpurea-profile/, "Dipogon lignosus",,,"Cape sweet pea, okie bean",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/dipogon-lignosus-risk/ "Dipsacus fullonum",,"Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. Dipsacus fullonum var. sativus is reserved for cultivated teasel.","wild teasel; common teasel; card thistle; Fuller's teasel",23-Jul-04,"Carri Pirosko","California Department of Food and Agriculture, Noxious Weed Program",530-545-9119,cpirosko@cdfa.ca.gov,"20235 Charlanne Drive, Redding, CA 96002","Joseph M. DiTomaso","University of California",530-754-8715,ditomaso@vegmail.ucdavis.edu,"Weed Science Program, Robbins Hall, Davis, CA 95616","Jake Sigg,Peter Warner,Alison Stanton,Joe DiTomaso,Cynthia Roye,John Randall",20040827,,,,C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,Observational,B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",Array,Array,B,4,Moderate,,"light availability, nutrient impacts from persisting stalks/leaves dead stems and flower heads can persist for a year or more, impacting light penetration at ground level, shading out native or desirable plant species","DiTomaso, J.M. and E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States, as yet published.","can form dominant stands and on rare occasiona even monocultures, has impacted threatened species in other states, can form dense and persisting litter/thatch layer Dead stems and flower heads can persist for a year or more, impacting light levels at ground level, shading out native or desirable plant species ; Mechanisms of competition for individual plants include the wide, horizontally-oriented reosette leaves which proudce heavy shading, and the deep taproot which extends to depths beyond roots of many grasses Grass litter, and the presence of other dicotyledonous species, and the overall primary productivity of the rest of the community are important factors determining the success or failure of an attempeted colonization by teasel. If left unchecked, teasel quickly can form large monocultures excluding all native vegetation; Threatens to displace native species of sensitive conservation status in the UK; invading high quality natural communities including prairies, savannas, seeps and sedge meadows; One of few plants to have been investigated in detail as an alien species threatening to displace a native plant of sensitive conservation status/listed as Federally threatened (Cirsium vinaceum) in Central New Mexico","DiTomaso, J.M. and E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States, as yet published; Cheesman, O.D., 1998. The impact of some field boundary management practices development of Dipsacus fullonum L. flowering stems, and implications for conservation. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 68 (1998) 41-49; Werner, P.A., 1975. The biology of Canadian weeds. Can. J. Plant Sci. 55:783-794; Glass, William, 1990. Vegetation management Manual: Cutleved teasel and common teasel, Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, Springfield Illinois.","Only one reference found to impacts to cattle and humans trying to pass through a densely infested teasel area stands become dense and impenetrable to humans or livestock;","Werner, P.A., 1975. The biology of Canadian weeds. Can. J. Plant Sci. 55:783-794","Rated as ""minor"" because the potential does exist according to the literature, see cited reference below. No native species of Dipsacus in California, so hybridization is not relevant. No hybrids involving this species have been described; however, since isolation of species of Dipsacus is mainly geographic and ecological, it is probable that extensive hydridization could be expected when species do come in contact.","Ehrendorfer, F., 1965. Dispersal mechanisms, genetic systems, and colonizing abilities in some flwering plant families. Pages 331-352 in H.G Baker and G.L. Stebbins, eds. The genetics of colonizing species. Academic Press, New York.","Usually establishment requires either anthropogenic or natural disturbance. Usually establishment requires either anthropogenic or natural disturbance. Teasel sometimes occurs in high quality prairies, savannaas, seeps, and sedge meadows, BUT roadsides, dumps, and heavily disturbed areas are the most common habitats of teasel.","Glass, William, 1990. Vegetation management Manual: Cutleved teasel and common teasel, Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, Springfield Illinois.","Based on literature cited below, teasel likely ranks somewhere in between ""increases, but less rapidly"" to ""stable"". Populations of teasel have been collected from the same field and roadsides for up to 25 years, explanations for the logevity of the population on one site are lacking. It is suspected that teasel numbers fluctuate greatly and the spread of a population is relatevely slow compared to other weeds because the generation time of teasel is longer than 1 year and there is no vegetative reproduction","Werner, P.A., 1975. The biology of Canadian weeds. Can. J. Plant Sci. 55:783-794.","Statewide, teasel likely ranks somewhere in between ""increases, but less rapidly"" to ""stable"". Over the entire state it probably has not expanded its range in the past several years. Personal observation: teasel infestations in roadside meadows have expanded greatly within a 2-3 year timeframe; while some seem to be fairly stable in overall range/expansion potential. Teasel has spread rapidly in the last 20-30 years- this rapid range expansion probably was aided by construction of the interstate highway system ; because of teasel's use as a horticulture plant, this has aided in its dispersal","Personal Observation- C. Pirosko and J.M. DiTomaso","a single plant might be expected to produce approx. 3,000 seeds; In fields presenting optimal conditions, teasel rosettes may grow rapidly and flower in their 2nd year, while in less suitable areas the rosettes grow more slowly and populations may consist of plants on a 3- or 4- year reproductive cycle;","Werner, P.A., 1975. The biology of Canadian weeds. Can. J. Plant Sci. 55:783-794; Glass, William, 1990. Vegetation management Manual: Cutleved teasel and common teasel, Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, Springfield Illinois.","roadside contructions/maintenance; horticulture/nursery trade; dried flower arrangements and gardening Can be dispersed to greater distances with water, mud, soil movement, human activities, and possibly animals; often found along steep roadside banks of new highways where potential for severe erosion is high, connected with highway construction. Popular in dried flower arrangements and thus could be spread by persons collecting plants for such dried arrangements; because of teasel's use as a horticulture plant, this has aided in its dispersal.","DiTomaso, J.M. and E. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California and Other Western States, (in press)","Most seed do not travel long distances- while, water is the primary mode of long distance dispersal, seeds designed to endure submersion in water for long periods of time Most seed fall near plant base (99.9%), but can be dispersed to greater distances with water, mud, soil movement, human activities, and possibly animals; seeds can float in water up to 22 days without loss of viability; .","DiTomaso, J.M. and E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States, as yet published. Werner, P.A., 1975. The biology of Canadian weeds. Can. J. Plant Sci. 55:783-794; Glass, William, 1990. Vegetation management Manual: Cutleved teasel and common teasel, Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, Springfield Illinois.","Seems to invade similar ecological types in California as in other states and regions North Coast, Klamath Ranges, central and southern Sierra Nevada foothills, San Francisco Bay region, 10 1700m. Most contiguous states, except some southern and north-central states; Very dense patches found in northeastern US and northwestern US; Currently invades: fallow fields, pastures, roadside, waste places, ditches, riparian sites and other disturbed sties; invading high quality natural communities including prairies, savannas, seeps and sedge meadows","DiTomaso, J.M. and E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States, as yet published.","It looks to invade in seven ecological types, widespread. Currently invades: fallow fields, pastures, roadside, waste places, ditches, riparian sites and other disturbed sties; invading high quality natural communities including prairies, savannas, seeps and sedge meadows Teasel grows in open sunny habitats, ranging from wet to dry conditions, while wet conditions are optimal","DiTomaso, J.M. and E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States, as yet published; Cheesman, O.D., 1998. The impact of some field boundary management practices development of Dipsacus fullonum L. flowering stems, and implications for conservation. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 68 (1998) 41-49; Rayner, J.N. (ed.), 1961. Surfaced temperature frequencies for North America and Greenland. Arctic Meteorol. Res. Group Publ. 33,, Montreal, Que.","Fairly widestread distribution, some parameters listed below for establishment A typical teasel population might ocupy 2,000 m2 of a field or extend for several kilometers along a roadway Currently invades: fallow fields, pastures, roadside, waste places, ditches, riparian sites and other disturbed sties; invading high quality natural communities including prairies, savannas, seeps and sedge meadows Teasel grows in open sunny habitats, ranging from wet to dry conditions, while wet conditions are optimal","Werner, P.A., 1975. The biology of Canadian weeds. Can. J. Plant Sci. 55:783-794; Cheesman, O.D., 1998. The impact of some field boundary management practices development of Dipsacus fullonum L. flowering stems, and implications for conservation. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 68 (1998) 41-49; Rayner, J.N. (ed.), 1961. Surfaced temperature frequencies for North America and Greenland. Arctic Meteorol. Res. Group Publ. 33,, Montreal, Que.",,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,,,,"a few seeds are produced by selfing, while most seed produced through cross pollination; no vegetative reproduction; a rosette forms a flowering stalk only after attaining a critical size of approximately 30 cm in diameter, so doesn't necessarily reach reprod. maturity in 2 years or less",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,D,C,,C,,,C,D,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/dipsacus-fullonum-profile/, "Dipsacus laciniatus",,,"cutleaf teasel",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/dipsacus-laciniatus-risk/ "Dipsacus sativus",,"In most of the literature used in this review, the teasels were described as a group, making very little distinction between D. sativus, D. fullonum, and D. sylvestris (name also used for D. fullonum); therefore information is largely identical. Further, according to personal observation by J.M. DiTomaso, in California, both D. fullonum and D. sativus occur in similar habitats and behave in a similar manner.","Fuller's teasel",23-Jul-04,"Carri Pirosko","California Department of Food and Agriculture, Noxious Weed Program",530-545-9119,cpirosko@cdfa.ca.gov,"20235 Charlanne Drive, Redding, CA 96002","Joseph M. DiTomaso","University of California",530-754-8715,ditomaso@vegmail.ucdavis.edu,"Weed Science Program, Robbins Hall, Davis, CA 95616","Peter Warner,Joe DiTomaso,Alison Stanton,John Randall,Jake Sigg,Cynthia Roye",20040827,,,,C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,Observational,B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",Array,Array,B,4,Moderate,,"light availability, nutrient impacts from persisting stalks/leaves dead stems and flower heads can persist for a year or more, impacting light levels at ground level, shading out native or desirable plant species","DiTomaso, J.M. and E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States, as yet published.","can form dominant stands/monocultures, has impacted threatened species in other states, can form dense and persisting litter/thatch layer Dead stems and flower heads can persist for a year or more, impacting light levels at ground level, shading out native or desirable plant species ; Mechanisms of competition for individual plants include the wide, horizontally-oriented reosette leaves which proudce heavy shading, and the deep taproot which extends to depths beyond roots of many grasses Grass litter, and the presence of other dicotyledonous species, and the overall primary productivity of the rest of the community are important factors determining the success or failure of an attempeted colonization by teasel. If left unchecked, teasel quickly can form large monocultures excluding all native vegetation; Threatens to displace native species of sensitive conservation status in the UK; invading high quality natural communities including prairies, savannas, seeps and sedge meadows; One of few plants to have been investigated in detail as an alien species threatening to displace a native plant of sensitive conservation status/listed as Federally threatened (Cirsium vinaceum) in Central New Mexico","DiTomaso, J.M. and E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States, as yet published; Cheesman, O.D., 1998. The impact of some field boundary management practices development of Dipsacus fullonum L. flowering stems, and implications for conservation. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 68 (1998) 41-49; Werner, P.A., 1975. The biology of Canadian weeds. Can. J. Plant Sci. 55:783-794; Glass, William, 1990. Vegetation management Manual: Cutleved teasel and common teasel, Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, Springfield Illinois.","Only one reference found to impacts to cattle and humans trying to pass through a densely infested teasel area stands become dense and impenetrable to humans or livestock;","Werner, P.A., 1975. The biology of Canadian weeds. Can. J. Plant Sci. 55:783-794","Rated as ""minor"" because the potential does exist according to the literature, see cited reference below. No native species of Dipsacus in California, so hybridization is not relevant. No hybrids involving this species have been described; however, since isolation of species of Dipsacus is mainly geographic and ecological, it is probable that extensive hydridization could be expected when species do come in contact.","Ehrendorfer, F., 1965. Dispersal mechanisms, genetic systems, and colonizing abilities in some flwering plant families. Pages 331-352 in H.G Baker and G.L. Stebbins, eds. The genetics of colonizing species. Academic Press, New York.","Usually establishment requires either anthropogenic or natural disturbance. Usually establishment requires either anthropogenic or natural disturbance. Teasel sometimes occurs in high quality prairies, savannaas, seeps, and sedge meadows, BUT roadsides, dumps, and heavily disturbed areas are the most common habitats of teasel.","Glass, William, 1990. Vegetation management Manual: Cutleved teasel and common teasel, Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, Springfield Illinois.","Based on literature cited below, teasel likely rankes some where inbetween ""increases, but less rapidly"" to ""stable"". Populations of teasel have been collected from the same field and roadsides for up to 25 years, explanations for the logevity of the population on one site are lacking. It is suspected that teasel numbers fluctuate greatly and the spread of a population is relatevely slow compared to other weeds because the generation time of teasel is longer than 1 year and there is no vegetative reproduction","Werner, P.A., 1975. The biology of Canadian weeds. Can. J. Plant Sci. 55:783-794.","Statewide, teasel likely rankes some where inbetween ""increases, but less rapidly"" to ""stable"". Over the entire state it probably has not expanded its range in the past several years. Personal observation: teasel infestations in roadside meadows have expanded greatly within a 2-3 year timeframe; while some seem to be fairly stable in overall range/expansion potential. Teasel has spread rapidly in the last 20-30 years- this rapid range expansion probably was aided by construction of the interstate highway system ; because of teasel's use as a horticulture plant, this has aided in its dispersal","Personal Observation - C. Pirosko and J.M. DiTomaso","a single plant might be expected to produce approx. 3,000 seeds; In fields presenting optimal conditions, teasel rosettes may grow rapidly and flower in their 2nd year, while in less suitable areas the rosettes grow more slowly and populations may consist of plants on a 3- or 4- year reproductive cycle;","Werner, P.A., 1975. The biology of Canadian weeds. Can. J. Plant Sci. 55:783-794; Glass, William, 1990. Vegetation management Manual: Cutleved teasel and common teasel, Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, Springfield Illinois.","roadside contructions/maintenance; horticulture/nursery trade; dried flower arrangements and gardening Can be dispersed to greater distances with water, mud, soil movement, human activities, and possibly animals; often found along steep roadside banks of new highways where potential for severe erosion is high, connected with highway construction. Popular in dried flower arrangements and thus could be spread by persons collecting plants for such dried arrangements; because of teasel's use as a horticulture plant, this has aided in its dispersal.","DiTomaso, J.M. and E. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California and Other Western States, (in press)","Most seed do not travel long distances- while, water is the primary mode of long distance dispersal, seeds designed to endure submersion in water for long periods of time Most seed fall near plant base (99.9%), but can be dispersed to greater distances with water, mud, soil movement, human activities, and possibly animals; seeds can float in water up to 22 days without loss of viability; .","DiTomaso, J.M. and E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States, as yet published. Werner, P.A., 1975. The biology of Canadian weeds. Can. J. Plant Sci. 55:783-794; Glass, William, 1990. Vegetation management Manual: Cutleved teasel and common teasel, Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, Springfield Illinois.","Seems to invade similar ecological types in California as in other states and regions North Coast, Klamath Ranges, central and southern Sierra Nevada foothills, San Francisco Bay region, 10 1700m. Most contiguous states, except some southern and north-central states; Very dense patches found in northeastern US and northwestern US; Currently invades: fallow fields, pastures, roadside, waste places, ditches, riparian sites and other disturbed sties; invading high quality natural communities including prairies, savannas, seeps and sedge meadows","DiTomaso, J.M. and E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States, as yet published.","It looks to invade in seven ecological types, widespread. Currently invades: fallow fields, pastures, roadside, waste places, ditches, riparian sites and other disturbed sties; invading high quality natural communities including prairies, savannas, seeps and sedge meadows Teasel grows in open sunny habitats, ranging from wet to dry conditions, while wet conditions are optimal","DiTomaso, J.M. and E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States, as yet published; Cheesman, O.D., 1998. The impact of some field boundary management practices development of Dipsacus fullonum L. flowering stems, and implications for conservation. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 68 (1998) 41-49; Rayner, J.N. (ed.), 1961. Surfaced temperature frequencies for North America and Greenland. Arctic Meteorol. Res. Group Publ. 33,, Montreal, Que.","Fairly widestread distribution, some parameters listed below for establishment A typical teasel population might ocupy 2,000 m2 of a field or extend for several kilometers along a roadway Currently invades: fallow fields, pastures, roadside, waste places, ditches, riparian sites and other disturbed sties; invading high quality natural communities including prairies, savannas, seeps and sedge meadows Teasel grows in open sunny habitats, ranging from wet to dry conditions, while wet conditions are optimal","Werner, P.A., 1975. The biology of Canadian weeds. Can. J. Plant Sci. 55:783-794; Cheesman, O.D., 1998. The impact of some field boundary management practices development of Dipsacus fullonum L. flowering stems, and implications for conservation. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 68 (1998) 41-49; Rayner, J.N. (ed.), 1961. Surfaced temperature frequencies for North America and Greenland. Arctic Meteorol. Res. Group Publ. 33,, Montreal, Que.",,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,,,,"a few seeds are produced by selfing, while most seed produced through cross pollination; no vegetative reproduction; a rosette forms a flowering stalk only after attaining a critical size of approximately 30 cm in diameter, so doesn't necessarily reach reprod. maturity in 2 years or less",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,D,C,,C,,,C,D,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/dipsacus-sativus-profile/, "Dittrichia graveolens",,"Inula graveolens, Erigeron graveolens, Cupularia graveolens","stinkwort; stinkweed; Khaki weed;",4/14/05,"John Beall","California Native Plant Society",408-739-3756,bpsdeuc@yahoo.com,"1275 Heatherstone WaySunnyvale, CA 94087",,,,,,"Jake Sigg,Peter Warner,Bob Case,John Knapp,Elizabeth Brusati",20050708,,,"Dittrichia graveolens is very new to California (1984). It has been found primarily in disturbed areas. Conclusions about which plant communities (intact or disturbed) can be invaded by Dittrichia graveolens in California are speculative. Future specimens collected should include observations of the plant community (species present) and the condition of the plant community.",U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,C,3.5,Moderate,Alert,"Dittrichia graveolens can grow on heavy metal mine waste adding litter to the soil and bioaccumulating Mercury, Zinc, and Nickel. This could possibly redistribute heavy metals from deeper in the soil profile and accumulate them in the growing region of plants. There is no information to support this hypothesis, however. Dittrichia graveolens can grow on mercury mine waste soil with 2.5% Mercury (Hg), and bioaccumulate 16,500ug/g Hg (Almaden mine, Spain). It has grown on mine waste in Rubik, Albania and bioaccumulates Nickel (1110 mg/kg and Zinc (849 mg/kg).","Danish Environmental Protection Agency. 2000. Management of Contaminated Sites and Land in Central and Eastern Europe: Albania Accessed online April 4, 2005 at http://www.mst.dk/udgiv/Publications/2000/87-7909-888-6/html/kap10-eng.htm Higueras, Pablo L. University of Castilla-La-Mancha, Spain. 2003. Presentation: Almaden: Remediation techniques in the largest mercury mining district of the world. CCMS Meeting Prevention and Remediation Issues in selected Industrial Sectors Pilot Study. Bala Mare (Romania), Sept. 7-11 2003. Accessed online April 4, 2005 at http://www.cluin.org/romania/presentations/2921843.pdf","Can form dense stands in late summer/early fall with few plant competitors. Grows rapidly late in the year from small rossette to over 1meter tall in open, disturbed, riparian, non-native grasslands, and sites which may include some native species. In Australia: Can compete with annuals and forbs. Dittrichia graveolens impacts a greater variety of plant communities.","Australia: Victoria (Australia) Department of Primary Industries. 2005. Impact Assessment Dittrichia graveolens. Accessed online on 4/6/05 at http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/DPI/Vro/rosite.nsf/pages/impact_stinkwort Parsons, W. T., Cuthbertson, E.G. 1992. Stinkwort Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Noxious Weeds of Australia Inkata Press p 281-283. Parsons, W. T., 1973 Stinkwort (Inula graveolens (L.) Desf.) Noxious Weeds of Victoria. Inkata Press. Sydney Australia p104-107. California: Preston R. E., Dittrichia graveolens (Asteraceae) New to California weed flora. Madrono 44(2) 200-203. Parsons, W. T., 1973 Stinkwort (Inula graveolens (L.) Desf.) Noxious Weeds of Victoria. Inkata Press. Sydney Australia p104-107. John Beall: personal observation (2000-2005)","Sheep graze on plant seedheads can get sick or die. Can taint meat or milk if eaten by cows. Can cause contact dermatitis/itching to people brushing against or hand pulling (without gloves) green plants. The barbed seedhead becomes imbedded in the intestine of sheep causing enteritis. The plants produce terpenes which are thought to cause allergic contact dermititis.","In Australia Philbey, A.W., A.G. Morton, 2000. Pyogranulomatous enteristis in sheep due to penetrating seed heads of Dittrichia graveolens. Aust. Vet. J. Vol. 78. No 12 pps 858-860 Parsons, W. T., 1973 Stinkwort (Inula graveolens (L.) Desf.) Noxious Weeds of Victoria. Inkata Press. Sydney Australia p104-107. Parsons, W. T., Cuthbertson, E.G. 1992. Stinkwort Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Noxious Weeds of Australia Inkata Press p 281-283. In California Preston R. E., Dittrichia graveolens (Asteraceae) New to California weed flora. Madrono 44(2) 200-203. John Beall : personal observation (2000-2005)","None No native species of Dittrichia","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA","Anthropogenic disturbances such as: timing/type of weed control, general construction/grading of lots, right of ways, roads, trails, levees, and dams. Overgrazing domestic livestock and improperly timed mowing can encourage establishment. So far Dittrichia graveolens needs some anthropogenic or natural disturbance to invade native plant communities. Removal of vegetation encourages establishment of Dittrichia graveolens.","Australia Parsons, W. T., Cuthbertson, E.G. 1992. Stinkwort Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Noxious Weeds of Australia Inkata Press p 281-283. Parsons, W. T., 1973 Stinkwort (Inula graveolens (L.) Desf.) Noxious Weeds of Victoria. Inkata Press. Sydney Australia p104-107. Victoria (Australia( Department of Primary Industries. 2005. Impact Assessment Dittrichia graveolens. Accessed online on 4/6/05 at http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/DPI/Vro/rosite.nsf/pages/impact_stinkwort California Preston R. E., Dittrichia graveolens (Asteraceae) New to California weed flora. Madrono 44(2) 200-203.","Rapidly expanding. Dittrichia graveolens was found in California first in 1984 in Alviso in Santa Clara County (Close to Alameda County) along a levee/railroad track. Since that time it has rapidly expanded along roadsides, bayland levees, manipulated riparian areas, vacant lots, overgrazed pastures, and non-native grasslands from Santa Clara, Alameda, and Contra Costa Counties to surrounding counties.","Hrusa, Fred; Ertter, Barbara;Sanders, Andrew; Leppeig, Gordon; Dean Ellen. 2002. Catalogue of non-native vascular plants occurring in spontaneously in California beyound those addressed in The Jepson Manual:Part I. Madrono. 49(20 April-June 61-98. Preston R. E., Dittrichia graveolens (Asteraceae) New to California weed flora. Madrono 44(2) 200-203. Preston, Robert List of Dittricha graveolens specimens. unpublished document. Jepson Herbarium Dittrichia graveolens, specimens. John Beall: Personal observation","Increasing rapidly since introduction in 1984 in disturbed areas primarliy along roads, levees, and manipulated rivercourses. Dittrichia graveolens is found (based upon a ID'ed specimen) in 14 counties in California. Specimens were collected and ID'ed in Santa Clara County (1984), Alameda County (1996), Contra Costa County (1996), Madera County (1997), San Joaquin County (1997), Solano County (1998), Sonoma County (1999), YoloCounty (1999), San Mateo County (2001), Marin County (2002), Sacramento County (2002), Santa Cruz County (2002), Placer County (2003), San Diego County (2003). Counties where specimens have not been seen and/or listed, but not collected and ID'ed include San Benito County (2004) Ventura County (2004), Monterey County (2005)","Hrusa, Fred; Ertter, Barbara;Sanders, Andrew; Leppeig, Gordon; Dean Ellen. 2002. Catalogue of non-native vascular plants occurring in spontaneously in California beyound those addressed in The Jepson Manual:Part I. Madrono. 49(20 April-June 61-98. Preston R. E., Dittrichia graveolens (Asteraceae) New to California weed flora. Madrono 44(2) 200-203. Preston, Robert List of Dittricha graveolens specimens and locations. unpublished document. Pinnacles Plant Checklist December 2004 unpublished document. Jepson Herbarium Dittrichia graveolens specimens Bob Case: personal communication (2005) John Beall: personal observation (2005)",". Plants growing from 2 centimeters to one meter can produce flowers. Dittrichia graveolens produces copius amounts of seed ( estimated 15,000 seed per plant) after a rapid growth from rosette in late summer. It flowers from September till December with seeds developing after flowering even after plant being pulled. Seeds last no more than three years. Seeds can move over 200 meters in the air.","Parsons, W. T., Cuthbertson, E.G. 1992. Stinkwort Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Noxious Weeds of Australia Inkata Press p 281-283. Parsons, W. T., 1973 Stinkwort (Inula graveolens (L.) Desf.) Noxious Weeds of Victoria. Inkata Press. Sydney Australia p104-107. Victoria (Australia) Department of Primary Industries. 2005. Invasiveness Assessment Dittrichia graveolens. Accessed online on 4/6/05 at http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/DPI/Vro/rosite.nsf/pages/_stinkwort Preston R. E., Dittrichia graveolens (Asteraceae) New to California weed flora. Madrono 44(2) 200-203. John Beall: Personal observation (2000-2005)","Dittrichia graveolens has a wide variety of human caused dispersal mthods Dittrichia graveolens seeds can be dispersed long distances by the barbed/sticky seed attaching to vehicles, human clothing, shoes, or animal fur. Sheep or unprocessed wool can carry seeds. Seeds can be moved with soil in loads or with equiptment. Seeds can be windborne over 200 meters which facilitates movement by human causes.","Parsons, W.T. 1973 Noxious Weeds of Victoria. Inkata Press Sydney Australia, Parsons, W. T., Cuthbertson, E.G. 1992. Stinkwort Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Noxious Weeds of Australia Inkata Press p 281-283. Victoria (Australia) Department of Primary Industries. 2005. Impact Assessment Dittrichia graveolens. Accessed online on 4/6/05 at http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/DPI/Vro/rosite.nsf/pages/_stinkwort DiTomaso J., Healey E., Weeds of California and other Western States. unpublished. Preston, R.E. 1997, Dittrichia graveolens (Asteraceae), New to California weed flora. Madrono 44(2). 200-203. Randall, John. 1999, Import Risk Analysis: Importation of weed species by live animals and unprocessed fibre of sheep and goats. p. 13 Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Wellington New Zealand. Nesom G. L. 2004. Asteraceae from wool mill sites in South Carolina, Including new records for North America. SIDA 21(2) 1215-1223.","Seed can be moved naturally by wind, soil movement, water, and seed attachment to animals. Pappus is well developed for wind dispersal and can move seed long distances. Seeds can be dispersed by wind greater than 200 meters which facilitates other natural dispersal mechanisms. Dispersal by attachement of seed to animals. Seeds can be moved by water into roadless area more than two miles down Chalone Creek at Pinnacles National Monument.","Victoria (Australia) Department of Primary Industries. 2005. Invasiveness Assessment Dittrichia graveolens. Accessed online on 4/6/05 at http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/DPI/Vro/rosite.nsf/pages/_stinkwort :Parsons, W. T., Cuthbertson, E.G. 1992. Stinkwort Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Noxious Weeds of Australia Inkata Press p 281-283. Parsons, W. T., 1973 Stinkwort (Inula graveolens (L.) Desf.) Noxious Weeds of Victoria. Inkata Press. Sydney Australia p104-107. California: Preston R. E., Dittrichia graveolens (Asteraceae) New to California weed flora. Madrono 44(2) 200-203. Sharon Franklet Botanist, Pinnacles National Monument: Personal Communication (2005)","See Rationale Besides being found in California, Dittrichia graveolens is found in New Jersey at Liberty State Park, New York, Connecticut, and in 1957 a specimen was found, but not identified until 200, in Berkeley County, South Carolina. All United States locations were considered disturbed, ruderal, rangeland, tidal, or riparian. In Australia which has had Dittrichia for 150 years it is found in a greater variety of habitats. In Victoria Dittricha graveolens is distributed in medium to large populations in dry coastal vegetation, mallee shrubland, lowland grassland and grassy woodland, and dry sclerophyll forest and woodland. It is also found in disturbed sites in England, Germany, Austria, Netherlands.","United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2005. Plant Profile for Dittrichia graveolens (L) W.Greuter stinkwort Nesom, G.L. 2004, Asteraceae from wool mill sites in South Carolina, including New Records for North America. SIDA 21(2) 1215-1223. Victoria (Australia) Department of Primary Industries. 2005. Impact Assessment Dittrichia graveolens. Accessed online on 4/6/05 at http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/DPI/Vro/rosite.nsf/pages/_stinkwort","First specimen of Ditttrichia graveolens (Accession number UC1601326) collected November 1, 1984 two miles north of Alviso in Santa Clara County along railroad tracks at the upper edge of the tidal marsh by H.T. Harvey. Dittrichia graveolens is found (based upon a ID'ed specimen) in 14 counties in California. Specimens were collected and ID'ed in Santa Clara County (1984), Alameda County (1996), Contra Costa County (1996), Madera County (1997), San Joaquin County (1997), Solano County (1998), Sonoma County (1999), YoloCounty (1999), San Mateo County (2001), Marin County (2002), Sacramento County (2002), Santa Cruz County (2002), Placer County (2003), San Diego County (2003). Counties where specimens have not been seen and/or listed, but not collected and ID'ed include San Benito County (2004) Ventura County (2004), Monterey County (2005) In California Dittrichia graveolens is primarily found in disturbed or ruderal sites particularly along roads and levees, and graded sites with few plants in late summer . It has also been found on the edge of the tidal estuary, rocky outcrops, in properly grazed and overgrazed pastureland (non-native grassland), in manipulated riparian areas, intact riparian scrub-dry washes, at the edge of drying lakes, percolation ponds, and depressions. Dittrichia graveolens has been in California too short of a time to get an accurate picture of which plant communities have been or will be invaded.","enter text here Preston R. E., Dittrichia graveolens (Asteraceae) New to California weed flora. Madrono 44(2) 200-203. Preston, Robert, 2005. List of Dittricha graveolens specimens and locations: unpublished document. Pinnacles Plant Checklist December 2004 National Park Service: unpublished document. Sharon Franklet Botanist, Pinnacles National Monument: Personal Communication (2005) Jepson Herbarium Dittrichia graveolens specimens Bob Case: personal communication (2005) John Beall: personal observation (2005)","enter text here Dittrichia graveolens has not reached its peak in the state. The plant will continue to expand into a wide variety of disturbed/ruderal locations in more counties throughout the state following roads and levees into more counties. There are many more parts of the state with disturbed areas/plant communities with open or sparse plant cover in late summer that Dittrichia graveolens will expand into. In addittion Dittrichia graveolens may expand further into open riparian locations, and plant communities where harsh edaphic conditions which limit plants including soils with (heavy metals-including serpentine soils and saline soils).","enter text here Danish Environmental Protection Agency. 2000. Management of Contaminated Sites and Land in Central and Eastern Europe: Albania Accessed online April 4, 2005 at http://www.mst.dk/udgiv/Publications/2000/87-7909-888-6/html/kap10-eng.htm Higueras, Pablo L. University of Castilla-La-Mancha, Spain. 2003. Presentation: Almaden: Remediation techniques in the largest mercury mining district of the world. CCMS Meeting Prevention and Remediation Issues in selected Industrial Sectors Pilot Study. Bala Mare (Romania), Sept. 7-11 2003. Accessed online April 4, 2005 at http://www.cluin.org/romania/presentations/2921843.pdf Preston R. E., Dittrichia graveolens (Asteraceae) New to California weed flora. Madrono 44(2) 200-203. Bob Case: personal communication (2005) John Beall: personal observation (2005)",,Yes,Yes,Yes,Unknown,Yes,Unknown,No,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/dittrichia-graveolens-profile/, "Dittrichia viscosa",,,"false yellowhead",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/dittrichia-viscosa-risk/ "Echium candicans",,"Echium branchyanthum Hornem., Echium cynoglossoides Desf., Echium densiflorum DC., Echium fastuosum auct. Non Dryander ex Aiton, Echium macrophyllum Lehm., Echium pallidum Salisb., a few others",pride-of-Madeira,"08/01/04 & 01/03/06","David Chang, Agricultural Program Specialist Coordinator, Weed Management Area","County of Santa Barbara, Agricultural Commissioner's Office","(805) 681-5600",dchang@co.santa-barbara.ca.us,"263 Camino del Remedio; Santa Barbara CA 93110",,,,,,"Joe DiTomaso,Peter Warner,Alison Stanton,Cynthia Roye,John Randall,Jake Sigg",20171025,,,"This assessment is based on Joe DiTomaso's pre-published document, my observation of one serious patch at the Coast Gallery, on the observation of an infestation in San Diego County by Carolyn Martus, a few anecdotal web site comments and a comment from Dieter Wilken. From the appearance of the infestation at the Coast Gallery it appears to me that E.candicans could be invasive. The infestation occurs on a steep hillside and appears unlikely to have been intentionally planted. Carolyn Martus, active CNPS/Cal-IPC member and WMA participant, reports that E.candicans is growing wild in San Diego County at the San Elijo Lagoon Ecological Reserve. However, Dieter Wilken believes it unlikely that E.candicans is invasive.",U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,Observational,U,,D,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,B,Observational,C,Observational,A,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,D,Observational,B,Observational,A,Observational,D,Observational,Array,Array,B,2,Limited,,,,"fragmentation of a native community Carolyn Martus provided photo documentation of a population of E.candicans invading what appears to be coastal bluff scrub. E.candicans appears to be invading a healthy community by seeding itself between the native vegetation. Committee's consensus (1/10/06) is that it is present but there is only minor evidence of specific impacts or displacement of native plants.","David Chang, observational; Carolyn Martus, photo documentation","Toxic, but specific impacts unknown","Observational Joe DiTomaso, Jake Sigg. 2004.","The description of E.candicans in the Jepson manual makes this statement: ""Several spp. cult on CA coast,> 1 probably naturalized, some may be hybrids. Pls with pink to pale blue corollas and nutlets sharply tubercled are called E. strictum L.f. Pls 2-3 m with basal lf rosette and +- cylindric infl 1+ m are called E. pininana Webb & Berth.""","Hickman, James C. The Jepson Manual. 1996","tolerant of poor soils and able to tolerate drought, once established Looking at pictures that I took, of a wildland infestation at the Coast Gallery on Highway 1 south of Big Sur, there are hundreds of Echium plants growing down a steep hill - an area that seems unlikely to have been intentionally planted or could have only have been intentionally planted by throwing seeds or propagative parts down the cliff bank. There are small plants seen in the pictures. I've also noticed individual plants growing on the roadsides of Highway 154 in Santa Barbara County away from garden areas, but I cannot be certain whether these plants are garden escapes or garden remnants. However, Dieter Wilken stated on 7/28/04, in an email to me, "" Its been over 10 years since I did the treatment of those taxa for the Jepson Manual, and I had a lot of assistance from Elizabeth McClintock at the time. The two species, as I recall, are found primarily in the bay area. I find it hard to believe that Echium candicans would be considered invasive _ its largely an urban weed along the coast, and then only in a few localities (at least in the early 1990s). As far as I know, Echium does not have a highly dispersable fruit. Plants persist for many decades. Its possible that someone planted at least one plant there many years ago, and it has slowly expanded at the site. One sees young plants or seedlings only very rarely. Elizabeth McClintock took me to a population on Angel Island in San Francisco Bay that had several hundred plants. I recall her saying that they had persisted there since the late 1940s but that there was hardly any recruitment (i.e. small plants with few branches). Once established, however, the plants seem to survive even the harshest droughts. However, a deep frost usually kills them _ one reason why they are found only along the coast in California."" I also found mentions of pride of Madeira naturalizing or occuring in natural areas in California on two websites - www.bahiker.com/southbayhikes/quarry.html and forums.gardenweb.com/forums/load/calif/msg0723003323285.html. Based on appearance of the infestation at the Coast Gallery and at San Elijo Lagoon Ecological Preserve, E.candicans appears able to invade established native plant communities","David Chang, observational; Carolyn Martus, observational, Dieter Wilken, observational, and DiTomaso, J & Healy, E. Weeds of California and Other Western States. As yet unpublished. Pg 218-220.","Plants spread outward, but more slowly than doubling in 10 years","Observational Peter Warner, Jake Sigg. 2004.","Most infestations are near plantings, the plant's been here a long time and is not spreading quickly.","Observational Peter Warner, Joe DiTomaso. 2004.","It is documented that E.candicans reproduces by seed. The document makes no reference to any other reproductive method. Lots of flowers are produced by a single plant. Fruits consist of 4 nutlets on a flat receptacle surrounded by the calyx DiTomaso & Healy Preprinted document states Reproduces by seed. No other reproductive mechanism mentioned, but seedlings seldom encountered and an anecdotal reference, a website, plantsdatabase.com/go/1940/ that states that it can grow from seedling to flowering in just a couple of years.","DiTomaso, J & Healy, E. Weeds of California and Other Western States. As yet unpublished. Pg 218-220. and a website plantsdatabase.com/go/1940 Observational Peter Warner, Jake Sigg, Joe DiTomaso. 2004","E.candicans is available for purchase in nurseries and widely planted in gardens. direct observation","David Chang, observational","likely, that seeds drop near the parent plant apparent escapes are often quite near ornamental plantings.","David Chang, observational","I personally know of two serious wildland infestations. All other observations by me are of individual plants seen sporadically on roadsides close to urban areas. direct observation and mentions on websites","David Chang, observational and websites","The most serious patch I have personally observed is at the Coast Gallery on Highway 1 south of Big Sur. That observation was in June of 2004. Dieter Wilken mentions a patch he viewed on Angel Island. And I found two mentions on the internet of naturalization.","David Chang, observational Observatinal Peter Warner, Joe DiTomaso. 2004","A serious patch exists on Highway 1 south of Big Sur and at the San Elijo Lagoon Ecological Reserve and sporadic roadside observations, and other observations as mentioned, previously. direct observation","Observational David Chang, Carolyn Martus 2005",,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/echium-candicans-profile/, "Echium plantagineum",,,"Patterson's curse",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/echium-plantagineum-risk/ "Egeria densa",,,"Brazilian Egeria; Egeria",5/22/03,"Joe DiTomaso","UC Davis",530-754-8715,DiTomaso@vegmail.ucdavis.edu,"Weed Science Program, Robbins Hall, Univ. California, Davis CA 95616",,,,,,"Joe DiTomaso,Peter Warner,Alison Stanton,Carla Bossard,Cynthia Roye,Jake Sigg,Doug Johnson,Brianna Richardson",20030606,,,,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,B,3,High,,"Slows water flow. Causes increased sedimentation and nutrient loading.","De Winton, M.D. and J.S. Clayton. 1996. Aquatic Botany 53(1-2):31-45; Barko, J.W. and R.M. Smart. 1980. Freshwater Biology 10:229-238","Reduces the abundance and diversity of native plant seeds in lake bottoms.","De Winton, M.D. and J.S. Clayton. 1996. Aquatic Botany 53(1-2):31-45","Reduces oxygen level. Poor fish habitat. Fall River area with infestation has fewer trout than areas with native vegetation.","www.wa.gov/ecology/wq/plants/weeds/egeria.html; DiTomaso and D. Spencer-Observational","None Only male flowers in US.",,"Can readily invade an undisturbed aquatic site once introduced. Adapted to most slow or still water bodies in California.",,"Once introduced, it spreads very rapidly in aquatic systems.","DiTomaso, Spencer and Anderson-Observational","Probably continuing to spread in state, but some control effort has slowed the statewide spread.","DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. DANR (pre-print)",,,"Used as aquarium and pond ornamental. Also moved by boats from on body of water to another.",,"Fragments can move downstream long distance and produce new plants.","DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. DANR (pre-print)","Common weed throughout much of the world, including Australia.","Parsons, W.T. and E.G. Cuthbertson. 1992. Noxious Weeds of Australia. Inkata Press, Sydney","Found throughout much of California and the US, primarily in cool to warm freshwater ponds, lakes, reservoirs and slowly flowing streams and sloughs. Earliest report in US was in 1893.","DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. DANR (pre-print); Hoshovsky, M. and L. Anderson. 2000. Egeria densa. In, Invasive Plants of Californias Wildlands. CalEPPC. UC Press, Berkeley; www.wa.gov/ecology/wq/plants/weeds/aqua002.html","One of the most common non-native submerged aquatic plants in California.","Hoshovsky, M. and L. Anderson. 2000. Egeria densa. In, Invasive Plants of Californias Wildlands. CalEPPC. UC Press, Berkeley",,No,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,,,,B,C,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/egeria-densa-profile/, "Ehrharta calycina",,"Aira capensis L.f., Ehrharta ascendens Schrad, E. auriculata Steud., E. geniculata (Thunb) Thunb., E. laxiflora Schrad., R. ovata Nees, E. paniculataSw.ex Poir, E. undulata Nees ex Trin., Melica festucoides Licht ex Trin., Melica geniculata Thunb., Trochera calycina (Sm. P. Beauv,)","purple veldtgrass; African veldtgrass; perennial veldt grass",8/16/04,"Cynthia L. Roye, Associate State Park Resource Ecologist","Natural Resources Division, California State Parks","(916) 653-9083",croye@parks.ca.gov,"P.O. Box 942896, Sacramtnto, CA 94296-0001",,,,,,"Joe DiTomaso,Peter Warner,Jake Sigg,John Randall,Cynthia Roye,Alison Stanton",20040827,,,"This plant constitutes a serious weed that is hard to control. As of 2004 it is primarily found in coastal southern California although populations do occur in Sonoma County.",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,B,3.5,High,,"Alters fire cycle.enter text here","Pickart, A.J. in Bossard et al., eds. 2000. Invasive plants of California's wildlands. Univ. of CA Press;","""Displaces natives at an alarming rate"" per TNC Weed Report. Can inhibit the return of native vegetation, become a dominant, sometimes growing in pure stands, and maintain dominance indefinitely. Frequent fires may lead to type conversion and may threatern rare endemics sauch as Arctostaqphylos morroensis.","Odion, D.and C. Tyler. 2002. Are long fire-free periods needed to maintain the endangered, fire-recruiting shrub Arctostaphylos morroensisn(Ericaceae). Conservation Ecology 6 (2):4 as accessed online @:http://www.consecol.org/vol6/iss2/art4; Smith, Trish and Smith, Kara Woodruff, 1998-99 Weed Survey, The Nature Conservancy, Guadalupe-Nipomo and Lanphere Preserves; Unknown. 1996. Veldtgrass and beachgrass control. Final Report of the Successful Creation of Wetlands and Restoration of Uplands at San Antonio Terrace Vandenberg AFB, California. Pgs 2-91 - 2-96; Holland, V.L. date unknown. The El Moro Elfin Forest, Introduction as accessed 10/8/03 at: http://biosci.calpoly.edu/biosci/faculty/holland/ELFIN.html.","Is a highly palatable pasture grass. May alter the substrate or limit the arthropod food base for California legless lizard, a Species of Special Concern; loss of bare sand eliminates habitat for the Western snowy plover, the Morro Bay kangaroo rat, and Morro Bay banded dune snail; Food host to butterfly larvae of several families where introduced in Australia.","Magness, J. R. et al 1971. Food and feed crops of the United States. Interregion Research Project IR-4, IR Bul. 1 (Bul. 828 New Jersey Agr. Expt. Sta.)as cited by Hoare, D.B. Ehrharta calycina accessed 5/5/04 at: http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/GBASE/Safricadata/ercal.htm; California Department of Fish and Game. Habitat and Planning Branch. California's Plants and Animals as accessed 5/5/04 at: http://www.dfg.ca.gov/hcpb/cgi-bin/read_one.asp?specy=reptiles&idNum=17; Chipping, D. 1998. Ecological and geological impacts of exotic plants on coastal ecosystems and processes. PORC CONF CALIFORNIA WORLD OCEAN. 1410-1417 (abstract only) accessed 5/20/03 at: http://216.239.3.100/search?=cache:6APenHqbeSsj:www.nature.nps.gov/epmt/abstracts; South Australian Butterflies Caterpillar Foodhost list as accessed 10/8/03 at: http://users.chariot.net.au/~rgrund/foodhost1.htm","None. The genus Ehrharta is endemic to South Africa.","Rossiter, R.C. 1947. Studies on perennial Veldt grass. Commonwealth of Australia Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Bulletin 227. 1947.","Can establish in mature maritime chaparral, readily establishes in dunes, areas with some natural disturbance. Disturbance may aid spread.","Holland, V.L. date unknown. The El Moro Elfin Forest, Introduction as accessed 10/8/03 at: http://biosci.calpoly.edu/biosci/faculty/holland/ELFIN.html.; Baird. A. M. 1977. Abstract of: Regeneration after fire in Kings Park, Perth, Western Australia. Journal of Royal Society of Western Australia, 60 (1):1-22; Unknown. 1996. Veldt grass and beachgrass control. Final Report of the successful creation of wetlands and restoration of San Antonio Terrace, Vandenberg AFB, California. Pgs. 2-91 - 2-96.","Can increase > 100% in one year when untreated per D. Walters, 1996, as cited by Chesnut. 1999.","Chesnut, J. 1999. A review of weed threats to the Nipomo Dunes: Final Draft. Accessed in .pdf from http://www.special-places.org/library.htm, 5/5/04; Unknown. 1996. Veldt grass and beachgrass control. Final Report of the successful creation of wetlands and restoration of San Antonio Terrace, Vandenberg AFB, California. Pgs. 2-91 - 2-96.",Increasing.,"Veldt grass and beachgrass control. Final Report of the successful creation of wetlands and restoration of San Antonio Terrace, Vandenberg AFB, California. Pgs. 2-91 - 2-96.enter text here","Seeds, bulblets, rhizomes,prostrate form roots at nodes where there is soil contact, is essentially cross-fertile although a small percentage of plants germinate from selfing. Resprouts following fire. Has large seed bank (75,000 seeds/sq. m.). Sprouts in both light and dark conditions suggesting this species can sprout from seeds on the soil surface or from buried seeds. In Australia germination can occur at any time of year with suitable moisture, per Smith et al.`.","Rossiter, R.C. 1947. Studies on perennial Veldt grass. Commonwealth of Australia Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Bulletin 227. 1947; Smith et al. 1999. Comparitive seed germination ecology of Austrostipa compressa and Ehrharta calycina (Poaceae) in a Western Australian Banksia woodland. Australian Journal od Ecology 24:35-42; Chipping, D. 1998. Ecological and geological impacts of exotic plants on coastal ecosystems and processes. PORC CONF CALIFORNIA WORLD OCEAN. 1410-1417 (abstract only) accessed 5/20/03 at: http://216.239.3.100/search?=cache:6APenHqbeSsj:www.nature.nps.gov/epmt/abstracts; South Australian Butterflies Caterpillar Foodhost list as accessed 10/8/03 at: http://users.chariot.net.au/~rgrund/foodhost1.htm","Was intentionally introduced to California in 1929 in sandy coastal areas of San Luis Obispo and northern Santa Barbara Counties for forage improvement and sand stabilization. Is still considered a ""crop"" plant as seen on the Purdue list of New Crops.","Magness, J. R. et al 1971. Food and feed crops of the United States. Interregion Research Project IR-4, IR Bul. 1 (Bul. 828 New Jersey Agr. Expt. Sta.); Pickart, A. 1996. Interoffice memorandum to Lynn Lozier regarding the status of Veldt grass at Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes. Pickart, A. 2000. IN: Bossard et al. 2000; Purdue Univeresity. 2000. List of new crops as accessed on the web at:http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/indices/index_efgh.html; and the NRCS list http://plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/pubs/capmcra2000.pdf.","Florets fall near parent plant and can disperse short distances with wind. Most plants enlarge by developing new culms around perimeter of base plant. May disperse with water and soil movement.","DiTomaso, J. and E. Healy. In Prep. Weeds of California and Other Western States. Unpublished.","Is found in Australialian bushlands and in New Zealand. Threatens blue gum woodlands in Australia; is found of coastal areas of Texas. . enter text here","Vidler, S. 2003 Compiler. Australian flora and fauna threatened by invasive plants. Weeds CRC, September 2003; US Army Corps of Engineers. Non-native Plant Species (NNIPS) profiles. Appendix D as accessed online @http:// www.hnd.usace.army.mil/techinfo/ CPW/PWTB200-1-18/.%5CPWTB%20200-1-18_AppendixD.pdf","Imported seed from Australia in 1920s . Its use was advocated for soil/sand stabilization and as a forage crop during 1950s and 60s. Was planted on dunes and ranches in coastal San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara counties. In California noe primarily found in dune scrub, coastal scrub and maritime chaparral, and coast live oak woodlannds. The plant has been reported from 10 California State Park units; Gaviota SP, Andrew Molera SP, Julia Pfeiffer Burns SP, Point Lobos SR, Sonoma Coast SB, Crystal Cove SP, Torrey Pines SR, Los Osos Oaks SR, Montana de Oro SP, and Sunset SB. It has been recognized as a major threat to the Nipomo Dunes Complex and to the terraces at Vandenberg AFB. Is also on the California Native Plant Society's East Bay Chapter list of top twenty pest plants. Occupies coastal dunes, coastal scrub, coastal live oak forests, maritime chaparral.; coastal prairie, 4 Major types, six minor types.","Chesnut, J. 1999. A review of weed threats to the Nipomo Dunes: final draft. The lLand Conservancy of San Luis Obispo. 40 pages; Pickart. 2000. IN: Bossard et al. 2000; Natural Resources Division, California Statte Parks 2002. Natural Resources Condition Assessment, California Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento, CA; The El Moro Elfin Forest, Introduction as accessed 10/8/03 at: http://biosci.calpoly.edu/biosci/faculty/holland/ELFIN.html.","The plant has been reported from 10 California State Park units; Gaviota SP, Andrew Molera SP, Julia Pfeiffer Burns SP, Point Lobos SR, Sonoma Coast SB, Crystal Cove SP, Torrey Pines SR, Los Osos Oaks SR, Montana de Oro SP, and Sunset SB. It has been recognized as a major threat to the Nipomo Dunes Complex and to the terraces at Vandenberg AFB. Occupies coastal dunes, coastal scrub, coastal live oak forests, maritime chaparral.; 3 Major types, five minor types.","Chesnut, J. 1999. A review of weed threats to the Nipomo Dunes: final draft. The lLand Conservancy of San Luis Obispo. 40 pages; Pickart. 2000. IN: Bossard et al. 2000; Natural Resources Division, California Statte Parks 2002. Natural Resources Condition Assessment, California Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento, CA; The El Moro Elfin Forest, Introduction as accessed 10/8/03 at: http://biosci.calpoly.edu/biosci/faculty/holland/ELFIN.html.",,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Unknown,Yes,Yes,Unknown,Yes,,,,,,,,,C,,,D,D,,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/ehrharta-calycina-profile/, "Ehrharta erecta",,"Ehrharta panicea SM., E. paniciformis Nees ex Trin., Panicum deflexum Guss., Trochera panicea Baill","panic veldtgrass; Ehrharta; Lamarck's Ehrharta; panic veld grass; Stebbin's grass",7/22/04,"Mark Frey, Ecologist","The Presidio Trust",415-561-4148,mfrey@presidiotrust.gov,"34 Graham St./PO Box 29052/San Francisco, CA 94129",,,,,,"Joe DiTomaso,Peter Warner,Jake Sigg,John Randall,Alison Stanton,Cynthia Roye",20040827,,,,U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,Observational,C,Anecdotal,D,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,A,Observational,A,Observational,A,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,Array,Array,B,2.5,Moderate,,,,"Outcompetes native grasses and herbs. Increases litter accumulation, which is the mechanism of competitive exclusion.","Observational, Mark Frey. McIntyre, S. and PY Ladiges. 1985. Aspecs of the biology of Ehrharta erecta Weed Research. 25:21-32. Observational, Joe DiTomaso, Peter Warner, Cynthia Roye, Jake Sigg, John Randall, Alison Stanton, 2004.","Reduces available native forage. No real information exists on its direct impacts. Response based on displacement of native plant spp and food sources for native wildlife.",Anectdotal.,"No closely related CA natives.","Hickman, JC. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. UC Press Observational, Mark Frey.","Facilitated by shade and moisture. Readily moves into gaps formed by tree fall and spread by mowing.","Observational, Mark Frey. McIntyre, S. and PY Ladiges. 1985. Aspecs of the biology of Ehrharta erecta Weed Research. 25:21-32. Observational, Joe DiTomaso, Peter Warner, Cynthia Roye, Jake Sigg, John Randall, Alison Stanton, 2004.","Rapidly spreads and perniciously persists.","Observational, Mark Frey. Observational, Joe DiTomaso, Peter Warner, Cynthia Roye, Jake Sigg, John Randall, Alison Stanton, 2004.","Expanding throughouth the state.","Observational, Joe DiTomaso, Peter Warner, Cynthia Roye, Jake Sigg, John Randall, Alison Stanton, 2004.","Matures rapidly, sets many seeds, sets seed for an extended period. 7 pts","McIntyre, S. and PY Ladiges. 1985. Aspecs of the biology of Ehrharta erecta Weed Research. 25:21-32. Sigg, J. 1996. Ehrharta erecta: Sneak attack in the making? CalEPPC News 4(3):8-9. Observational, Joe DiTomaso, Peter Warner, Cynthia Roye, Jake Sigg, John Randall, Alison Stanton, 2004.","Can attach to boots in mud. Mowing aids establishment and dispersal.","Sigg, J. 1996. Ehrharta erecta: Sneak attack in the making? CalEPPC News 4(3):8-9.","Unlikely except on rare occasions. Can be spread by moving water.","Observational, Mark Frey. Observational, Peter Warner, 2004.","Europe, Northern Africa, Australia.","McIntyre, S. and PYLadiges. 185. Aspects of the biology of Ehrharta ereca Lam. Weed Research. 25: 21-32. Ricciardi, M and B Anazalone. 1988. Ehrharta erecta Graminea in Italy. Webbia. 42(2): 145-152. Scott, JK and ES Del Fosse. 1992. Southern African plants naturalized in Australia: A review of weed status and biological control potential. Plant Protection Quarterly. 7(2): 70-80.","Invades a wide variety of habitats throughout the central coast and southern California. Invades 5 major and 9 minor ecotypes in CA.","Muns, B. ND. Updates to Lower Eaton Canyon, San Gabriel Mts For a: A checklish of the vascular plants. http://tchester.org/sgm/plants/floras/lower_eaton_canyon_updates.html. Top 20 Pest Plants in the East Bay, East Bay California Native Plant Society. www.ebcnps.org Vascular plants of Bodega Head & Bodega Dunes. www.bml.ucdavis.edu/bmr/PLNTLST.pdf. Accessed July 23, 2004. Hickman, J (ed.). 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher plants of California. UC Press, Berkeley. Observational, Joe DiTomaso, Peter Warner, Cynthia Roye, Jake Sigg, John Randall, Alison Stanton, 2004.","Invades 5-20% of coastal bluff scrub and coastal scrub.","Observational, Joe DiTomaso, Peter Warner, Cynthia Roye, Jake Sigg, John Randall, Alison Stanton, 2004.",,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Unknown,Yes,No,Yes,,,,"Shade tolerant, often (not always) foundin moist areas, seeds throughout the rainy season or year-round if irrigated.",,,,,D,,,C,C,,,,,,,,D,,,,D,,,,,D,D,D,,,,,D,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/ehrharta-erecta-profile/, "Ehrharta longiflora",,"annual veldtgrass","long-flowered veldtgrass",8/17/04,"Joseph M. DiTomaso/Extension Specialist","University of California, Davis",530-754-8715,ditomaso@vegmail.ucdavis.edu,"Weed Science Program, Robbins Hall, Davis, CA 95616",,,,,,"Alison Stanton,Cynthia Roye,Jake Sigg,Joe DiTomaso,Peter Warner,John Randall",20040827,,,"The amount of information on the invasiveness and biology of this species is very limited.",U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,Array,Array,C,3,Limited,,"Not widely distributed enough to know if it has any impact. Not really a widely dispersed weed anywhere in the world.",,"In Torrey Pines State Preserve, San Diego, it is very thick on a trail and has now spread throughout the trail. Reported to have covered all but two of the sea dahlias that used to grow in great profusion under the Torrey pines. The Miner's lettuce is sparse due to the plant.","Brey, C. 1996. What? Another Ehrharta? Oh no!! CalEPPC News. Spring, pgs. 4-5.","Does not appear to have any impact on tropic levels.","DiTomaso, J.D. - observational","There are no native Ehrharta species in California or the western US.","Hickman, J.C. ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual. Higher Plants of California. UC Press, Berkeley","Considered a ruderal plant even in its native range. Probably requires disturbance to some degree, but was observed to move into undisturbed sites in Torrey Pines State Preserve.","Casasayas, I.F.T. and I.D.B.A. Farras. 1988. Ehrharta longiflora new record. A South African grass new for the Iberian Peninusla. Candollea 43(1):139-142.; Brey, C. 1996. What? Another Ehrharta? Oh no!! CalEPPC News. Spring, pgs. 4-5.","Has spread rapidly at the Torrey Pines State Preserve.","Brey, C. 1996. What? Another Ehrharta? Oh no!! CalEPPC News. Spring, pgs. 4-5.","It appears to have the potential to spread rapidly in coastal dune habitat, but has not moved to many other sites outside of the San Diego region.","DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California and Other Western States. Univ. Calif., Ag. Natural Res. (in press); DiTomaso, J.M.- observational","No data on the biology of the plants, including the reproductive biology.","DiTomaso, J.M. - observational","It may have been introduced through the nursery industry, but the grass is not sold in the US as an ornamental.","Casasayas, I.F.T. and I.D.B.A. Farras. 1988. Ehrharta longiflora new record. A South African grass new for the Iberian Peninusla. Candollea 43(1):139-142.; DiTomaso, J.M. - observational","No long distance dispersal by natural means. Many disperses by insects the awns may attach to some animals.","Casasayas, I.F.T. and I.D.B.A. Farras. 1988. Ehrharta longiflora new record. A South African grass new for the Iberian Peninusla. Candollea 43(1):139-142; DiTomaso, J.M.- observational","First reported on the Iberian Peninsula in Europe in 1988. Also reported rare in England and a few other locations in Europe, including Czechoslavakia. Reported to occur in riparian areas in its native range and in grasslands. Has not infested such areas in California, but may have the potential to do so.","Casasayas, I.F.T. and I.D.B.A. Farras. 1988. Ehrharta longiflora new record. A South African grass new for the Iberian Peninusla. Candollea 43(1):139-142.","Very recently introduced into California and the US. Not included in the Jepson Manual of 1993.Long-flowered veldtgrass inhabits some coastal areas of the South Coast, particularly near San Diego. Native to South Africa.","DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California and Other Western States. Univ. Calif., Ag. Natural Res. (in press); Casasayas, I.F.T. and I.D.B.A. Farras. 1988. Ehrharta longiflora new record. A South African grass new for the Iberian Peninusla. Candollea 43(1):139-142.","Very uncommon and only in a couple of locations","DiTomaso, J.M. - observational",,Yes,Unknown,Yes,No,Unknown,Unknown,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/ehrharta-longiflora-profile/, "Eichhornia crassipes",,"Eichhornia speciosa, Heteranthera formosa, Piaropus crassipes, Pontederia crassipes","water hyacinth",8/20/04,"Brianna Richardson, Project Manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510.843.3902,brichardson@cal-ipc.org,"1442-A Walnut Street #462, Berkeley, CA 94709",,,,,,"Alison Stanton,Cynthia Roye,Jake Sigg,John Randall,Joe DiTomaso,Peter Warner",20040827,,,"Water hyacinth has both economically beneficial uses and causes significant economic damage, neither of which is considered in this assessment.",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,C,3,High,,"Forms dense mats that block sunlight. Mats clog waterways, and alter water oxygen levels, temperature, and pH. Increases suspended and dissolved organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorous. Decreases nitrate nitrogen. Increases sulphate content. Increases biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand. Removes pollutants from water. Increases water losses from lakes and rivers due to its high traspiration rate (almost 8x that of evaporation from open water). Increases carbon-dioxide tension and turbidity. Adds suspended particulate matter to water. Lowers water temperature. Increases free carbon-dioxide, and decreases dissolved oxygen. Increases calcium hardness. Increases water conductivity. Decreases water transparency. Changes chemistry, light availability, water temperature, and water evaporation rates of infested waterways.","DiTomaso, JM, EA Healy. 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources publication 3421. Godfrey, K. 2000. Eichhornia crassipes. In: Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. Bossard, CC., JM Randall, MC Hoshovsky (eds.) University of California Press, Berkeley: 171-175. Aneja, KR, K Singh. 1992. Effect of waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) on the physico-chemical environment of a shallow pond. Proceeding of the Indian National Science Academy. B58(6): 357-364. Rommens, W., J Maes, N Dekeza, P Inghelbrecht, T Nhiwatiwa, E Holsters, F Ollevier, B Marshall, L Brendock. 2003. The impact of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in a eutrophic subtropical impoundment (Lake Chivero, Zimbabwe). I. Water quality. Archive Fuer Hydrobiologie. 158(3): 373-388.","Forms dense mats that produce a large amount of dry matter. Displace native aquatic vegetation. Causes extreme hypoxic and hypercarbic conditions harmful to native plants. In the Brendock et. al. study, hyacinth decreased planktonic and macrophyte diveristy, while blue-green algae abundance increased. Can provide shelter for snakes in some areas. On Lake Okeechobee (in FL) hyacinth was allowed to grow in 1986 and between Aug and Nov had ""destroyed native plant communities."" On Lake Okeechobee (in FL) hyacinth was allowed to grow in 1986 and between Aug and Nov had ""destroyed native plant communities."" Forms large, dense monocultures. Occludes water surface. Decreases aquatic plant diversity and abundance. Creates increased structural layer (in canopy).","DiTomaso, JM, EA Healy. 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources publication 3421. Aneja, KR, K Singh. 1992. Effect of waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) on the physico-chemical environment of a shallow pond. Proceeding of the Indian National Science Academy. B58(6): 357-364. Brendonck, L, J Maes, W Rommens, N Dekeza, T Nhiwatiwa, M Barson, V Callebaut, C Phiri, K Moreau, B Gratwicke, M Stevens, N Alyn, E Holsters, F Ollevier, B Marshall. 2003. The impact of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in a eutrophic subtropical impoundment (Lake Chivero, Zimbabwe). II. Species diversity. Archive Fuer Hydrobiologie. 158(3): 389-405. Parsons, WT, EG Cuthbertson. 1992. Noxious Weeds of Australia. Inkata Press, Melbourne. P. 139-144. Joyce, JC. 1992. Impac of Eichhornia and Hydrilla in the United States. ICES Marine Science Symposium: 106-109. Observational, Joe DiTomaso, John Randall, 2004.","Provides mosquito habitat. Displace native wildlife. European honey bee main pollinator in CA. Degrades water fowl habitat by reducing open water. When decomposing, makes water unfit for consumption by wildlife. Displaces native plants used as food and shelter by wildlife. Changes to water chemistry and light levels affect the health of fish. Causes extreme hypoxic and hypercarbic conditions harmful to wildlife. In the Brendock et. al. study, hyacinth decreased planktonic and macrophyte diversity, while increasing macro-invertabrate and fish diversity in some areas. Can provide shelter for snakes in some areas. Reduces water, shelter, and food sources for wildlife. Can negatively impact migratory birds. Decreases planktonic diversity. Can increase fish diversity (one study). Can provide shelter for some animals. The negative effects on wildlife appear to outweigh any benefits some species may accrue.","DiTomaso, JM, EA Healy. 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources publication 3421. Godfrey, K. 2000. Eichhornia crassipes. In: Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. Bossard, CC., JM Randall, MC Hoshovsky (eds.) University of California Press, Berkeley: 171-175. Aneja, KR, K Singh. 1992. Effect of waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) on the physico-chemical environment of a shallow pond. Proceeding of the Indian National Science Academy. B58(6): 357-364. Brendonck, L, J Maes, W Rommens, N Dekeza, T Nhiwatiwa, M Barson, V Callebaut, C Phiri, K Moreau, B Gratwicke, M Stevens, N Alyn, E Holsters, F Ollevier, B Marshall. 2003. The impact of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in a eutrophic subtropical impoundment (Lake Chivero, Zimbabwe). II. Species diversity. Archive Fuer Hydrobiologie. 158(3): 389-405.","There are no closely related CA natives.","Godfrey, K. 2000. Eichhornia crassipes. In: Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. Bossard, CC., JM Randall, MC Hoshovsky (eds.) University of California Press, Berkeley: 171-175.","Dams can create still water conducive to establishment. Disturbance is unneccesary for establishment.","DiTomaso, JM, EA Healy. 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources publication 3421. Parsons, WT, EG Cuthbertson. 1992. Noxious Weeds of Australia. Inkata Press, Melbourne. P. 139-144.","Extremely high rate of growth. Plant numbers can double in ~5 days. One plant can cover 600 square meters in one year. Without management, hyacinth can easily double in less than 10 years.","DiTomaso, JM, EA Healy. 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources publication 3421. Godfrey, K. 2000. Eichhornia crassipes. In: Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. Bossard, CC., JM Randall, MC Hoshovsky (eds.) University of California Press, Berkeley: 171-175.","Populations have declined in LA and other SE states, but the agents have not become established in CA.","Godfrey, K. 2000. Eichhornia crassipes. In: Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. Bossard, CC., JM Randall, MC Hoshovsky (eds.) University of California Press, Berkeley: 171-175. Personal knowledge, Joe DiTomaso. 2004.","Flowers June-October. Plants linked by stolons from stem. Insect pollinated. Each seed capsule can contain up to 300 seeds. Stems can survive foliage death (by frost) and grow new foliage. Reproduces vegetatively from stolons and by seed. In temperate regions, seeds may survive up to 20 yrs in dried mud, survive for several years in sediment. Fragments as small as 1.5 cm and rhizomes can establish new plants. Believed to be self-pollinated. Bunches of plants break off and float to establish elsewhere. A single plant can produce new infestations. Reaches reproductive maturity within a few weeks. 11 points.","DiTomaso, JM, EA Healy. 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources publication 3421. Godfrey, K. 2000. Eichhornia crassipes. In: Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. Bossard, CC., JM Randall, MC Hoshovsky (eds.) University of California Press, Berkeley: 171-175. Forno, IW, AD Wright. 1993. The biology of Australian weeds. 5. Eichhornia crassipes. The Jouranl of the Australian Insitute of Agricultural Science (v/n unknown): 21-28.","Vegetative parts and seed dispersed by human activity. Actively transported by people both for ornamental establishment in natural waterways and by dumping. Used as a packing material and as cushions in boats. Sold horticulturally for water gardens. Increasingly used for sewage treatment in the US. Vegetative fragments can be carried by boats from one place to another. Most dispersal is human caused. Sold horticulturally. Many opportunities for both intentional and accidental dispersal by humans.","DiTomaso, JM, EA Healy. 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources publication 3421. Godfrey, K. 2000. Eichhornia crassipes. In: Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. Bossard, CC., JM Randall, MC Hoshovsky (eds.) University of California Press, Berkeley: 171-175. Parsons, WT, EG Cuthbertson. 1992. Noxious Weeds of Australia. Inkata Press, Melbourne. P. 139-144.","Vegetative parts and seed dispersed along waterways. Seeds can cling to the feet and feathers of birds. Migratory birds may be an important mechanism. Frequent long-distance dispersal by the flow of waterways. Occassional long-distance dispersal by birds.","DiTomaso, JM, EA Healy. 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources publication 3421. Godfrey, K. 2000. Eichhornia crassipes. In: Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. Bossard, CC., JM Randall, MC Hoshovsky (eds.) University of California Press, Berkeley: 171-175.","Occurs almost worldwide in tropical and warm temperate regions. AZ, southern and eastern US. Dominates waterways in 50 countries. Invades many other places, but is restricted to the same habitat already invaded in CA.","DiTomaso, JM, EA Healy. 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources publication 3421. Parsons, WT, EG Cuthbertson. 1992. Noxious Weeds of Australia. Inkata Press, Melbourne. P. 139-144.","Introduced from Brazil in 1884 as an ornamental. First found in CA in 1904. Ponds, sloughs, channels, streams, lakes, other still or slow-moving water. Invades only one major and two minor ecological types in CA.","DiTomaso, JM, EA Healy. 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources publication 3421. Godfrey, K. 2000. Eichhornia crassipes. In: Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. Bossard, CC., JM Randall, MC Hoshovsky (eds.) University of California Press, Berkeley: 171-175.","Central Valley, San Francisco Bay region, South Coast, Peninsular Ranges. Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta heavily infested. Exists in less than 5% of freshwater systems in CA.","DiTomaso, JM, EA Healy. 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources publication 3421. Godfrey, K. 2000. Eichhornia crassipes. In: Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. Bossard, CC., JM Randall, MC Hoshovsky (eds.) University of California Press, Berkeley: 171-175. Observational, Joe DiTomaso, John Randall, 2004.",,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/eichhornia-crassipes-profile/, "Elaeagnus angustifolia",,"Elaeagnus angustifolius","Russian olive; oleaster",2/9/05,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709",,,,,,"Joe DiTomaso,John Randall,Carla Bossard",20050311,,,,B,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,,A,,A,,A,,C,,A,,D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",Array,Array,B,2,Moderate,,"Alters nutrient cycling and system hydrology by spreading througout woodland, connecting lowland riparian forests with more open, upland areas. High rate of evapotranspiration increases water loss compared to native trees. Eventually changes riparian sites into dry uplands. Dense thickets of Russian olive can increase fuel loads for wildfire (1).","1. Tu, M. 2003. Element Stewardship Abstract: Eleagnus angustifola. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA. Accessed online: http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu","Forms dense monocultures. Shades out cottonwood seedlings. Over time, will replace tall cottonwood trees with shorter olive trees. Can establish over a wider range of sites than cottonwood (1). Alters the course of plant succession (2).","1. Shafroth, P. B., G. T. Auble, and M. L. Scott. 1995. Germination and establishment of the native plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides Marshall subsp. monilifera) and the exotic Russian-olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) Conservation Biology. 9:1169-1175 2. Tu 2003","Has both positive and negative impacts on wildlife. Provides food and cover for some species (1, 2). In the Rocky Mountains, some riparian birds occurred frequently in monotypic Russian olive stands, but species that are obligate residents of lowland riparian tracts (northern flicker, house wren, cedar waxwing, warbling vireo, black-headed grosbeak) were absent from Russian olive stands (2). Russian olive stands supported avian communities intermediate in species richness and alpha diversity to native riparian and upslope areas (2).","1. Olson, T. E., and F. L. Knopf. 1986. Naturalization of Russian-olive in the western United States. Western Journal of Applied Forestry. 1: 65-69 2. Knopf, F. L., and T. E. Olson. 1984. Naturalization of Russian-olive: Implications to Rocky Mountain wildlife. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 12 289-298.","none No native Eleagnus in California.","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA enter text here","Does not appear to require disturbance to establish because seeds can germinate on undisturbed soils.","1. Lesica and Miles 1999","Can spread rapidly.","1. Olson and Knopf. 1986.","Not spreading as fast as in southwestern states.","John Randall, The Nature Conservancy, Invasive Species Initiative, pers. obs. Joe DiTomaso, Weed Science program, UC-Davis, pers. obs.","Long-lived tree. Bears fruit at three to five years. Seeds can germinate anytime between fall and spring, and remain viable for up to three years. Can reproduce sexually or vegetatively. Seedlings are shade-tolerant. Numerous root suckers are produced at the root crown after disturbance or damage to aboveground tree from fire, cutting, or girdling (1).","1. Tu 2003","Planted as a windbreak tree and for wildlife enhancement (1), as well as for erosion control and highway beautification (2). Found in Cal-IPC nursery survey 2004.","1. Lesica, P., and S. Miles. 1999 Russian olive invasion into cottonwood forests along a regulated river in north-central Montana. Canadian Journal of Botany. 77:1077-1083. 2. Olson and Knopf 1986","Fruits dispersed by birds (1), but transport by water is probably more important because this is a riparian species (2).","1. Lesica and Miles 1999 2. Joe DiTomaso, UC Davis, pers. obs.","Naturalized in riparian areas throughout the U.S (1), primarily in western states (2). Can invade both upland and riparian bottomlands (3).","1. Lesica and Miles 1999 2. Olson and Knopf 1986 3. Tu 2003","Present in Inyo, Tulare, and San Diego Counties (1). Riparian areas, flood plains, grasslands, roadsides, fencerows, seasonally moist pastures, ditches, and other disturbed sites. Often inhabits seasonally moist areas and sites near farmlands. Grows under a wide range of environmental conditions, including clay, sandy, and fairly alkaline or saline soils. Grows best in inland areas with warm summers and cold winters. Tolerates drought, high water tables, and temperatures well below freezing (to -45 degrees C or -50 degrees F) to as high as 46 degrees C (115 degrees F). San Joaquin Valley, San Francisco Bay region, eastern Sierra Nevada, Mojave Desert, mostly to 1500 m. Western states, central states, most northeastern and eastern states, a few southern states (2).","1. USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA 2. DiTomaso, J., and E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States. in prep..",,,,No,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,D,D,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/elaeagnus-angustifolia-profile/, "Elymus caput-medusae",,"Taeniatherum caput-medusae",medusahead,3/8/03,"Joe DiTomaso","UC Davis",530-754-8715,DiTomaso@vegmail.ucdavis.edu,"Weed Science Program, Robbins Hall, Univ. California, Davis CA 95616",,,,,,"Carla Bossard,John Randall,Peter Warner,Doug Johnson,John Hall,Dana Backer,Cindy Roye,Matt Brooks",20030210,,,"Removed second scientific name, Taeniatherum caput-medusae, and added it to the synonym line 3/28/17. Ramona Robison",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,Array,Array,A,3.5,High,,"Increases litter density, utilized shallow soil moisture, and increases frequency of fire. The dense litter cover enhances medusahead germination, may exclude native species, ties up soil nutrients, and contributes to fire danger in the summer. High silica content reduced the rate of tissue decomposition and can lead to 2-5 inches of litter build-up. This heavy thatch delays soil warming in spring, allow nutrient cycling, and prevents seed penetration into the soil surface.","Miller, A.C., D. Clausnitzer and M.M. Borman. 1999. Medusahead. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Eds. R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff. Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis; Bovey, R.W., D. LeTourneau and L.C. Erickson. 1961. The chemical composition of medusahead and downy brome. Weeds 9:307-311; Hironaka, M. 1994. Medusahead: natural successor to the cheatgrass type in the northern Great Basin. Pages 89-91, In Proc. Sym. On Ecology, Management, and Restoration of Intermountain Annual Rangelands. Ogden, UT; Evans, R.A. and J.A. Young. 1970. Plant litter and establishment of alien annual weed species in rangeland communities. Weed Science 18:697-703","Medusaahead is considered to be the most threatening of the invasive annual grass species to rangeland production and wildand plant diversity in California, Idaho and Oregon. Can form near monotypic stands with this thick thatch layer. Medusahead effectively removes available soil water at depths where native grass roots grow. These characteristics confer an advantage in fall establishment and allows medusahead to compete successfully for soil moisture.","George, M.R. 1992. Ecology and management of medusahead. Range Sci Rept. Dept. Agron. And Range Sci. Agr. Exp. Stat. Series #32, 3 pp.; Harris, G.A. 1977. Root phenology as a factor of competition among grass seedlings. J. Range Manage. 30:172-177; Young, J.A. 1992. Ecology and management of medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae ssp. asperum [Simk.] Melderis). Great Basin Naturalist 52:245-252; Harris, G.A. and A. M. Wilson. 1970. Competition for moisture among seedlings of annual and perennial grasses as influenced by root elongation at low temperature. Ecology 51:530-534; Lusk, W.C., M.B. Jones, D.T. Torell, and C.M. McKell. 1961. Medusahead palatability. J. Range Management 14:248-251","It has low palatability to wildlife and can reduce grazing capacity by as much as 50% due to the high silica content. The long awned seeds often injure animals foraging later in the season when the inflorescence is present. Provides very little food to livestock and wildlife because of the high silica content and long awns.","Miller, A.C., D. Clausnitzer and M.M. Borman. 1999. Medusahead. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Eds. R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff. Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis; Goebel, C.J. and G. Berry. 1976 Selectivity of range grass seeds by local birds. J. Range Manage. 29:393-395; Young, J.A. 1992. Ecology and management of medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae ssp. asperum [Simk.] Melderis). Great Basin Naturalist 52:245-252","None Not expected to impact genetic integrity of native species. No natives within this genus in North America. Somewhat related to Elymus, but no evidence that they hybridize.",Unknown,"Can readily move into disturbed grass or scrublands, either mechanical disturbance or overgrazing. Can also move into undisturbed areas. Medusahead threatens rangelands with sparse native plant communities, as well as more complex communities degraded by overgrazing, fire, or cultivation, particularly Artemisia/Agropyron/Poa dominated communities. Reported that 30 years of protection from livestock grazing did not prevent medusahead invasion in Lassen County. Unpublished data by DiTomaso indicate that it can move into native undisturbed scrubland.","Miller, A.C., D. Clausnitzer and M.M. Borman. 1999. Medusahead. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Eds. R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff. Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis; Wagner, J.A., R.E. Delmas and J.A. Young. 2001. 30 years of medusahead: return to Fly Brown Flat. Rangelands 23(3):6-9; Dahl, B.E. and E.W. Tisdale. 1975. Environmental factors related to medusahead distribution. J. Range Manage. 28:463-468","Can spread very rapidly once it gets a foothold. Populations can double in far less than 10 years. Current estimates for medusahead distribution in the Great Basin or northeastern California, extending across Modoc and Lassen Counties, are approximately 5 million acres.","Miller, A.C., D. Clausnitzer and M.M. Borman. 1999. Medusahead. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Eds. R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff. Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis","In 1950, it occurred in 6 counties and by 1990s was in 20 counties and as far south as Riverside County. Today, observations estimate it occupies more than a million acres of annual-dominated grassland, oak woodland, and chaparral communities in California. Although is has been suggested that all suitable sites in California are occupied, this is probably only true in the northeastern part of the state. Medusahead appears to be rapidly spreading in the southern Sierra Nevada foothills and the coast ranges.","Young, J.A. 1992. Ecology and management of medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae ssp. asperum [Simk.] Melderis). Great Basin Naturalist 52:245-252","Germination rates are very high and dormancy is short. Plant density after establishment may range from 500 plants per square foot on scublands to 2000 plants per square foot on valley bottom soils. Like most winter annual grasses. Produces high number of seeds every year. Seedbanks, however, appear to persist for only about 2 years, with very little surviving 3 or more years.",,"Long distance dispersal is primarily by travel in coats of livestock, especially sheep. Sees can also be dispersed by attaching to machinery, vehicles, and clothing. Long awns attach to many things, including animals, humans and objects.","Furbish, P. 1953. Control of medusahead on California ranges. J. Forestry 51:118-121","Local dispersal from established patches is by wind and water, but primarily by animals. As with livestock, medusahead can attach to the hair and fur of wildlife and disperse long distances. Awns facilitate long distance dispersal.",,"First introduced to Oregon as a seed contaminant around 1887. Major problem in the interior valleys of Oregon, but also a problem in Nevada, Idaho, Utah, Washington and Colorado. Although invasive in other areas of the west, it occupies similar sites in California as it does in these other states.",,"First introduced to the US in Oregon in 1884. Reached the Sacramento Valley of California by 1900. Also occurs in the Central West region. Most widespread in the grassland and scrubland of the Great Basin region.","Miller, A.C., D. Clausnitzer and M.M. Borman. 1999. Medusahead. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Eds. R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff. Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis; Maurer, T., M.J. Russo and A. Godell. 1988. Medusahead. The Nature Conservancy. Element of Stewardship Abstract http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/Taencapu.html Eric Wylde, Santa Clara Weed Management Area","Today, observations estimate it occupies more than a million acres of annual-dominated grassland, oak woodland, and chaparral communities in California. It is most common in Northeastern California, but is expanding range along the coastal and Sierra Nevada foothills. Primarily found in open areas with high light.","Miller, A.C., D. Clausnitzer and M.M. Borman. 1999. Medusahead. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Eds. R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff. Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis; Kan, T. and O. Pollack. 2000. Taeniatherum caput-medusae. In, Invasive Plants of Californias Wildlands. Eds. C. Bossard, J. Randall, M. Hoshovsky. UC Press, Berkeley",,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,B,,,,C,C,B,,,,,,,,,,D,B,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/taeniatherum-caput-medusae-profile/, "Emex spinosa",,"Rumex spinosus","devil's thorn; spiny threecornerjack",4/5/05,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph M. DiTomaso","University of California, Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Jake Sigg,Peter Warner,Bob Case,John Knapp,Elizabeth Brusati",20050708,,,,U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Anecdotal,A,Anecdotal,U,"Other Published Material",B,Anecdotal,A,Anecdotal,B,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",B,Anecdotal,C,Observational,U,,D,"Other Published Material",D,Anecdotal,Array,Array,D,2,Moderate,Alert,,,"It reduces populations of Lotus nuttallianus. This plant carpets areas if left unchecked, crowding out all other species. Prevalent at Lichty Mesa, in an area with endangered plants.","Cindy Burrascano, California Native Plant Society, pers. comm. E-mail 2/15/05 in Cal-IPC files",,"1. Jim Peugh, California Native Plant Society, pers. comm. 2. Cindy Burrascano, California Native Plant Society, pers. comm. E-mail 2/15/05 in Cal-IPC files 3. Gregory Gieselman, personal communication. Submission to Cal-IPC Pest Plant form, 1/27/05","None No native Emex species in California, but there are native Rumex with the potential for hybridization.","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA","Spreads along trails, then moves into undisturbed areas. Without more documentation, not sure whether it establishes in truly undisturbed natural habitats or if it needs at least an open area in order to colonize.","Cindy Burrascano, California Native Plant Society, pers. comm. E-mail 2/15/05 in Cal-IPC files","Has spread recently in Lichty Mesa near the Mexican border. None in 2003, now prevalent in endangered plant habitat. May have been spread by border control equipment (1). Spreading rapidly in Mission Bay (2).","Cindy Burrascano, California Native Plant Society, pers. comm. E-mail2/15/05 in Cal-IPC files 2. Gregory Gieselman, personal communication. Submission to Cal-IPC Pest Plant form, 1/27/05","Based on entire state it is spreading by not quickly, except in some regions of southern California. Primarily spreading in southern California.","DiTomaso, observational.","Monoecious annual (1).","Putievsky, E., P. W. Weiss, and D. R. Marshall. 1980. Interspecific hybridization between Emex australis and E. spinosa. Australian Journal of Botany. 28:323-328 Hickman. 1993. The Jepson Manual.","May be spread by equipment used by border patrol for smoothing dirt. Spreads along trails then moves into undisturbed areas (1). Spiny seed pod sticks to people and anything else it touches (2).","1. Cindy Burrascano, California Native Plant Society, pers. comm. E-mail 2/15/05 in Cal-IPC files 2. Gregory Gieselman, personal communication. Submission to Cal-IPC Pest Plant form, 1/27/05","Spiny seed pods could stick to fur, feathers, or feet, but most seed fall at base of parent plant.","DiTomaso, observational.","Native to the Mediterranean area. Invasive in Australia (1). Also present in Texas, Hawaii, New Jersey, and Massachusetts (2). In Hawaii, inhabits open, dry to mesic disturbed areas (3). Mostly in disturbed habitat in other areas. Not enough information to score.","1. Fromm, G. 1996. Emex species in Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly. 11(4): 146-150 2. USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. 3.Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk. Emex spinosa. Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk. Available: http://www.hear.org/pier/species/emex_spinosa.htm","Present in Orange and San Diego counties (1). A serious problem in San Diego coastal areas (2). Margins of sandy beaches, other coastal habitats?","1. USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. 2. Cindy Burrascano, California Native Plant Society, personal communication. Hickman. 1993. The Jepson Manual.","Seems to be present only in the far southern part of the state so far.","E-mails cited in questions above.",,Yes,No,Yes,No,Unknown,No,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/emex-spinosa-profile/, "Erica lusitanica",,,"Spanish heath; Portuguese heath; urze",5/19/11,"Elizabeth Brusati, Program Manager",Cal-IPC,510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"Cal-IPC, 1442-A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph M. DiTomaso, Specialist in Cooperative Extension","Dept. of Plant Sciences, University of California-Davisre",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Mail Stop 4, One Shields Ave., Davis CA 95616","Jake Sigg,Peter Warner,Bob Case,John Knapp,Elizabeth Brusati",,,,,U,"No Information",B,"Other Published Material",U,"Other Published Material",D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,Observational,A,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,A,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,C,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,D,Observational,Array,Array,C,2.5,Limited,,"None reported or known.",,"Forms large monocultures in coastal Humboldt County. Is capable of forming dense stands in forest lands, wild areas, pastureland and on right-of-ways and will be a troublesome weed to control, should it be allowed to spread in western Oregon. Spanish heath has infested large areas in Northern California (Humboldt, Del Norte Counties) and is demonstrating a capacity to infest similar habitat in Oregon and Washington. Shown to outcompete native vegetation in Australia. In parts of Australia and New Zealand, Spanish heath is a major environmental weed (State of Victoria, 2001). Impacts to parks, wildland and wildlife refuges result from the aggressive growth and competition provided by the plant. Other impacts can include reductions in native plant diversity, invasion of riparian areas, competition with conifer and broadleaf tree species and overall degradation of the land base. In California, Spanish heath is a weed of wild land and forest where it forms dense stands, especially in disturbed areas.","Clare Golec, CalTrans, pers. comm. http://www.oregon.gov/ODA/PLANT/WEEDS/profile_spanishheath.shtml 201lhttp://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/347159/awmg_spanish-heath.pdf","None known. Not considered palatable to stock. Erica provides limited forage for grazing animals and few insects so it grows rapidly with limited herbivore pressure.","http://www.oregon.gov/ODA/PLANT/WEEDS/profile_spanishheath.shtml 201lhttp://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/347159/awmg_spanish-heath.pdf","None. No native Erica species in California.","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA","1) Inhabits disturbed, open, sandy areas 2) Appears to get foothold and/or introduced via disturbance (may have some horticultural introduction) but spreads readily into open habitats.","Hickman 1993 Jepson Manual 2) Clare Golec, CalTrans, pers comm",,"Clare Golec, CalTrans, pers. comm.","Spreading to new sites in North Coast","Clare Golec, CalTrans, pers. comm.","Perennial shrub. Produce many seeds? Flowers from winter to spring. Recovers quickly after fire.","http://www.oregon.gov/ODA/PLANT/WEEDS/profile_spanishheath.shtml 201lhttp://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/347159/awmg_spanish-heath.pdf","Possibly could be spread along roadsides as that seems to be a major area of invasion? Horticultural species - listed in Sunset Garden Book.","Brenzel 2001","Doesn't seem very likely.",,"Native to France, Portugal, and Spain. Naturalized in Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, United Kingdom (USDA-GRIN) California is the only state listed for the U.S., although Clare Golec mentions it spreading in Oregon (USDA PLANTS database). Appears to have invaded similar habitats as it has invaded in Australia, New Zealand and Oregon.","USDA-GRIN http://www.oregon.gov/ODA/PLANT/WEEDS/profile_spanishheath.shtml 201lhttp://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/347159/awmg_spanish-heath.pdf","1) Inhabits disturbed, open, sandy areas 2) Large monoculture infestations in coastal Humboldt County, especially in the vicinity of the town of Trindad (roadsides and forest openings), just south of Eureka (open fields) to Fortuna along the state Route 101 with spreading into adjacent grasslands and other openings. New occurrences being reported in Del Norte (Wendell Woods), Oregon (Ken French), and Mendocino County (Clare Golec).","1) Hickman 1993 Jepson Manual 2) Clare Golec, CalTrans, pers comm","Invasion is concentrated in North Coast so probably a small percentage of these habitats statewide.",,"Brenzel, K.. N, 2001. Sunset Western Garden Book. Sunset Publishing Corporation. Menlo Park, CA Golec, Claire. Personal communication from Clare Golec, Caltrans, May 2008 Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA ODA 2011. Oregon Department of Agriculture Plant Division, Noxious Weed Control Spanish Heath (Erica lusitanica) http://www.oregon.gov/ODA/PLANT/WEEDS/profile_spanishheath.shtml [Accessed May 6, 2011] USDA-GRIN. 2011 GRIN Taxonomy for Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, Germplasm Resources Information Network. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl [Accessed May 18, 2011] USDA, NRCS. 2011. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 18 May 2011). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA",Unknown,Unknown,Unknown,Unknown,Unknown,Unknown,Unknown,Unknown,Unknown,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/erica-lusitanica-profile/, "Erodium cicutarium",,,"redstem filaree; redstem stork's bill; filaree",2/1/05,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph DiTomaso","University of California-Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Joe DiTomaso,Joanna Clines,Cynthia Roye,Doug Johnson",20050708,,,"In grasslands, E. botrys, E. brachycarpum, and E. cicutarium all coexist and behave similarly.",D,Observational,C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,"Other Published Material",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,Observational,C,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,Observational,Array,Array,A,3,Limited,,"Do not appear to have significant impact on abiotic processes.","DiTomaso, observational","May be able to outcompete native species. Forms large basal rosettes of leaves that can kill nearby plants (1), but this generally only occurs after disturbance, such as fire and they are quickly outcompeted within a year or two of fire.","1. Coomes, D. A., M. Rees, P. J. Grubb, and L. Turnbull. 2002. Are differences in seed mass among species important in structuring plant communities? Evidence from analyses of spatial and temporal variation in dune-annual populations. Oikos 96(3): 421-432. Kyser and DiTomaso, 2002. Weed Science","Forms a mutualistic relationship with endangered kangaroo rats, which eat the seeds (1, 2). Also eaten by desert tortoises (3). Good forage for wildlife although when they form a dominant stand after fire then can reduce annual grasses and limit late season forage. I could not find specific descriptions of negative impacts. 1. Schiffman, P. M. 1994. Promotion of exotic weed establishment by endangered giant kangaroo rats (Dipodomys ingens) in a California grassland. Biodiversity & Conservation 3(6): 524-537. 2. Inouye, R. S. 1981. Interactions among Unrelated Species Granivorous Rodents a Parasitic Fungus and a Shared Prey Species. Oecologia 49(3): 425-427. 2. Hazard, L. C., D. R. Shemanski, and K. A. Nagy. 2000. Digestibility of native and exotic food plants eaten by juvenile desert tortoises. American Zoologist 40(6): 1050. (abstract)",,"No information available on hybridization, but there are two native Erodium species in California: E. macrophyllum on the south and central coast and the Channel Islands, and E. texanum on the southern coast and desert. Doubtful if these species hybridize. No record of any Erodium species hybridizing.","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA","Needs natural or anthropogenic disturbance for establishment. Coverage of Erodium was significantly greater within the disturbed areas of kangaroo rat territories than in the less-disturbed spaces between territories (1). Erodium declined in woodlands but increased in grasslands as grazing intensified (2). Biomass increased with nitrogen addition in the Mojave Desert (3). In British dune, grazing by rabbits reduces perennials and allows establishment of annuals such as Erodium (4). Found mainly in disturbed sites (see 3.1).","1. Schiffman 1994 2. Rosiere, R. E. 1987. An Evaluation of Grazing Intensity Influences on California USA Annual Range. Journal of Range Management 40(2): 160-165. 3. Brooks, M. L. 2003. Effects of increased soil nitrogen on the dominance of alien annual plants in the Mojave Desert. Journal of Applied Ecology 40(2): 344-353 4. Coomes et al. 2002.","Can fluctuate up and down, but over all remains static.","DiTomaso, observational.","Widely distributed and has been in the state for many years.","DiTomaso, observational.","Summer or winter annual. In Canada, emerged within 7-13 d of planting. Flowering occurred within 46-65 d of planting. Plants that emerged in late summer did not flower that season and survived as winter annuals. Seed production ranged from 2400-9900 seeds/plant (1). Seeds are impermeable at maturity but become permeable with dry storage and began to germinate immediately when placed upon moist substrate after five years' storage (2). Able to grow well even with water stress (3). DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.",,"Can be dispersed by clinging to shoes and clothes of people, tire, and agricultural or maintenance equipment (1).","1. DiTomaso, J., and E. Healy. in prep. Weeds of California and Other Western States.","Mericarps dispserse by water, soil movement, and especially by clinging to the fur, feathers, or feet of animals (1). Most seed fall to soil surface.","1. DiTomaso and Healy in prep","Native to Europe or the Mediterranean. Present in nearly every US state (1). Present in southern Africa (2). Present in rangeland of the semi-arid Caldenal region of Argentina (3).","1. USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. 2. Venter, H. J. T. and R. L. Verhoeven. 1990. The Genus Erodium in Southern Africa. South African Journal of Botany 56(1): 79-92. 3. Pelaez et al. 1995","Present in most California counties (1). May have invaded from Baja California before the first California mission was established in 1769; i.e. disturbance by cattle grazing was not responsible for its establishment (2). Present in woodland and grassland (3), and desert dunes (4). Found on roadsides, pastures, fields, grasslands, rangelands, waste places, and other open disturbed sites throughout California to 2000m (5).","1. USDA 2004 2. Mensing S., and R. Byrne. 1998. Pre-mission Invasion of Erodium cicutarium in California. Journal of Biogeography 25: 757-762 3. Rosiere, R. E. 1987. An Evaluation of Grazing Intensity Influences on California USA Annual Range. Journal of Range Management 40(2): 160-165 4. Brooks 2003 5. DiTomaso and Healy in prep.","Very common in valley and foothill grasslands.","DiTomaso, observational.",,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Unknown,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,C,B,A,C,,,,,,,,,,B,,,,,,C,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/erodium-cicutarium-profile/, "Eucalyptus camaldulensis",,,"red gum; river red gum; Red River gum",5/17/05,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709",,,,,,"Joe DiTomaso,Joanna Clines,Cynthia Roye,Doug Johnson",,,,,C,Observational,C,Observational,U,,D,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,,C,,C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",U,,B,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,C,2,Limited,,"Uses large amounts of water and can dry up streams in South Africa (1). Changes soil chemistry through allelopathy (2). Has not escaped here to have any affect on abiotic processes.","1. Forsyth, G. G., D. M. Richardson, P. J. Brown, and B. W. van Wilgen. 2004. A rapid assessment of the invasive status of Eucalyptus species in two South African provinces. South African Journal of Science. 100:75-77 2. Del Moral, R., and C. H. Muller. 1970. The allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus camaldulensis. American Midland Naturalist. 83: 254-283 Joe DiTomaso, observational.","Allelopathic. In California, annual herbs rarely survive to maturity where Eucalyptus litter accumulates. A bare zone often occurs in the zone between herbs and trees. Eucalyptus contains several toxins, including terpenes. Has not escaped here to have any affect on plant communities.","1. Del Moral and Muller 1970 DiTomaso, observational.","Eucalyptus globulus is reported to be poor wildlife habitat, but there is no specific information for E. camaldulensis.",,"None No native Eucalyptus species in California.","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA enter text here","Garden escape in disturbed habitats, but typically urban disturbed sites..","DiTomaso and Healy. in prep. Weeds of California and Other Western States.","Vry uncommon as an escape.",,"no information",,"Based on similar Eucalyptus globulus: Reproductive at several years old. Flowers late fall to spring. Fruit ripens the following fall to spring. Good seed crops produced at intervals of several years. Seeds are small and dispersed by wind. Germination rates highly variable. Not enough information to score.","Boyd, D. 2000. Eucalyptus globulus. pp. 183-187 in Bossard, C. C., J. M. Randall, and M. C. Hochovsky. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press, Berkeley.","Commonly planted as an ornamental tree (1). Uncommon escapee from plantings (2).","1. Scalise, K. 2000. UC Berkeley discovery to make possible June 7 attempt to cure California's sick eucalyptus trees. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, News and Information Outreach. http://news.ucanr.org. June 6, 2000 2. DiTomaso and Healy in prep.","Seeds may dispersed by wind, but no information on how far they are carried. Expected that fruit drop to the ground below parent plant.","Boyd 2000","Native to Australia, where it has an extensive range and grows primarily in riparian habitats (1). Invasive in South Africa (2), Hawaii, and Puerto Rico (3) but no record of ecosystems. Can't score without information about its range in California.","1. Del Moral and Muller 1970 2. Forsyth et al. 2004 3. USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.","Uncommon garden escape in Inner North Coast Ranges, San Francisco Bay Area, Central Valley, South Coast Ranges, Western Transverse Ranges, South Coast, and Channel Islands (= Jepson regions NW, GV, CW, SW) (1). Reported from Sonoma, Tehama, Butte, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, and San Diego counties (2). Invades grasslands in Santa Barbara County (3). Most other areas of escape are in urban environments.","1. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488. 2. USDA, NRCS 2004 3. Del Moral and Muller 1970","Uncommon ornamental escape, generally in disturbed areas.","1. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.",,No,No,Yes,Yes,Unknown,Unknown,No,No,Yes,,,,"Many of these scores are based on Eucalyptus globulus.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/eucalyptus-camaldulensis-profile/, "Eucalyptus cladocalyx",,,sugargum,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/eucalyptus-cladocalyx-risk/ "Eucalyptus globulus",,"Eucalyptus maidenii subsp. globulus (Labill.) J.B.Kirkp.","blue gum; Tasmanian blue gum; blue gum Eucalyptus; common Eucalyptus; Southern blue gum; Victorian blue gum","original 3/2004, re-assessed 3/14; finalized 3/2015","Kristina Wolf, PhD Candidate","UC Davis Dept. of Plant Sciences",,kmwolf@ucdavis.edu,"PES 1210 Mail Stop 1, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616","Joseph DiTomaso, Cooperative Extension Weed Specialist","UC Davis Dept. of Plant Sciences",,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"PES 1210 Mail Stop 1, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616","Joe DiTomaso (UC Davis),Dean Kelch (CDFA),Ramona Robison (State Parks),Elizabeth Brusati (Cal-IPC),Doug Johnson (Cal-IPC),Alison Forrestel (NPS),Peter Warner (consulting botanist)",20170815,3/19/14,20150313,"<p>A pdf file of this information is available at <a title=""eucalyptus page"" href=""../../../ip/inventory/eucalyptus2.php."">http://www.cal-ipc.org/ip/inventory/eucalyptus2.php. </a><br /><br /></p> <p>The document is an expert-reviewed assessment of the ecological impacts of<em> Eucalyptus globulus</em> in California. Of some 1,800 non-native plants that grow outside of cultivation in California, Cal-IPC has rated approximately 200 as Limited, Moderate, or High level invasive plants based on severity of impact, ability to spread, and extent. (For more information, see <a title=""inventory"" href=""../../../ip/inventory"">www.cal-ipc.org/ip/inventory</a>.) Cal-IPC ratings are designed to inform those managing lands for ecological values (such as native wildlife habitat) about the potential impacts of a given plant. Ratings are informative, not prescriptive; they are generalized, not site-specific. Ratings do not determine the overall value of particular plants in particular places, and the term “invasive” should not be construed as a universal condemnation.</p> <p><br /><em>Eucalyptus globulus</em>, Tasmanian blue gum, was last assessed by Cal-IPC in 2006 as part of a major initiative to update and document assessments for some 200 plant species. In 2014, Cal-IPC reassessed E. globulus. This new assessment revises scores for some criteria and results in a change in overall score from “Moderate” to “Limited.” To large degree this change is due to evaluating<em> E. globulus</em> across the entire state, rather than focusing on coastal areas where it is most prone to spreading.</p> <p><br />Blue gum eucalyptus is unique among naturalized non-native plant species in California. Its rich cultural history is documented in detail by Jared Farmer in <em>Trees in Paradise: A California History</em> (Norton, 2013). While most plants listed by Cal-IPC have spread into wildlands on their own, blue gum was actively planted in natural areas for timber, windbreaks and aesthetics. The stands existing today are those that were planted in an earlier time. <em>E. globulus</em> were most typically planted in grasslands, yet their most logical native analog habitat is oak or bay laurel woodland; this assessment aims to assess the most relevant comparison for each criterion.</p> <p><br />Some stands were planted so densely that few other plants grow within the stand, while less dense stands often contain more plant diversity. Some stands are regenerating and expanding in size, while others in less favorable conditions are not. Some stands are within areas now being managed primarily for ecological values, others are not. Where stands do occur in areas being managed for ecological values, it makes clear sense to assess their ecological impact as an invasive plant. Plantations that are not regenerating or expanding are not considered “invasive” in the customary use of the term. Management decisions for stands in urban areas will necessarily involve consideration of a range of factors, such as recreational and aesthetic values and the trees’ much-debated role in wildfire risk. For these stands, the information provided in this assessment can help assess impacts on native habitat, which may also be a factor in management decisions.</p>",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,C,Observational,Array,Array,B,3,Limited,,"<p><em>E. globulus</em> alters fire regime and groundwater availability. (Potential for allelopathy was examined but is not included.) These impacts can be significant in circumstances where blue gum were planted at high density and growing conditions are favorable for the species, and less significant in other places.</p> <p><br /><strong>Alteration of fire regime:</strong><br />In comparing wildfire parameters in blue gum stands versus native oak woodland (a comparable native habitat structure) fuel loads are significantly greater. E. globulus stands can accumulate significantly higher fuel loads than native woodlands. One study found fuel loads of 31 tons/acre in E. globulus stands as compared to 19 tons/acre in California bay forest and 12 tons/acre in coast live oak woodlands (National Park Service 2006). (Factors of ignition and relative flammability are not considered here.)</p> <p><br />Wildfire in grasslands is typically more frequent and less intense than wildfire in heavily wooded areas (whether native or non-native). Higher fire intensity can impact soils as well as seed mortality in the soil seed bank.</p> <p><br /><strong>Alteration of groundwater availability:</strong><br />The high water consumption of E. globulus is well known (Rejmanek & Richardson 2011) and eucalyptus species have been used by development agencies to drain swampy areas in efforts to reduce malaria (see for instance the Wikipedia entry for Eucalyptus). E. globulus and E. camuldensis (red gum) are used in environmental remediation projects. An example of this is PG&E’s 30 acre plantation in Lake County, California. At that site the trees are used to provide hydraulic control of groundwater beneath a landfill. The object of this remediation is to suppress groundwater and keep it from contacting geothermal wastes placed in the landfill (Deutsch 2015).</p> <p><br />Lateral roots can extend 30 m or more from the trunk, and in deep soils with high water tables, roots can penetrate to depths of 14 m (DiTomaso & Healy 2007). According to DiTomaso & Healy (2007) E. globulus are able to withstand prolonged dry summers by tapping into deep water reservoirs as well as by economizing water use through stomatal control. Their far-reaching root systems can extract water from the soil at even higher soil moisture tensions than most mesophytic plants (Pryor 1976, Florence 1996). The National Park Service is beginning to study groundwater response to eucalyptus removal, for instance on the Channel Islands (Power 2014).</p> <p><br />In coastal zones, fog drip under blue gum stands can be substantial, which accounts for the ability of coastal stands to regenerate (Yost 2014). A study in San Francisco found fog drip from eucalyptus drip can add as much as 42 cm of water during a single summer (Clarke et. al. 2008). This amount is comparable to annual rainfall and in such areas fog drip may significantly mitigate groundwater consumption.</p>","<p>See references within text.</p>","<p><em>E. globulus</em> stands displace native plant communities. Plant communities can be severely altered in circumstances where blue gum was planted at high density and growing conditions are favorable. Plant communities in other places can be significantly less impacted.<br /><br />Conditions are most favorable for blue gum growth and regeneration along the coast in northern and central California (Ritter and Yost 2012). Capacity for regeneration is based on environmental conditions; areas with reliable year-round moisture, such as along riparian corridors and along the coast from Monterey Bay north where summer fog drip provides seedlings with some moisture, are most likely to support naturally reproducing eucalyptus populations (Yost 2014). Juvenile foliage is seldom browsed by livestock or wildlife, aiding seedling survival (Skolmen and Ledig 1990).</p> <p><br /><em>E. globulus</em> stands can form near monocultures in areas where they were planted at high densities (Griffiths & Villablanca 2013). On Angel Island in San Francisco Bay, native trees were only found in eucalyptus plantings where the blue gums had been widely spaced, and these natives were “not vigorous” (McBride, Sugihara, and Amme 1988).</p> <p><br />Reports of plant diversity within <em>E. globulus</em> stands vary, reflecting the range of conditions, including original planting density, suitability of the microclimate for eucalyptus growth and regeneration, composition of native seed bank, size of the stand and diversity of the surrounding vegetation. Some studies report depauperate plant communities (Esser 1993, DiTomaso & Healy 2007, Bean & Russo 2014) limited by shading and a thick litter layer, while other studies report some native plant species being supported in the understory (LSA Associates 2009, San Francisco Recreation and Park Department 2006).</p>","<p>See references within text.</p>","<p><strong>E. globulus</strong> alters habitat for birds. Effects on terrestrial vertebrates and arthropods were reviewed but are not included in this assessment. Some blue gum stands provide habitat for monarch butterflies.</p> <p><br /><strong>Impacts to birds</strong><br />Many of the breeding bird species that are most representative of oak and riparian habitats make little or no use of eucalyptus. Decay-resistant wood offers limited nesting opportunities for woodpeckers and birds that excavate their own holes. Birds that glean insects from foliage are also present at notably lower densities than in native oak woodlands (Suddjian 2004, Williams 2002).</p> <p><br />Eucalyptus stands do provide nesting habitat for large roosting birds such as herons, egrets, and cormorants and raptors such as red-shouldered and red-tailed hawks (Suddjian 2004, LSA Associates 2009). They also provide a nectar source for bees and hummingbirds (Rejmanek & Richardson 2011).</p> <p><br />Depending on the abundance and health of grassland and oak woodland near blue gum stands, these stands may be considered to be damaging or complementing native habitat.</p> <p><br /><strong>Monarch butterfly habitat</strong><br />Some eucalyptus stands provide overwintering sites for Monarch butterflies, along with native trees such as coast redwoods, Monterey pine and Monterey cypress (Griffiths & Villablanca 2013).</p>","<p>See references within text.</p>","<p>No congeners native to the United States; no hybridization between non-native Eucalyptus spp. and native plant species in California.</p>","<p>Baldwin et al. 2012, Calflora 2014</p>","<p><em>E. globulus</em> was introduced to California in 1856 (Esser 1993) and is now naturalized in parts of California (Esser 1993, Ritter & Yost 2009). Purposeful cultivation was the primary mode of establishment (Skolmen & Ledig 1990, Esser 1993, HEAR 2007, LSA Associates 2009, Baldwin et al. 2012). E. globulus was planted on about 40,000 acres in California, extending from Humboldt County in the north to San Diego County in the south, with best growth in the coastal fog belt (Skolmen & Ledig 1990).</p> <p>New populations independent of planting are rarely seen in California. Spread is typically limited to expansion along the periphery of an existing population. While eucalyptus bears abundant seed, it does not generally find appropriate conditions for germination (Tyrell 1999). Seeds germinate best on bare mineral soil so germination within dense forests is difficult (Bean & Russo 2014).</p>","<p>See references within text.</p>","<p>Though not all <em>E. globulus</em> stands are expanding, those in moist coastal habitats often expand at a significant rate. New populations are rare; spread is almost entirely along the periphery of existing stands.</p> <p>Most naturalized stands of <em>E. globulus</em> are present along the coast in northern and central California (Ritter & Yost 2012). Aerial photographs show a 50-400% increase in eucalyptus stand size between 1930 and 2001 across six sites in coastal California (Van Dyke 2004). On Angel Island, blue gum “invaded areas adjacent to all sites where it was originally planted,” resulting in an expansion from 24 acres to 86 acres, a 360% expansion, over a century (McBride, Sugihara and Amme 1988). Potential spread rate has been estimated at 10-20 feet per year under favorable conditions (Bean & Russo 2014).</p> <p><br />Some studies show that this is not the case with all populations. An assessment of changes in cover over a 58-year period at three regional parks in the East Bay hills indicates a decline in eucalyptus cover at all three locations (Russell and McBride 2003), though it is unclear how management activities may have affected stand size in these locations.</p> <p><br />California State Parks personnel submitted the following recent reports:</p> <ul> <li>Tim Hyland (2014) in the Santa Cruz District reports that nine coastal units have E. globulus patches that have moved into riparian, coastal prairie, and coastal scrub habitats. Two units have E. globulus patches that exist in forested settings and show no signs of reproduction.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Vince Cincero (2014) in the San Luis Obispo Coast District referred to a 1990 report compiled by Susan Bicknell of Humboldt State University on eucalyptus at Montana de Oro State Park in Los Osos. The report describes an original plantation established in 1907/08, with the earliest aerial photos from 1949 showing 7 species of eucalyptus covering 119 acres. Forty years later in 1989, the grove had expanded 52% to 181 acres, of which E. globulus covered 108 acres (the original portion comprising blue gum is unknown).</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Suzanne Goode (2014) in the Angeles District reports that: at Mulholland Highway and Pacific Coast Highway, E. globulus is spreading upslope; at Nicholas Flats Natural Preserve, E. globulus (and possibly other eucalyptus species) are spreading from an original plantation homestead;and at the Will Rogers State Historic Park E. globulus continues to spread from plantings into the hillsides.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Michelle Forys (2014) in the North Coast Redwoods District reports that the few planted clumps of E. globulus located on district property are actively controlled to stop spread beyond the historical planted area. Additionally, she has observed a planting on the west side of along Highway 101 between Arcata and Eureka spreading across to the east side of the highway.</li> </ul>","<p>See references within text.</p> <p> </p>","<p>Some stands of E. globulus along the California coast are regenerating and expanding, while others are stable or even shrinking. CalWeedMapper (2014) shows that E. globulus is thought (by local land managers) to be spreading in about 47% of the USGS quadrangles where it is present in the state, and stable in the rest (decreases are not documented in the system, other than through active management).</p>","<p>See references within text.</p>","<p style=""margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt;""><strong><span style=""font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"">1. Reaches reproductive maturity in 2 years or less: No</span></strong></p> <p style=""margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;""><span style=""font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"">Most sources estimate trees usually begin to produce seeds at 4 to 5 years and yield heavy seed crops in most locations at 3- to 5-year intervals (Skolmen & Ledig 1990, HEAR 2007). Metcalf (1924) stated that flowers and fruits could be found on sprouts only two or three years old, although not in great quantities.</span></p> <p style=""margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;""><strong><span style=""font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"">2. Dense infestations produce >1,000 viable seed per square meter: Unknown<span class=""apple-converted-space""> </span></span></strong></p> <p style=""margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;""><span style=""font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;""> Sources indicate prolific seed production, but viable seeds produced per square meter are not given. There are 18 to 320 seeds per gram (500 to 9,100/oz) of seeds and chaff, or about 460 clean seeds per gram (13,000/oz) (Skolmen & Ledig 1990). Germination rates are typically very low: a 1% germination rate is good, given the more usual 0.1% germination success rate (Bean & Russo 2014). This does not indicate the amount of viable seed, as germination can be limited by other factors as well (e.g., allelopathy, thick litter layer, moisture, etc).<br /> <strong>3. Populations of this species produce seeds every year: unknown, assume no</strong><br /> Skolmen & Ledig (1990) indicate that E. globulus yields heavy seed crops in most locations at 3- to 5-year intervals. This does not indicate whether seed is produced every year and only heavily at several year intervals, or whether seed is produced only at 3- to 5-year intervals.<br /> <strong>4. Seed production sustained over 3 or more months within a population annually: Yes<span class=""apple-converted-space""> </span><br /> </strong>Blue gum eucalyptus in California flowers from November to April during the wet season. The fruit (a distinctive top-shaped woody capsule 15 mm long and 2 cm in diameter) ripens in October to March, about 11 months after flowering (Skolmen & Ledig 1990).<br /> <strong>5. Seeds remain viable in soil for three or more years: No<span class=""apple-converted-space""> </span><br /> </strong>Germination occurs readily (within 26 days) after seeds are released if conditions are suitable (Skolmen & Ledig 1990). When stored, seeds can remain viable for several years, but in field conditions, viable seed banks are not expected to be maintained beyond a year (Rejmanek & Richardson 2011).<br /> <strong>6. Viable seed produced with both self-pollination and cross-pollination: No<span class=""apple-converted-space""> </span><br /> </strong>When the cap covering the reproductive organs (the operculum) is shed, the anthers have mature pollen, but the stigma does not become receptive until some days later. This sequence impedes self-pollination of an individual flower. Flowers are pollinated by insects, hummingbirds, and other pollen and nectar feeders. There is no evidence that wind plays anything but a minor role in eucalypt pollination. The flowers of eucalypts are not highly specialized for insect pollination (HEAR 2007).<br /> <strong>7. Has quickly spreading vegetative structures (rhizomes, roots, etc.) that may root at nodes: No<br /> </strong>Blue gum eucalyptus can sprout from the bole, from stumps of all sizes and ages, from the lignotuber, and from the roots. The lignotuber can live for many years in the soil after stems die back (Esser 1993). This contributes to re-growth, but not spatial spread of the plant. One professional land manager reports that stand spread may arise from root sprouts in addition to seed sprouts (Heath 2014), but this has not been confirmed.<br /> <strong>8. Fragments easily and fragments can become established elsewhere: No<br /> </strong>No evidence found.<br /> <strong>9. Resprouts readily when cut, grazed, or burned: Yes<span class=""apple-converted-space""> </span><br /> </strong>Blue gum coppices readily from stumps of all sizes and ages when the tree is damaged. If the tree is cut down, lignotubers become active and each bud produce a shoot bearing foliage. Such shoots are commonly known as ""sucker growth"" or coppice shoots, and a large number are usually formed. E. globulus resprouts after being burned (Skolmen & Ledig 1990, Bean & Russo 2014).</span></p>","<p>See references in text.</p>","<p class=""MsoNormal""><span style=""font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"">Given the large seed size, there is very little potential for people to accidentally start new populations through unintentional seed “hitchhiking”.</span></p> <p class=""MsoNormal""><span style=""font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;""><br />Though some landowners may still plant <em>E. globulus</em> for windbreaks or ornamentals on a limited scale, the conclusion of the California Horticultural Invasives Prevention (Cal-HIP) partnership and the PlantRight campaign is that <em>E. globulus</em> is effectively no longer in the trade. Annual surveys of retail nurseries around California indicate that few (<1%) nurseries now sell <em>E. globulus</em> and it has been moved to their “retired” list of plants because it is so rarely found for sale (PlantRight 2014).<br /></span></p>","<p>See references in text.</p>","<p>In general, E. globulus seed is not easily dispersed over large distances (Skolmen & Ledig 1990, HEAR 2007, Rejmanek & Richardson 2011). E. globulus seeds are distributed by wind and gravity; calculated dispersal distance from a 40 m (131 ft) height, with winds of 10 km/hr (6 mi/hr), was only 20 m (66 ft) (Skolmen & Ledig 1990). Some seed may be moved by such agents as flood, erosion and birds, but usually seed is dropped within 100 feet of the parent tree (Bean & Russo 2014).</p>","<p>See references in text.</p>","<p><em>E. globulus</em> has wide climatic adaptability, with the most successful introductions worldwide in locations with mild, temperate climates, or at somewhat higher elevations in tropical areas (<em>E. globulus</em> does not tolerate frequent freezes). Although it generally grows well in countries with a Mediterranean or cold season maximum rainfall, it grows well also in summer rainfall climates of Ethiopia and Argentina (Skolmen & Ledig 1990). In California, E. globulus populations already exist in the regions suitable to the species’ naturalization (CalWeedMapper 2014).</p>","<p>See references in text.</p>","Invades five major habitat types: scrub and chaparral; grasslands; bog and marsh; riparian; and forest. These are ecotypes where blue gum stands are found in California, though that presence is typically due to intentional planting. Blue gum is unlikely to actively spread into dense forest vegetation. See Worksheet C.
",Observational
,"See Worksheet C. 5-20% is the highest portion of occurrences invaded in any of the invaded ecotypes.
",Observational
,"<p><strong>Note:</strong> All sources cited in the assessment are listed below. Additional sources were reviewed but not used in the assessment; these are also listed below.</p> <p> </p> <p>Aggangan, R. G., A. T. O'Connell, J. F. McGrath, and B. Dell. 1999. The effects of Eucalyptus globulus leaf litter on C and N mineralization in soils from pasture and native forest. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 31:1481-1487.<br /><br />Baldwin, B. G., D. H. Goldman, D. J. Keil, R. Patterson, T. J. Rosatti, and D. H. Wilken, eds. 2012. The Jepson manual: Vascular plants of California. 2nd ed. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA.</p> <p><br />Bean, C., and M. J. Russo. 2014. Eucalyptus globulus. Bugwood Wiki. Based on 1989 Elemental Stewardship Abstract for Eucalyptus globulus (revised). The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA. Accessed 22 Mar 2014 online at http://wiki.bugwood.org/Eucalyptus_globulus.<br /><br />Bicknell, S. H. 1990. Montana de Oro State Park presettlement vegetation mapping and ecological status of eucalyptus. Humboldt State University, CA.<br /><br />Bossard, C. C., J. M. Randall, and M. C. Hoshovsky. 2000. Invasive plants of California's wildlands. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.<br /><br />Boyd, D. 1997. Eucalyptus removal on Angel Island. Presentation to the California Exotic Pest Plant Council. Accessed 25 Mar 2014 online at http://www.cal-ipc.org/symposia/archive/pdf/1997_symposium_proceedings1936.pdf.<br /><br />Callaham, Jr., M. A., J. A. Stanturf, W. J. Hammond, D. L. Rockwood, E. S. Wenk, and J. J. Obrien. 2013. Survey to evaluate escape of Eucalyptus spp. seedlings from plantations in southeastern USA. International Journal of Forestry Research 2013:1-10.<br /><br />CalWeedMapper. 2014. Eucalyptus globulus. California Invasive Plant Council, Berkeley, CA. Accessed 28 Mar 2014 online at http://calweedmapper.cal-ipc.org/maps.<br /><br />Cicero, V. 2014. Personal communication from Vince Cicero, California State Parks. Email received 4/11/2014.<br /><br />Clarke, K. M., B. L. Fisher, and G. LeBuhn. 2008. The influence of urban park characteristics on ant communities. Urban Ecosystems 11:317-334.<br /><br />Costa, E. Silva F., A. Shvaleva, J.P Maroco, M.H. Almeida, M.M. Chaves, J.S. Pereira. 2004. Responses to water stress in two Eucalyptus globulus clones differing in drought tolerance. Tree Physiology. 24(10):1165-72.<br /><br />Daves Garden 2014. Eucalyptus globulus. Accessed 31 Mar 2014 online at http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/62576/.<br /><br />Del Moral, R., and C. H. Muller. 1969. Fog drip: A mechanism of toxin transport from Eucalyptus globulus. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 96:467-475.<br /><br />Deutsch, P. 2015 Personal communication from Paul Deutsch, Amec Geomatrix, Inc. Email received 3/12/15.<br /><br />Dickinson, K. J. M., and J. B. Kirkpatrick. 1985. The flammability and energy content of some important plant species and fuel components in the forests of southeastern Tasmania. Journal of Biogeography 12:121-134.<br /><br />DiTomaso, J. M., and E. A. Healy 2007. Tasmanian blue gum. In: Weeds of California and other western states. Vol. 2 Geraniaceae-Zygophllaceae. pp.951-954. Regents of the University of California, Oakland, CA.<br /><br />Esser, Lora L. 1993. Eucalyptus globulus. In: Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Accessed 28 May, 2014 online at http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/eucglo/all.html.<br /><br />FEMA 2013. East Bay Hills hazardous fire risk reduction environmental impact statement. Accessed 24 Mar 2014 online at http://ebheis.cdmims.com/Documents.aspx.<br /><br />Florence, R. G. 1996. Ecology and silviculture of eucalyptus forests. CSIRO Publishing, Victoria, Australia.<br /><br />Fork, S. 2004. Arthropod diversity in native and exotic woodlands. Ecology and impacts of blue gum eucalyptus in coastal California, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA, June 3, 2004. Accessed 28 Apr 2014 online at http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/uploads/files/1108146921S. Fork Presentation.pdf.<br /><br />Forys, M. 2014. Personal communication from Michelle Forys, Environmental Scientist, North Coast Redwoods District, California State Parks. Email received 4/11/2014.<br /><br />Goode, S. 2014. Personal communication from Suzanne Goode, Angeles District, California State Parks. Email received 4/11/2014.<br /><br />Griffiths, J., and F. Villablanca 2013. Management of monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) overwintering habitat: Recommendations based on patterns of tree use. Monarch Alert, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA.<br /> Accessed 28 May 2014 online at http://monarchalert.calpoly.edu/pdf/Griffiths and Villablanca 2013 Eucalyptus White Paper.pdf.</p> <p><br />HEAR 2007. Eucalyptus globulus Risk Assessment. Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk. Accessed 22 Mar 2014 online at http://www.hear.org/pier/wra/pacific/eucalyptus_globulus_htmlwra.htm.<br /><br />Heath, M. 2014. Personal communication from Mark Heath, Shelterbelt Builders, Inc. Email received 5/28/2014.<br /><br />Hyland, T. 2014. Personal communication from Tim Hyland, Resource Ecologist, California State Parks. Emails received 4/15/2014 and 6/9/2014.<br /><br />Lacan, I. V. H. Resh, and J. R. McBride. 2010 .Similar breakdown rates and benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages on native and Eucalyptus globulus leaf litter in Californian streams. Freshwater Biology 55:739-752.<br />Lange, R. T., and T. Reynolds. 1981. Halo effects on native vegetation. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 105:213-214.</p> <p><br />LSA Associates, Inc. 2009. Wildfire hazard reduction and resource management plan. V. Vegetation management plan. East Bay Regional Park District, Oakland, CA. Accessed 23 Mar 2014 online at http://www.ebparks.org/Assets/files/fireplan/ebrpd_whrrm_plan/5-VegMan.pdf.</p> <p><br />May, F. E., and J. E. Ash 1990. An assessment of the allelopathic potential of eucalyptus. Australian Journal of Botany 38:245-254.</p> <p><br />McBride, J.R., N. Sugihara, and D. Amme. 1988.The effects of eucalyptus establishment on native plant communities. In Focused Environmental Study: Restoration of Angel Island Natural Areas Affected by Eucalyptus. California Dept. of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento CA.</p> <p><br />Meade, D. E. 1999. Monarch butterfly overwintering sites in Santa Barbara County, California. County of Santa Barbara Planning and Development Department, Santa Barbara, CA.</p> <p><br />Metcalf, W. 1924. Growth of eucalyptus in California plantations. Bulletin No. 380. University of California Publications, Berkeley, CA.</p> <p><br />National Park Service 2006. Eucalyptus. San Francisco Bay Area National Parks, Fire Education Office, Point Reyes Station, CA. Accessed 23 Mar 2014 online at http://biomass.forestguild.org/casestudies/1001/Eucalyptus.pdf.</p> <p><br />PlantRight. 2014. California Horticultural Invasives Prevention website: Invasive plants in your region. Accessed 2 April 2014 online at http://www.plantright.org/regions.</p> <p><br />Power, P. 2014. Personal communication from Paula Power, Ecologist, National Park Service, Channel Islands National Park. Email received 5/28/2014.</p> <p><br />Pryor, L.D. 1976. The biology of eucalypts. Edward Arnold (Publishers) United, London, UK.</p> <p><br />Rejmanek, M., and D. M. Richardson 2011. Eucalypts. In: Simberloff, D., and M. Rejmanek, eds. Encyclopedia of biological invasions, pp. 203-209. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.</p> <p><br />Riley, C. V., and A. E. Bush 1881. Trees attractive to butterflies. American Naturalist 15:572.</p> <p><br />Riley, C. V., and A. E. Bush. 1882. The butterfly trees of Monterey again. American Naturalist 16:64.</p> <p><br />Ritter, M., and J. Yost. 2009. Diversity, reproduction, and potential for invasiveness of Eucalyptus in California. Madrono 56:155-167.</p> <p><br />Ritter, M., and J. Yost. 2012. Blue gum weediness in California is not genetically based. California Native Plant Society conference, January 10-14, 2012, San Diego, CA. Abstract available online at http://www.cnps.org/cnps/conservation/conference/2012/pdf/cnps2012-presentation_abstracts.pdf.</p> <p><br />Rottenborn, S. C. 2000. Nest-site selection and reproductive success of urban red shouldered hawks in central California. Journal of Raptor Research 34:18-25.</p> <p><br />Russell, W. H., and J. R. McBride. 2002. Vegetation change and fire hazard in the San Francisco bay area open spaces. In: Blonski, K.S., M.E., and T. J. Morales. Proceedings of the California's 2001 wildfire conference: Ten years after the East Bay Hills fire; October 10-12, Oakland California. Technical Report 35.01.462, pp. 27-38. University of California Forest Products Laboratory, Richmond, CA. Accessed 24 Mar 2014 online at http://www.diablofiresafe.org/pdf/proceedings2001.pdf.</p> <p><br />Russell, W. H., and J. R. McBride 2003. Landscape scale vegetation-type conversion and fire hazard in the San Francisco bay area open spaces. Landscape and Urban Planning 64:201-208.</p> <p><br />San Francisco Recreation and Park Department. 2006. Significant Natural Resource Areas Management Plan. p6.2-2.</p> <p><br />Santos, R. L. 1997. The eucalyptus of California. Section three: Problems, cares, economics, and species. Accessed 25 Mar 2014 online at http://www.library.csustan.edu/bsantos/section3.htm.</p> <p><br />Sax, D. 2002. Equal diversity in disparate species assemblages: A comparison of native and exotic woodlands in California. Global Ecology and Biogeography 11:49-57.</p> <p><br />Shepardson, L. 1914. The butterfly trees. The James H. Barry Company, San Francisco, CA.</p> <p><br />Skolmen, R. G., and F. T. Ledig. 1990. Blue gum eucalyptus. In Burns, R.M. and B.H. Honkala, technical coordinators. Silvics of North America, Volume 2: Hardwoods. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC.<br />Eucalyptus globulus assessment – March 2015 12<br />Accessed 20 Mar 2014 online at http://na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/eucalyptus/globulus.htm.</p> <p><br />Stallcup, R. 1997. Deadly eucalyptus. Observer No. 108. Point Reyes Bird Observatory.</p> <p><br />Tyrrell, I. 1999. True gardens of the gods: Californian-Australian environmental reform, 1860-1930. University of California Press, Berkeley.</p> <p><br />USDA Forest Service. 2009. Sikkink, P.G., D.E. Lutes, and R.E. Keane. Field guide for identifying fuel loading models. Rocky Mountain Research Station. General Technical report RMRS-GTR-225. May 2009. Accessed 6 Jun 2014 online at http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr225.pdf.</p> <p><br />USDA PLANTS Database. Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Accessed 23 Mar 2014 online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/charProfile?symbol=EUGL.<br />Van Dyke, E. 2004. Blue gum eucalyptus in the Elkhorn Watershed: 1930 - present. Ecology and impacts of blue gum eucalyptus in coastal California, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA, June 3, 2004. Accessed 28 Apr 2014 online at http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/uploads/files/1108143446Vandyke Presentation.pdf.</p> <p><br />Warner, P.J. 2004. Personal observations from 1980-2004 working in and adjacent to eucalyptus stands in Marin, Sonoma, and Mendocino Counties. 707/937-9172; pwarner@mcn.org.</p> <p><br />Watson, K. 2000. The effect of eucalyptus and oak leaf extracts on California native plants. Masters Thesis, University of California, Berkeley. Accessed 31 Mar 2014 online at http://nature.berkeley.edu/classes/es196/projects/2000final/watson.pdf.<br />Xerces Society. 2014a. Western monarch Thanksgiving count data 1997-2013. Accessed 31 Mar 2014 online at http://www.xerces.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/WMTC-Data-1997-2013-Updated-30-Jan-2014.pdf.</p> <p><br />Xerces Society. 2014b. Number of monarch butterflies overwintering in California holds steady, but still well below the 1990s. Accessed 31 Mar 2014 online at http://www.xerces.org/2014/01/31/number-of-monarch-butterflies-overwintering-in-california-holds-steady-but-still-well-below-the-1990s/.</p> <p><br />Yost, J. Personal communication from Jenn Yost, Biological Sciences Dept., California Polytechnic State University. Phone call 4/29/2014.</p>",No,Unknown,Unknown,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,C,D,,,,,,,,C,D,D,,,,,C,C,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/eucalyptus-globulus-profile/, "Euphorbia lathyris",,,"caper spurge",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/euphorbia-lathyris-risk/ "Euphorbia myrsinites",,"Tithymalus myrsinites (L.) Hill","myrtle spurge, creeping spurge",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/euphorbia-myrsinites-risk/ "Euphorbia oblongata",,,"eggleaf spurge; oblong spurge",1/26/05,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph DiTomaso","University of California-Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Joe DiTomaso,Joanna Clines,Cynthia Roye,Doug Johnson",20050708,,,,U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",U,,U,,B,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,C,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,Array,Array,B,2.5,Limited,,"No information available. Considered a noxious weed, but are much less problematic relative to leafy spurge.",,"Similar to leafy spurge (1). Allelopathic, dense roots outcompete other plants, reduces germination of native plants (based on leafy spurge references). Does not currently form the dense stands typical of leafy spurge.","1. Anonymous. Eggleaf spurge. Written findings of the Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/eggleafspurge.html","The milky sap of this species may have irritant properties, but toxicity problems have not been reported.",,"There are seven native Euphorbia in California, so potential for hybridization is there. There is no evidence for hybridization though.","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA enter text here","Euphorbia spp. often found in waste places, roadsides, fields, pastures, but can move into relatively undisturbed sites.","California Department of Food and Agriculture. Encycloweedia. Available: http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/ipc/encycloweedia/encycloweedia_hp.htm","Appears to be spreading locally, but not at rates observed for leafy spurge.","DiTomaso, observational.","Expanding range. Rated a B weed in California.",Encycloweedia,"Perennial. Monoecious. Spreads by seed or division. Crown buds develop at the bases of stems and can produce new shoots or roots. The biology of these species is poorly understood.","Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board","Not typically sold in the nursery industry so opportunities for human dispersal are rare.","DiTomaso, observational.","Seed primarily fall to ground below parent plant. No mechanism of long distance dispersal. Can occur close to water and this could move seed long distances on occasion.","DiTomaso, observational.","Native to southwestern Europe. Listed as a Class A noxious weed in Washington (1). Also in Oregon.","1. Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board.","In native range, inhabits damp meadows, shady woodlands, waste areas, and dry hillsides (1). Uncommon but expanding range in California. Present in Central Valley, San Francisco Bay Area, southern Cascade Range, southern North Coast and North Coast Ranges, South Coast Ranges, northern and central Sierra foothills to 200m (Encycloweedia). Mainly observed as an urban weed, but can be found in riparian areas and in woodlands.","1. Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.","Uncommon in California, but expanding range. Central Valley, San Francisco Bay region, southern Cascade Range, southern North Coast and North Coast Ranges, South Coast Ranges, northern and central Sierra Nevada foothills, to 200 m.","DiTomaso, observational.",,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Unknown,Unknown,No,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,D,,D,,,,D,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/euphorbia-oblongata-profile/, "Euphorbia terracina",,,"carnation spurge; Geraldton carnationweed",6/30/05,"Joseph M. DiTomaso","University of California, Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616",,,,,,"Jake Sigg,Peter Warner,Bob Case,John Knapp,Elizabeth Brusati",20050708,,,,U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",U,,U,,B,Observational,A,Observational,B,Observational,A,Observational,D,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",U,Anecdotal,C,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,Array,Array,C,2,Limited,,"No information available. Considered a noxious weed, but is primarily restricted to the south coast region of the state.",,"Similar to leafy spurge (1). Allelopathic, dense roots outcompete other plants, reduces germination of native plants (based on leafy spurge references). Does not currently form the dense stands typical of leafy spurge. It often forms dense patches and generally flowers March through August.","1. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.","Like many other spurges, geraldton carnationweed is reported to have toxic sap, but there are no records of problems in California.","DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.","There are seven native Euphorbia in California, so potential for hybridization is there. There is no evidence for hybridization though.","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA enter text here","Euphorbia spp. often found in waste places, roadsides, fields, pastures, but can move into relatively undisturbed sites. It has moved into the coast scrub areas of southern California that do not appear to be disturbed.","Jo Kitz and Joe DiTomaso, observational","Appears to be spreading locally, but not at rates observed for leafy spurge.","Jo Kitz, observational.","Expanding range along southern California coast.","Observational, Jo Kitz","Perennial. Monoecious. Spreads by seed or division. Crown buds develop at the bases of stems and can produce new shoots or roots. Probably has long lived seeds as do most other Euphorbia species.","DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488. DiTomaso, observational","Not typically sold in the nursery industry so opportunities for human dispersal are rare. Not found for sale in an internet search.","DiTomaso, observational. E. Brusati, Cal-IPC, observational","Seed primarily fall to ground below parent plant. No mechanism of long distance dispersal. Can occur close to water and this could move seed long distances on occasion.","DiTomaso, observational.","It also occurs in Pennsylvania. No record of the types of communities in other regions.","DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.","Geraldton carnationweed inhabits disturbed places, grassland, coastal bluffs (particularly near Malibu), dunes, salt marsh, riparian areas, and oak woodlands in the South Coast (Los Angeles Co.).","DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.","Uncommon in California, but expanding range.","DiTomaso, observational.",,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Unknown,Unknown,No,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/euphorbia-terracina-profile/, "Euphorbia virgata",,"Euphorbia esula; Euphorbia discolor, Euphorbia virgata, Euphorbia gmelinii","leafy spurge; faitours-grass; wolf's milk","1/18/05, info added 5/3/05","Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709",,,,,,"Carla Bossard,Matt Brooks,Joe DiTomaso,Jake Sigg,John Randall,Cynthia Roye,Jake Sigg,Peter Warner",20171012,,,"Removed second scientific name, Euphorbia esula, and added it to the synonym line, 3/24/17. Ramona Robison",U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Observational,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,,,Observational,Array,Array,"No score calculated",3.5,High,,"In the Dakotas and other highly infested states, lands invaded by leafy spurge renders the land completely unusable from a soil and water profile standpoint. Causes lower water tables and erosion.","Pirosko, Carri., California Dept. of Food and Agriculture. Personal communication. 3/11/05.enter text here","Allelopathic, dense roots outcompete other plants, reduces germination of native plants. Threatens the federally threatened species western prairie fringed orchid in North Dakota. Cover values of native species in Canada were negatively correlated with spurge (1). Germrination and greowth of other plants are inhibited by extracts from the roots of spurge (2). Growth of seedlings can be inhibited up to 60% when leafy spurge litter, roots, or leaves are incorporated into the soil (3).","1. Belcher J.W., and S.D. Wilson S.D. 1989. Leafy Spurge and the Species Composition of a Mixed-grass Prarie. Journal of Range Management 42(2): 172-175 2. Best K.F., G. G. Bowes, A. G. Thomas, and M. G. Maw. 1980. The Biology of Canadian Weeds .39 Euphorbia esula L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 60: 651-663 3. Steenhagen D.A., and R. L. Zimdahl R.L. 1979. Allelopathy of Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula). Weed Science 27(1): 1-3. 4. Lym, R.G. 2005. Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula). In, Invasive plants of Range and Wildlands and Their Environmental, Economic, and Societal Impacts. Pp. 99-118.","Wildlife avoids eating it and it causes skin irritation. Reduces sparrow populations. Reduces habitat utilization by bison, deer, and elk. Caustic latex produced by plant causes blistering and loss of hair on horses' feet, and presumably has the same effect on wildlife (1).","1. Best et al. 1980 Lym, R.G. 2005. Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula). In, Invasive plants of Range and Wildlands and Their Environmental, Economic, and Societal Impacts. Pp. 99-118.","There are seven native Euphorbia species in California (1) and E. esula is known to hybridize (2). The leafy spurge present in the U.S. may actually be a hybrid between Old World spurges, resulting in genetic plasticity that allows it to adapt to a variety of conditions (3).","1. Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA 2. Best et al. 1980 3. Goodwin, K., R. Sheley, R. Nowierski, and R. Lym. 2003. Leafy Spurge: Biology, Ecology and Management. Montana State University Extesion Publication . http://www.montana.edu/wwwpb/pubs/eb134.pdf","Mostly invades disturbed sites but is listed in native grasslands as well.","1. Belcher and Wilson 1989 2. Best et al. 1980 3. Selleck G.W., R.T. Coupland, and C. Frankton. 1962. Leafy Spurge in Saskatchewan. Ecological Monographs 32(1):1-28.","Average annual spread within stands of brome in Canada was 50cm, while spread in ungrazed pasture was 64cm (1). In absence of competition, seedling roots can penetrate to three feet deep and spread 40 inches laterally in four months (2). Cattle will generally avoid leafy spurge and subsequently overgraze more desirable neighboring plants. This type of selection allows leafy spurge to rapidly establish large dense stands (3).","1. Best et al. 1980 2. Goodwin et al. 2003 3. California Dept. of Food and Agriculture, Encycloweedia: Notes on Identification, Biology, and Management of Plants Defined as Noxious Weeds by California Law. Available: http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/ipc/weedinfo/euphorbia.htm. Accessed 5/3/05","no informationThe only large infestation (Siskiyou county, Klamath and Scott Rivers) is increasing. Small infestations (<100 plants each) in Modoc, Lassen, and Sierra counties are stable to decreasing.","Pirosko, Carri., California Dept. of Food and Agriculture. Personal communication. 3/11/05.enter text here","Perennial forb. Can reproduce in first year (1). Produces dense roots that spread rapidly. Most spread is vegetative (1). Usually requires cross-pollination, but can occasionally self-pollinate (2). New roots can branch from root nodes. Can resprout easily when roots are cut. Can produce 2500 seeds per m2 (1). After three years of burial, 64% of seeds were still viable at 20cm depth (1). High temperatures cause capsules to dehisce and throw seeds up to 5m from parent plant (1). Seeds can remain viable for 8 years (3). (Another study listed 5 yrs dormancy (4)). In Montana, seedlings rarely reproduce in first year (5). Roots can remain dormant until growing conditions are favorable (5), and can produce vegetative shoots for 5 years from a depth of 3 ft. after the major portion of the root system has been removed (4). In one study, patches increased by 30 - 387x within 5 years (4). Seedlings can reproduce vegetatively after 7-10 days emergence (4).","1. Best et al. 1980 2. Selleck et al. 1962 3. Foley M.E. 2004. Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) Seed Dormancy. Weed Science 52: 74-77 4. Selleck et al. 1962 5. Goodwin et al. 2003.","Domestic animals (1). Transport on farm or other machinery (2). Probably not intentional introduction. Most likely sources are driving tractor/ATV through patch and dispersing plant seeds or parts to another location; walking/hiking/rafting along river; new infestation brought into state through fire equipment, logging equipment or other gear. More likely to be spread by non-human dispersal (3).","1. Selleck et al. 1962 2. Goodwin et al. 2003 3. Pirosko, Carri., California Dept. of Food and Agriculture. Personal communication. 3/11/05.","Spread by birds and animals. Seeds can float and germinate in water (1). Mostly dispersed by water movement, especially during floods (2).","1. Selleck et al. 1962. 2. Pirosko, Carri., California Dept. of Food and Agriculture. Personal communication. 3/11/05.","Native to Europe. Present throughout US and into southern Canada (1, 2). Worldwide, ranges from xeric to subhumid habitats, and subtropical to subarctic (2). In Canada, occurs in abandoned pastures, native grasslands, and among trees and shrubs (3). Populations are small in California so there is a large potential for spread (4).","1. USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. 2. Selleck et al. 1962 3. Best et al. 1980 4. Pirosko, Carri. California Dept. of Food and Agriculture. Personal communication. 3/11/05.","Collected in coastal sage scrub, Los Angeles Co (1). In Canada, occurs in cropland, abandoned fields, grass pastures, native grasslands, and among trees and shrubs (2), and ranges from flat beds of glacial lakes to sand dunes to glacial moraines (3).In CA, occurs in Siskiyou, Modoc, Lassen, Sonoma, and Los Angeles Counties (4). Uncommon. Modoc Plateau (sw Modoc, se Lassen cos.). Previous infestations now considered eradicated in Cascade Ranges (ne Siskiyou Co.), eastern Klamath Ranges (cw Siskiyou Co.), southern North Coast Ranges (nw Sonoma Co.); to eastern U.S. To 1400 m (4600 ft) (1). In California, invades pasture, rangeland, borders of production ag fields, forested/woodland areas bordering range/pasture lands, sand bars in and along the Klamath River, and dry, upland forested areas such as juniper forest. May have been originally introduced into the state by miners as a medicinal plant (2).","1. Unknown. 1997. Noteworthy Collections, California Madrono 44(2):203 2. Best et al. 1980 3. Selleck et al. 1962 4. USDA, NRCS. 2004. 1. California Dept. of Food and Agriculture, Encycloweedia: Notes on Identification, Biology, and Management of Plants Defined as Noxious Weeds by California Law. Available: http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/ipc/weedinfo/euphorbia.htm. Accessed 5/3/05 2. Pirosko, Carri., California Dept. of Food and Agriculture. Personal communications. 3/11/05 and 5/16/05. 3. Unknown. 1997. Noteworthy Collections, California. Madrono. 44(2):203","Uncommon and only scattered populations in California so far.","Pirosko, Carri., California Dept. of Food and Agriculture. Personal communication. 3/11/05.",,Yes,Yes,Unknown,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/euphorbia-esula-profile/, "Fallopia ×bohemica",,,"Bohemian knotweed ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/fallopia-xbohemica-risk/ "Fallopia japonica",,"Polygonum cuspidatum; Reynoutria japonica, Fallopia baldschuanica","Japanese knotweed; Mexican bamboo",4/21/05,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709",,,,,,"Carla Bossard,Matt Brooks,Joe DiTomaso,Jake Sigg,John Randall,Cynthia Roye,Jake Sigg,Peter Warner",,,,"Removed second scientific name, Polygonum cuspidatum, and added it to the synonym line 3/28/17. Ramona Robison",B,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",U,,B,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,D,3,Moderate,Alert,"Decreases water flow, increases erosion (1). However, impacts not severe (2). Thickets can clog small water ways. Creates bank erosion problems and is considered a flood control hazard.","1. Anonymous. 2005. Invasive Knotweeds. King County (Washington) Noxious Weed Control Program Weed Alert. King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Water and Land Resources Division, Noxious Weed Control Program. Available: http://dnr.metrokc.gov/weeds 2. John Randall, The Nature Conservancy, pers. obs.","Creates dense colonies that exclude other vegetation (1). Preliminary data indicates that knotweeds reduce the quantity of native leaf litter inputs into streams (3). Early emergence and height of knotweeds (4m) allows them to shade out other species and prevent revegetation (2).","1. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488. 2. Seiger, L. 1991. Element Stewardship Abstract for Polygonum cuspidatum. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA. Accessed on-line at www.tncweeds.ucdavis.edu 3. Lauren Urgenson, graduate student, University of Washington, pers. comm. E-mail 2/28/05","Decreases value of riparian habitat for fish and wildlife (1). Knotweed litter has a higher carbon-to-ratio than native plants along streams, giving it less nutritional value for aquatic insects than alder, willow, or cottonwood (2). If it blocks streams, fish passage will be inhibited.","1. Anonymous 2005 3. Lauren Urgenson, graduate student, University of Washington, pers. comm. E-mail 2/28/05","There are numerous native and introduced Polygonum species in California (1). Most reproduction is vegetative so it is unlikely that it hybridizes with native species, but this is unknown.","1. Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA 2. Tu, M., and J. Randall. 2003. 2003 Cal-IPC Red Alert! Proceedings of the California Invasive Plant Council Symposium 2003. Available: www.cal-ipc.org","Inhabits riparian areas, forest edges, and other disturbed moist places (1). Does not appear to be a threat in undisturbed forests (2).","1. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488. 2. Seiger 1991","Rhizomes spread very quickly. Sounds like an A but need better documentation for this.","Mandy Tu, The Nature Conservancy, Oregon. pers. comm. Phone interview 2/05","Currently present in a limited area, but has the potential to spread widely (1, 2, 3).","1. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488. 2. Tu and Randall 2003 3. Tu, Mandy. Personal communication. The Nature Conservancy, Invasive Species Program. Portland, OR. www.tncweeds.ucdavis.edu","Fast-growing perennial that can grow up to 4m tall in one year. Mostly vegetative reproduction through fast-growing rhizomes. Fragments can develop into new plants (1). Seed production thought not to be important in northwestern U.S. (2).","1. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488. 2. Tu, Mandy. Personal communication. The Nature Conservancy, Invasive Species Program. Portland, OR. www.tncweeds.ucdavis.edu","In Washington and Oregon, was originally introduced as a ornamental, but is no longer used for this purpose. Because it occurs along roadsides, rhizome fragments could be carried by vehicles. Other knotweeds are carried in fill dirt. Sometimes planted by basketweavers.","Tu and Randall 2003 Seigel 1991 DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488 Carri Pirosko, California Dept. of Food and Agriculture, pers. obs.","Because knotweed occurs along riparian areas, rhizome fragments could be transported by water.","1. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.","A serious problem in the northeastern U.S., northern midwest, and England. Recent invader rapidly becoming a problem in the Pacific Northwest (1). Currently invades habitats in Oregon and Washington that are present but not invaded in California (2). Could still move into wetlands, marshes, and forests, particularly riparian forest. In the NW, it is a widespread invasive in all of these sites. Not widely distributed in California. Large potential for spread.","1. Tu and Randall 2003 2. Tu, Mandy. Personal communication. The Nature Conservancy, Invasive Species Program. Portland, OR. www.tncweeds.ucdavis.edu","Recent invader that is currently uncommon. Inhabits disturbed moist sites, roadsides, riparian areas, and wetlands. Has not invaded wetlands in California yet. Can also inhabit upland sites where water tables are shallow or in areas where seasonal rainfall is adequate. Tolerates some dryness and shade. In San Francisco Bay region, northern Sierra Nevada, northern Central Valley, Northwestern region, especially southern North Coast Ranges, Cascade Range, to 1000m (1). In the northwest, also invades forest edges and cobble bars in streams. Can tolerate some shade (2).","1. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488. 2. Tu, Mandy. Personal communication. The Nature Conservancy, Invasive Species Program. Portland, OR. www.tncweeds.ucdavis.edu","Uncommon in California so far (1, 2).","1. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488. 2. Tu, Mandy. Personal communication. The Nature Conservancy, Invasive Species Program. Portland, OR. www.tncweeds.ucdavis.edu",,Yes,No,No,No,Unknown,Unknown,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/fallopia-japonica-profile/, "Fallopia sachalinensis",,"Polygonum sachalinense; Reynoutia sachalinensis","giant knotweed; sakhalin knotweed; sacaline",2/28/05,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph DiTomaso","University of California-Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Carla Bossard,John Randall,Carri Pirosko,Dan Gluesenkamp,Gina Skurka,Brianna Richardson",20050708,,,"Removed second scientific name, Polygonum sachalinense, and added it to the synonym line 3/28/17. Ramona Robison",B,"Other Published Material",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",U,,B,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",B,Anecdotal,A,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",D,Anecdotal,Array,Array,D,2.5,Moderate,Alert,"Decreases water flow, increases erosion. Does not appear to be as bad as Polygonum cuspidatum. Thickets can clog small water ways. Creates bank erosion problems and is considered a flood control hazard.","1. Anonymous. 2005. Invasive Knotweeds. King County (Washington) Noxious Weed Control Program Weed Alert. King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Water and Land Resources Division, Noxious Weed Control Program. Available: http://dnr.metrokc.gov/weeds","Creates dense colonies that exclude other vegetation (1). Possibly allelopathic. Not as widespread as Polygonum cuspidatum in the NW so impacts are probably less. Early emergence and height of knotweeds (4m) allows them to shade out other species and prevent revegetation (2). Root exudates inhibited lettuce seedling growth (3).","1. DiTomaso, J., and E. Healy. in prep. Weeds of California and Other Western States. 2. Seiger, L. 1991. Element Stewardship Abstract for Polygonum cuspidatum. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA. Accessed on-line at www.tncweeds.ucdavis.edu 3. Inoue, M., H. Nishimura, H.-H. Li, and J. Mizutani. 1992. Allelochemicals from Polygonum sachalinense Fr. Schm. (Polygonaceae). Journal of Chemical Ecology. 18:1833-1840","Decreases value of riparian habitat for fish and wildlife. If it blocks streams, fish passage will be inhibited.","1. Anonymous 2005","There are numerous native and introduced Polygonum species in California (1). No information on hybridization with native species, but P. sachalinense is known to hybridize with other introduced knotweeds (2), so hybridization with natives seems possible. Closely related to and hybridizes with Japanese knotweed. No information on hybridization with native Polygonum species.","1. Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA 2. Tu, M., and J. Randall. 2003. 2003 Cal-IPC Red Alert! Proceedings of the California Invasive Plant Council Symposium 2003. Available: www.cal-ipc.org","Inhabits riparian areas, forest edges, and other disturbed moist places.","1. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488..","Rhizomes spread very quickly in Oregon, but has not spread much in California. One patch neara the Central Coast has been there a few years and has not spread much. Sounds like an A but need better documentation for this.","Tu, Mandy. Personal communication. The Nature Conservancy, Invasive Species Program. Portland, OR. www.tncweeds.ucdavis.edu DiTomaso, observational.","Currently present in a limited area, but may have the potential to spread widely (1, 2, 3).","1. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488. 2. Tu and Randall 2003 3. Tu, Mandy. Personal communication. The Nature Conservancy, Invasive Species Program. Portland, OR. www.tncweeds.ucdavis.edu","Fast-growing perennial that can grow up to 4m tall in one year. Mostly vegetative reproduction through fast-growing rhizomes. Fragments can develop into new plants (1). Seed production thought not to be important in northwestern U.S. (2).","1. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488. 2. Tu, Mandy. Personal communication. The Nature Conservancy, Invasive Species Program. Portland, OR. www.tncweeds.ucdavis.edu","In Washington and Oregon, was originally introduced as a ornamental (1), but is no longer used for this purpose. Because it occurs along roadsides, rhizome fragments could be carried by vehicles. Other knotweeds are carried in fill dirt (2). 1. Tu and Randall 2003 2. Seigel 1991",,"Because knotweed it can occur along riparian areas, rhizome fragments could be transported by water.","Need documentation for this.","Native to Japan and the Sakhalin Islands. A problem in the northeastern U.S., northern midwest, and England. Recent invader rapidly becoming a problem in the Pacific Northwest (1). Currently invades habitats in Oregon and Washington that are present but not invaded in California (2). Potential to invade riparian areas and forests, but does not appear to tolerate shade conditions well, so is unlikely to be a major problem in the forests and riparian areas under tree canopies.","1. Tu and Randall 2003 2. Tu, Mandy. Personal communication. The Nature Conservancy, Invasive Species Program. Portland, OR. www.tncweeds.ucdavis.edu","Recent invader that is currently uncommon. Inhabits disturbed moist sites, roadsides, riparian areas, and wetlands. In northwestern California, Cascade Range, San Francisco Bay Area, northern Sierra Nevada, northern Central Valley, to 500m (1). In the northwest, also invades forest edges and cobble bars in streams. Under experimental conditions, plants do not adjust photosynthetic rates to low light levels and appear unable to adapt to shaded conditions (1).","1. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488. 2. Tu, Mandy. Personal communication. The Nature Conservancy, Invasive Species Program. Portland, OR. www.tncweeds.ucdavis.edu","Uncommon in California so far.",CDFA,,Yes,No,No,No,Unknown,Unknown,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/polygonum-sachalinense-profile/, "Festuca arundinacea",,"Bromus arundinaceus, Festuca elatior ssp. arundinacea, F. elatior var. arundinacea, Lolium arundinaceum","reed fescue; alta fescue; coarse fescue; rescue; reed fescue; tall fescue; Kentucky fescue",8/5/04,"Brianna Richardson, Project Manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510.843.3902,brichardson@cal-ipc.org,"1442-A Walnut Street #462, Berkeley, CA 94709",,,,,,"Joe DiTomaso,John Randall,Alison Stanton,Peter Warner,Cynthia Roye,Jake Sigg",20040827,,,"Numerous cultivars exist.",U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,Array,Array,A,3,Moderate,,"None. No literature described ecosystem processes impacts.",,,"Fettinger, J.L., C.A. Harper, C.E. Dixon. 2002. Invertebrate availability for upland game birds in tall fescue and native warm-season grass fields. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science 77(4): 83-87. Reynolds, SA, JD Corbin, CM D'Antonio. 2001. The effects of litter and temperature on the germination of native and exotic grasses in a coastal California grassland. Madrono 48(4): 230-235. Batcher, MS. Element Stewardship Abstract: Festuca arundinacea. The Nature Conservancy.","Can be infected with an endophytic fungus that causes illness in livestock and some wild mammals that graze on it. In the mid-South, conversion of idle cropland to tall fescue pasture has degraded wildlife habitat and has been identified as a primary factor for the decline in northern bobwhite populations. Tall fescue stands make travel for many small wildlife species extremely difficult. Difficulty in travel may decrease game bird feeding rates, cause increases in energy expenditure, and possibly in mortality via stress or predation. The thatch it creates reduces food availability for wildlife. The endophytic fungal toxicosis syndromes make tall fescue poor forage for wildlife. Bobwhites on a tall fescue diet exhibit cloacal swelling and increased mortality. In the British Isles, F. arundinacea is never favored by livestock over other pasture grasses. Many animals in North America feed on F. arundinacea. Tall fescue palatability is poor for elk. Reduces habitat, travel corridors, and forage for wildlife. May be a poisoning problem.","DiTomaso, J., E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States. Not yet published. Fettinger, J.L., C.A. Harper, C.E. Dixon. 2002. Invertebrate availability for upland game birds in tall fescue and native warm-season grass fields. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science 77(4): 83-87. Gibson, DJ, JA Newman. 2001. Biological flora of the British Isles: Festuca aurndiancea Schreber. Journal of Ecology 89: 304-324. Batcher, MS. Element Stewardship Abstract: Festuca arundinacea. The Nature Conservancy.","Many native Festucas exist, no documentation discussed hybridization between natives and F. arundinacea. Hybridization may be a problem, unknown.","CalFlora database. Accessed 8/6/2004: www.calflora.org.","More frequently invades when an area has been disturbed, or its natural fire cycle has been disrupted. Able to invade undisturbed tall grass prarie in Texas. Persists long after introduction for forage or cover, absent significant disturbance, and spreads from existing stands without significant disturbance. Persists after natural disturbances, such as fire and flooding. Unclear whether disturbance is necessary or only facultative in California ecosystems.","Batcher, MS. Element Stewardship Abstract: Festuca arundinacea. The Nature Conservancy. Warner, PJ. 2004. Observations of populations in Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino Counties, 1999-2004.","Will spread more rapidly absent existing cover and competition, but will exploit small pockets within established vegetation, and spread from these pioneering sites. Does not appear to dominate areas already covered by competing vegetation, so spread is likely to be slow in wildland areas.","Warner, PJ. 2004. Observations in Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino Counties. 1999-2004.","Volume of reports on distribution in CA suggests this species is widespread throughout, in a diversity of climates and ecological types. Considering that this species continues to be introduced for forage, turfgrass, erosion control, yet is already widely distributed, best estimate is that it's spreading slowly, if at all.","CalFlora Database. 2004. www.calflora.org Observational, Peter Warner, Joe DiTomaso, 2004.","Tufts enlarge around the perimeter by short rhizomes and tillers. Flowers May-June. Reproduces by seed. Can reproduce by vegetative rhizome fragments that result from human activities. Single plants do not produce seed the first year. F. arundinacea germinates under thick and thin levels of litter. In Britain, seeds do not last a long time in the soil. Predominantely self-sterile, but cultivars may be self-fertile. Can resprout fom rhizomes after burning. Most seed germinates in the first year, but seeds can remain viable under ideal conditions for at least 19 years. 6 points.","DiTomaso, J., E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States. Not yet published. Reynolds, SA, JD Corbin, CM D'Antonio. 2001. The effects of litter and temperature on the germination of native and exotic grasses in a coastal California grassland. Madrono 48(4): 230-235. Gibson, DJ, JA Newman. 2001. Biological flora of the British Isles: Festuca aurndiancea Schreber. Journal of Ecology 89: 304-324. Batcher, MS. Element Stewardship Abstract: Festuca arundinacea. The Nature Conservancy. Fire Effects Information System. Accessed 8/2004. www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants Observational, Peter Warner, Joe DiTomaso, 2004.","Widely planted for pasture, turf, hay, and erosion control. Can reproduce by vegetative fragments created by human activity. Viable seed can be transported by horse dung. Intentionally planted for a variety of reasons.","DiTomaso, J., E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States. Not yet published. Gibson, DJ, JA Newman. 2001. Biological flora of the British Isles: Festuca aurndiancea Schreber. Journal of Ecology 89: 304-324.","The awn facilitates dispersal by animals. Viable seed can be transported by horse dung. Potential low.","Gibson, DJ, JA Newman. 2001. Biological flora of the British Isles: Festuca aurndiancea Schreber. Journal of Ecology 89: 304-324. Observational, Peter Warner, Joe DiTomaso, 2004.","In the British Isles it grows along riversides and in woods (it is native there). Has naturalized on New Zealand's South Island and replaces native grass on coastal dunes and talus slopes. Invades grazed scrub communities in the Netherlands. Invades grasslands in Illinois. Tall fescue is found in tallgrass prairie, salt desert shrub, and sagebrush (Artemisia spp.). It is also found in pine (Pinus spp.)-Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga mesziesii) forest, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forest, juniper (Juniperus spp.)-pinyon (Pinus spp.) woodland, mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus spp.)-oak (Quercus spp.) scrub,and saltbush (Atriplex spp.)-greasewood (Sarcobatus spp.) communities. Invades a number of ecological types, in a number of states and countries, but no information available on whether it is found in these in CA. DiTomoso (unpublished) lists it as only occuring in coastal scrub and grassland, which would mean that it could potentially invade 4 additional habitats listed above, as well as coastal dunes. CalFlora Database lists over 100 occurrences in California, from a diversity of vegetation types, including coastal and interior grasslands, riparian and marshes, dunes, woodlands.","Gibson, DJ, JA Newman. 2001. Biological flora of the British Isles: Festuca aurndiancea Schreber. Journal of Ecology 89: 304-324. Ellis, JL, G Spyreas, CJ Carroll. Non-native plant dominance in Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey. Fire Effects Information System. Accessed 8/2004. www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants CalFlora Database. 2004. www.calflora.org Observational, Peter Warner, Joe DiTomaso, 2004.","Invasive in coastal scrub, grassland, cismontane woodlands, marshes, dunes throughout California. Inhabits pastures, roadsides, ditches, and other disturbed dry or wet sites. Exists throughout California, except Great Basin and deserts, to 2700 m. Can invade savanna and woodland habitats, and the edges of open marsh and fens. Invades grassland and foothill woodland in Bidwell Park, near Chico. Invades three or more major ecotypes in California.","DiTomaso, J., E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States. Not yet published. Batcher, MS. Element Stewardship Abstract: Festuca arundinacea. The Nature Conservancy. Friends of Bidwell Park website. Accessed 8/2004. www.friendsofbidwellpark.org CalFlora Database. www.calflora.org","Widespread and common species throughout north coast grasslands, especially in moist areaa. Reported from many other ecological types, but no direct observations of extent of sites where this species is present. Present in > 50% of coastal prairie grassland.","Warner, PJ. 2004. Observations in San Mateo, Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino Counties, 1999-2004. Observational, Peter Warner, Joe DiTomaso, 2004.",,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Unknown,No,Yes,No,Yes,,,,"The number of tillers increases when grazed. Gibson, DJ, JA Newman. 2001. Biological flora of the British Isles: Festuca aurndiancea Schreber. Journal of Ecology 89: 304-324. Some cultivars are self-fertile, generally plant is self-sterile.",,,,,D,,,,C,,,,,,,,A,D,D,D,D,,,,D,,D,D,D,,,,D,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/festuca-arundinacea-profile/, "Festuca myuros",,"Vulpia myuros","rat-tail fescue; red-tailed fescue; sixweeksgrass; zorro annual fescue",2/10/05,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph DiTomaso","University of California-Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Joe DiTomaso,Alison Stanton,Joanna Clines,Cynthia Roye,Doug Johnson",20050708,,,"Much more common than Vulpia bromoides. Removed second scientific name, Vulpia myuros, and added it to the synonym line 3/28/17. Ramona Robison",B,Observational,B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,C,Observational,B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,Array,Array,A,3,Moderate,,"Replacement of native perennial grasses with annuals such as Vulpia has increased the fire frequency.","DiTomaso, observational","One of the many annual grasses that replaced perennial grasses in California (1). Contains 20 allelopathic chemicals that inhibit other plants (2). Population densities can be transient depending on the climate or disturbance. Populations increase following disturbance. Amixture of non-native grasses, including V. myuros, reduced seed output of the native perennial Nassella pulchra. This result was attributed to annuals outcompeting Nassella for water (3). In another California study, perennial grass seedling survival and above-ground biomass decreased and individuals became thinner (i.e., reduced weight-to-height ratio) with increasing V. myuros seeding density. V. myuros also significantly suppressed above-ground biomass and densities of weeds and had a more negative effect on weed densities than on native perennial grass densities (4).","1. DiTomaso, J., and E. Healy. in prep. Weeds of California and Other Western States 2. An, M., J. E. Pratley, T. Haig. 2001. Phytotoxicity of vulpia residues: III. Biological activity of identified allelochemicals from Vulpia myuros. Journal of Chemical Ecology 27(2): 383-394 3. Hamilton, J. G., C. Holzapfel, and B. E. Mahall. 1999. Coexistence and interference between a native perennial grass and non-native annual grasses in California. Oecologia 121(4): 518-526. 4. Brown, C. S. and K. J. Rice (2000). The mark of zorro: Effects of the exotic annual grass Vulpia myuros on California native perennial grasses. Restoration Ecology 8(1): 10-17.","Barbed seed injure the mouths, eyes, and hide of grazing animals (1).","1. Code, G. R. 1996. Why vulpia is a problem in Australian agriculture. Plant Protection Quarterly 11(SUPPL. 1): 202-204.","There is potential for hybridization with native Vulpia or Festuca spp. There are two native Vulpia and twelve Festuca in California (1). Natural hybrid have been recorded between V. myuros and F. rubra (native to CA) and F. nigrescens (not in CA) in England (2).","1. Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA 2. Ainscough, M. M., C. M. Barker, and C. A. Stace. 1986. Natural hybrids between Festuca and species of Vulpia section Vulpia. Watsonia 16(2): 143-152.","Present in both disturbed and undisturbed open areas, but prefers a disturbed site.","1. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488","Populations fluctuate with season and disturbance. Overall it appears to be static.","DiTomaso, observational.","Such a common annual grass that it is static in state.","DiTomaso, observational.","Cool season annual. Reproduces by seed. Seeds require an afterripening period of about 2-3 months and can then germinate whenever conditions become favorable. In California, most germination occurs in fall and early winter after the first significant rain of the season. Usually self-pollinated (1). Can produce prolific seeds and large seed banks (2). Seeds production has been recorded at 265, 000 seeds/square m, with 4800 seedlings emerged (3).","1. DiTomaso, J., and E. Healy. in prep. Weeds of California and Other Western States 2. Code, G. R. 1996. Why vulpia is a problem in Australian agriculture. Plant Protection Quarterly 11(SUPPL. 1): 202-204. 3. Dowling, P. M. 1996. The ecology of vulpia. Plant Protection Quarterly 11(SUPPL. 1): 204-206.","Can disperse with human activities.","1. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488","Can be dispersed by animals.","1. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488","Nearly wordwide. Present in most contiguous states, including all western states except Wyoming and Colorado, and a few central states (1). A problem in Australia (2). Scoring as C because already widespread in California.","1. DiTomaso and Healy in prep 2. Code, G. R. 1996. Why vulpia is a problem in Australian agriculture. Plant Protection Quarterly 11(SUPPL. 1): 202-204.","Throughout California, except possibly the Great Basin region, to 2000m. Present in disturbed and undisturbed open areas, including dry and seasonally wet sites, roadsides, rangeland, grassland, slopes, washes. In open areas in many plant communities, including chaparral and open woodland. Tolerates drought, some shade, very poor sandy soil, and acidic soil.","1. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488","Annual grass very common to valley and foothill grasslands. Probably found in nearly every one.","DiTomaso, observational Joanna Clines, US Forest Service, observational",,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,C,,,,B,B,A,,C,D,,,,,,D,D,B,,,,,,C,D,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/vulpia-myuros-profile/, "Festuca perennis",,"Lolium multiflorum; Lolium perenne","Italian ryegrass",1-Aug-03,"Joe DiTomaso","UC Davis",530-754-8715,DiTomaso@vegmail.ucdavis.edu,"Weed Science Program, Robbins Hall, Univ. California, Davis CA 95616",,,,,,"Jake Sigg,Peter Warner,Doug Johnson,Joe DiTomaso,Brianna Richardson",20171012,,,"Removed second synonym, Lolium multiflorum, and added it to the synonym line, 3/24/17. Ramona Robison",B,Observational,B,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,C,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,A,2.5,Moderate,,"As an annual grass it likely increases fire frequency as do other annual grasses.","Very little information, mostly observational by many people.","Effect on native grassland plant communities significant but not as significant as medusahead or downy brome.","Observational, many individuals. Cadman, D. 2002. Ghost of aliens past : Influence of invasive annual grasses on vernal pool assemblages. Thesis, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA","Good forage species for livestock and wildlife. Impacats on other species mostly unknown. Can cause toxicity to livestock when associated with a fungus. Negative impacts on the native Plantago erecta, the sole source of food for the larvae of Bay checkerspot butterfly.","DiTomaso, J.M. and E. A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. Div. Nat. Agr. Res. Univ. California (in press); Weiss, Stuart. 2003. CalEPPC Proceedings.","Hybridizes with other Lolium species, but no native Lolium occur in California.","DiTomaso, J.M. and E. A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. Div. Nat. Agr. Res. Univ. California (in press)","Generally found in disturbed sites, but can move into relatively undisturbed grasslands.","DiTomaso, J.M. and E. A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. Div. Nat. Agr. Res. Univ. California (in press)","Similar rate of spread as other annual grasses, but probably less than awned grasses, such as medusahead and downy brome.","DiTomaso, observational","So widespread that it is stable at this time. No unexposed habitat in the state.","DiTomaso, observational","Annual grass, produces numerous seed every year, cross and self pollinated, probably short leaved seed (<3 years).","DiTomaso, J.M. and E. A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. Div. Nat. Agr. Res. Univ. California (in press)","Widely distributed in hay and still sold as seed.","DiTomaso, J.M. and E. A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. Div. Nat. Agr. Res. Univ. California (in press)","N long distance mechanism for transport of seed. Most seed probably fall close to parent plant.","Observational, DiTomaso","Very widespread around the world. Common agricultural weed and component of grasslands.","Much literature on worldwide distribution of grass.","Mostly in grassland communities, but also found in some shaded and moist sites.","CalFlora database indicated both non- and wetland habitats. Also listed in many floras.","Very widespread and common.","DiTomaso, J.M. and E. A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. Div. Nat. Agr. Res. Univ. California (in press)",,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,A,A,B,C,C,,,,,,,,B,C,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/festuca-perennis-profile/, "Ficus carica",,,"edible fig",8/27/04,"John M. Randall","The Nature Conservancy and Univeristy of California Davis","530 754 8890",jarandall@tnc.org,"TNC Invasive Species Initiative, 124 Robbins Hall, Weed Science Program, University of California, Davis, CA 95616",,,,,,"Joe DiTomaso,Peter Warner,Alison Stanton,Jake Sigg,Cynthia Roye,John Randall",20040827,,,,C,Observational,A,Observational,B,Observational,D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Observational,A,Observational,B,Anecdotal,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,B,2.5,Moderate,,"NO observed impact on ecosystem processes. However, it is possible the Ficus carica litter is significantly different from litter of the native trees and other species that it displaces and if so it may signifcantly alter nutrient cycling and soil chemistry.","personal observations. I did not find any literature reporting results of research on the impacts of Ficus carica on invaded areas. Also see Randall, J.M. 2000. Ficus carica pp. 193-198 In: C.C. Bossard, J.Randall and M.C. Hosovsky (eds.) Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press, Berkeley.","Forms dense stands within native riparian forests and woodlands. Edible fig is sometimes the only woody species in these dense stands and the only woody species in other stands.","personal observations and observations reported by land managers at Dye Creek Preserve. I did not find any literature reporting results of research on the impacts of Ficus carica on invaded areas. Also see Randall, J.M. 2000. Ficus carica pp. 193-198 In: C.C. Bossard, J.Randall and M.C. Hosovsky (eds.) Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press, Berkeley.","If it produces fruits, it attracts rats which will also prey on birds, particularly nestlings (Underwood, ).","Cynthia Roye, pers observation. Aug. 2004.","There are no native Ficus species, and no native members of the Moraceae","Hickman, J.C. 1993. The Jepson Manual Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.","Ficus carica becomes established in riparian areas that have had no recent anthropogenic disturbance but its establishment appears to be promoted by flooding disturbance. Ficus carica is also common along many levees in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Although they may have become established decades after the intial creation of the levees they may benefit from disturbance caused by maintainence activities.","Personal observations and personal communications with Becky Waegell and Peter Hujick, land managers of the Cosumnes River Preserve and Dye Creek Preserve respectively. Also see pp 195-196 in Randall, J.M. 2000. Ficus carica pp. 193-198 In: C.C. Bossard, J.Randall and M.C. Hosovsky (eds.) Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press, Berkeley.","I observed the rapid increase in size of an infestation at the Cosumnes River Preserve over a 2-3 year period and estimated ages of trees in the roughly 0.25 acre infestation and found that the oldest trunk present was probably only 8 years old.","Personal observations, and corroborating statements by land managers at the Cosumnes River Preserve and Dye Creek Preserve. Also see Randall, J.M. 2000. Ficus carica pp. 193-198 In: C.C. Bossard, J.Randall and M.C. Hosovsky (eds.) Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press, Berkeley.","Reports of new or newly detected infestations from Cosumnes River Preserve and Dye Creek suggest that this species is still spreading in California","Personal observations at Cosumnes River Preserve, reports from Becky Waegell of Cosumnes River Preserve and from Peter Hujik at Dye Creek Preserve.","Ficus carica trees are capable of producing abundant fruit and seed two or three times per year. The plants also spread vegetatively via root sprouts and via broken branches that make contact with the soil and form roots. These broken branches may be carried great distances in flood waters, finally washing up in a new location where they may establish a new population.","Randall, J.M. 2000. Ficus carica pp. 193-198 In: C.C. Bossard, J.Randall and M.C. Hosovsky (eds.) Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press, Berkeley. Michailides, T.J. D.P. Morgan and KV. Subbarao. 1996. Fig endosepsis: an old disease still a dilemma for California growers. Plant Disease 80: 828-841. Furguson L., T.J. Michailides and H.H. Shorey. 1990. The California fig industry. In J. Janick (ed.) Horticultural Reviews 12. Timber Press, Portland, OR. Kjellberg, F., P.H. Gouyon, M. Ibrahim, M. Raymond and G. Valdeyron. 1987. The stability of the symbiosis between dioecious figs and their pollinators: a study of Ficus carica and Blastophaga psenes L. Evolution 41: 693-704.","Ficus carica is grown as a crop is California. In fact as of the late 1990s California was the third most important producer of figs in the world. Figs are also popular ornamental trees in California","Michailides, T.J. D.P. Morgan and KV. Subbarao. 1996. Fig endosepsis: an old disease still a dilemma for California growers. Plant Disease 80: 828-841. Furguson L., T.J. Michailides and H.H. Shorey. 1990. The California fig industry. In J. Janick (ed.) Horticultural Reviews 12. Timber Press, Portland, OR.","Fig fruits are eaten by many animals, including birds which may disperse the seeds. Also, the branches are relatively brittle and may break off during storms or floods and can then be carried great distances before washing up in a new location.","Personal observations at Cosumnes River Preserve.","Edible fig has naturalized in Australia (Vicoria, Western Australia), New Zealand and the Galapagos, but in these places it does not invade habitat types that it has not already invaded here in California.","Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. RG and FJ Richardson, Meredith, Victoria, Australia.","Ficus carica invades riparian forests, streamside habitats, levees and canal banks in the Central Valley and surrounding foothills, along the south coast and coastal flats and coastal scrub on the Channel Islands.","Hickman, J.C. 1993. The Jepson Manual Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. Junak, S. T. Ayers, R. Scott, D. Wilken and D. Young. 1995. A Flora of Santa Cruz Island. Santa Barbara Botanical Garden and California Native Plant Society, Santa Barbara, California. Randall, J.M. 2000. Ficus carica pp. 193-198 In: C.C. Bossard, J.Randall and M.C. Hosovsky (eds.) Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press, Berkeley.","Many of the riparian forests in the Cental Valley contain Ficus carica as do many sloughs and levees in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. However, when compared to all riparian forest habitat in the state a conservative estimate is that just 5-20% of all this habitat statewide contains the fig. enter text here","Personal observations, Also see: Hickman, J.C. 1993. The Jepson Manual Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. Randall, J.M. 2000. Ficus carica pp. 193-198 In: C.C. Bossard, J.Randall and M.C. Hosovsky (eds.) Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press, Berkeley.",,No,Unknown,Yes,Yes,Unknown,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,C,C,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/ficus-carica-profile/, "Foeniculum vulgare",,,"fennel; sweet fennel; sweet anise",6/6/05,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Jenn Erskine Ogden","Section of Evolution and Ecology, UC Davis",,jaerskine@ucdavis.edu,,"Joe DiTomaso,Alison Stanton,Joanna Clines,Cynthia Roye,Doug Johnson",20171025,,,,A,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,A,3,Moderate,,,"E-mail from Rob Klinger, UC Davis, rcklinger@ucdavis.edu","Once firmly established, it excludes almost all other vegetation. Established plants are competitive, and soil disturbance facilitates the development of dense stands, which can exclude native vegetation in some areas (2). The increase in vertical complexity when it invades grassland communities can increase seed input of native fleshy fruited species, but excludes many grassland species. (3,4)","1. Parsons W.T. 1973. Noxious Weeds of Victoria. Inkata Press, Melbourne. Pgs. 279-280 2.DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488. 3. Brenton, R.K. and Klinger, R.C. 2002. Factors influencing the control of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) using triclopyr on Santa Cruz Island, California, USA. Natural Areas Journal 22: 135-147. 4. Erskine Ogden, J.A. and M. Rejmanek. 2005. Recovery of native plant communities after the control of a dominant invasive plant species, Foeniculum vulgare: Implications for management. Biological Conservation 125: 427-439.","Not prefentially grazed by animals because of its strong odor although small plants/seedlings are controlled by grazers (1,3,4). Removal of fennel on Santa Cruz island increased abundance of sideblotched lizards but decreased abundance of southern alligator lizards (2, 5). Frugivorous bird diversity increases in fennel infested grasslands as the birds use the dead fennel stems as perches (6).","1. Parsons W.T. 1973. Noxious Weeds of Victoria. Inkata Press, Melbourne. Pgs. 279-280 2. Gibson, J. K. 2000. The presence of fennel affects the distribution of lizards on Santa Cruz Island. Cal-EPPC Symposium Proceeding. Vol. 6 (2000-02). pg.37 (you could also use her master's thesis at San Jose State) 3. Weeds of Australia (I believe the reference for this but don't have it at my house. 4. Erskine Ogden, J.A. personal observation 5. Gibson, J., G. Yost and S. Bros. 2005. Factors Influencing the Distribution and Abundance of Lizards Following the Removal of an Invasive Non-Native Weed on Santa Cruz Island. In Rejmanek, M., R. Thorp, S. Bros, W. Fox, S. Gleissman and J. Randall. Factors influencing diversity, composition, and assembly patterns of plant and animal commuties following the removal of an invasive exotic weed on Santa Cruz Island. Final Report to The Nature Conservancy. 6. Erskine Ogden, J.A. and M. Rejmanek. 2005. Recovery of native plant communities after the control of a dominant invasive plant species, Foeniculum vulgare: Implications for management. Biological Conservation 125: 427-439.","none No native Foeniculum species.","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA enter text here","Typically inhabits waste places, roadsides, and other disturbed areas. Usually found in areas that are so disturbed as to be of low ecological quality. Feral animal disturbance also promotes germination and spread (2,3). Also found in undisturbed sites.",,"In last 5 years has spread north east up Hwy 80 from Fairfield, CA, area to Vacaville, Davis, and northeastward (2).",,"Abundant, so probably not spreading much- following highway corridors and spreading both north and east.",,"Can reproduce from both crown and seeds. Seeds germinate at almost any time of year, but plants generally do not flower until they are 18 mo. to two years old. Seeds are produced during the summer and autumn and the flowering stems die back during winter to be replaced by new growth in late winter. Some stems stay alive towards the base and produce new leaves from nodes along the stems during the winter. Seed production is usually prolific. Seed production per plant is in the tens of thousands in its first year of growth (when reproduces) and hundreds of thousands in its second year of growth (3).","1. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488. 2. Parsons W.T. Noxious Weeds of Victoria. Inkata Press, Melbourne. Pgs. 279-280. 1973. 3. Erskine Ogden, J.A. 2004. Integrating ecology and conservation in an invasive species context: a case study using Foeniculum vulgare. Dissertation, University of California, Davis.","Can be spread by cultivation equipment or earth-moving machinery. Seeds can contaminate machinery, agricultural produce, livestock, and clothing (1).","1. Parsons W.T. 1973. Noxious Weeds of Victoria. Inkata Press, Melbourne. Pgs. 279-280.","Seeds disperse with water and animals but this is probably rare for long distance movement.","Parsons W.T. Noxious Weeds of Victoria. Inkata Press, Melbourne. Pgs. 279-280. 1973.","Widely distributed throughout temperate regions of the world, including New Zealand, Australia, the British Isles, and North America, usually as a weed of waste places and roadsides. Also considered a weedy species in non-native areas of Europe and the Mediterranean region. Scoring as C because already abundant in California.","Parsons W.T. Noxious Weeds of Victoria. Inkata Press, Melbourne. Pgs. 279-280. 1973.","On Santa Cruz Island, invades grasslands, coastal sage, and chaparral. Generally not successful invading chaparral but can extend at least 10m into coastal sage from invaded grasslands (1).Fennel invades grasslands, riparian areas, and other natural communities, particularly in coastal regions of Central and Southern California. Quite common along roadsides (2). Naturalized in 1880's on mainland and by 1997 on Santa Cruz Island (3).","1. Beatty S.W., Licari D.L. 1992. Invasion of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) Into Shrub Communities on Santa Cruz Island, California. Madrono 39(1): 54-66. 2. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488. 3. Greene, E. 1887. Studies of the botany of California and parts adjacent, VI. Notes on the botany of Santa Cruz Island. Bulletin of the California Academy of Sciences 2: 377-418.","Most common throughout low elevation areas of California, except Great Basin and desert regions (1). Much more common along the coast in Southern and Central California as well as the Bay Area (2). Beginning to proliferate in more central regions following the Hwy 80 and 5 corridors (3).","1. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488. 2. Joe DiTomaso, Weed Science Program, UC Davis, observational. 3. Erskine Ogden, J., personal observation",,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Unknown,No,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,B,B,,,,,,,D,B,C,,,,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/foeniculum-vulgare-profile/, "Galega officinalis",,,professorweed,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/galega-officinalis-risk/ "Gazania linearis",,"Gazania longiscapa DC","Gazania; treasure flower",6/27/11,"Elizabeth Brusati",Cal-IPC,510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"Cal-IPC, 1442-A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph M. DiTomaso, Specialist in Cooperative Extension","Dept. of Plant Sciences, University of California-Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Mail Stop 4, One Shields Ave., Davis CA 95616","Joe DiTomaso,Alison Stanton,Joanna Clines,Cynthia Roye,Doug Johnson",,,,"There is basically no published literature on this species. A Web of Science search brought up one conference paper and one patent for a horticultural cultivar, plus two more under the name Gazania longiscapa.",C,Observational,B,Observational,U,,D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Observational,B,Observational,B,Observational,A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,D,Observational,Array,Array,C,2,Moderate,Alert,"It forms a dense groundcover, preventing erosion on creek banks.","Christina Danko, pers. comm.","Outcompetes all native groundcover/herbaceous plantings. In riparian mitigation areas, we have seen this plant form a groundcover within one year, choking out seedlings from native riparian hydroseeded plantings. (Christina Danko, pers. comm.) In McClaren Park in San Francisco, it has spread into remnant patches of native grassland, including Nassella pulchra, Danthonia californica, and Elymus glauca. Also affecting a locally endemic plant. (Jake Sigg, pers. comm.)","Christina Danko, personal communication Jake Sigg, San Francisco, personal communication, 2/3/10",,"Jake Sigg, personal communication 2/3/10","None. No native Gazania congeners in California.","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA enter text here","Wherever it is planted nearby as a groundcover ornamental we see wind blown invasion into surrounding areas, usually into riparian mitigation areas that have been disturbed and are being restored (Christina Danko, pers. comm). Spreading due to human disturbance in McClaren Park but the areas it is invading are remnant patches of fairly undisturbed native grassland (never tilled, etc.). (Jake Sigg, pers. comm.)",,"I am located in central California within the fog belt. Over the course of several years I have seen gazania expand on a neighboring property which is regularly mowed for vehicle parking. It crossed over onto adjacent BLM property, which is maintained as grassland, but the rate of spread seemed slow. However, this year a couple of people have commented to me that its range has expanded from last year and GPS data shows this to be true. Mostly troubling is one plant that was found about a mile from the orginal location (Sue Hubbard, pers. comm). Seen spreading in riparian areas in Ventura (Christine Danko, pers. comm.) Has spread quickly in McClaren Park, San Francisco. This is the only site where Jake has seen it but it spread rapidly from a planting in an adjacent parking lot. (Jake Sigg, pers. comm.)","Emails from Sue Hubbard, Weed Crew Supervisor, Bureau of Land Management, Fort Ord (pers. ) Christina Danko, pers. comm. Jake Sigg, pers. comm.","Spreading? Has been seen becoming invasive fairly recently in several areas of California.",,"Perennial from stolons or rhizomes. Self-sowing. Difficult to remove because it develops a tap root.",,,"Brenzel 2001","Probably unlikely? But see comment from Sue Hubbard that one plant was found a mile from the rest of the infestation at Fort Ord. Jepson manual indicates that pappus is only slender scales, thus not capable of wind dispersal. May occasionally be dispersed by birds or water, but vast majority of seed likely fall to ground below parent plant.","Sue Hubbard, personal observation Joseph M. DiTomaso, personal observation Jepson Manual","Gazania is widespread and common in Victoria and naturalised in South Australia and Western Australia. Native to South Africa. Also invasive in Australia. California is the only state listed where naturalized in US by USDA PLANTS database. Listed as one of the ""ten most serious invasive plants sold by nurseries in Australia"" (Groves et al. 2005)","http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&ibra=all&card=E18 Groves et al. 2005 USDA NRCS 2011","Riparian areas in the Simi Valley, Moorpark, and Newbury Park/Thousand Oaks area, Ventura County. WeedWatch, of the Los Angeles and San Gabriel Rivers Watershed Council, finds that gazanias invade these environments: riparian/wetland, coastal, coastal sage, chaparral, grassland, desert. (Christina Danko, pers. comm) Gazania linearis is a problem plant in McLaren Park in San Francisco. About 15 years ago I commented on a list of plants to be planted in a median strip on the road running through the park. At my request they removed all the known invasives. At that time I had not known gazania to be problematic. Within a couple of years I was suffering remorse, as it jumped a four-lane road and is spreading into the grasslands. (Jake Sigg, pers. comm.) Specimens in the Consortium of California Herbaria database in coastal counties from the San Francisco Bay Area to San Diego, as well as Riverside County. Some are within urban areas, others seem to be along trails.","Christina Danko, pers. com. Jake Sigg, pers. comm. LASGRWC, date unknown CCH. 2011.","Probably a low frequency in any particular habitat type on a statewide level.",,"Brenzel, K.. N, 2001. Sunset Western Garden Book. Sunset Publishing Corporation. Menlo Park, CA CCH. 2011. Data provided by the participants of the Consortium of California Herbaria (ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortium/). [Accessed May 24, 2011] Danko, Christina. Personal communication from Christina Danko, Ventura. Email received 3/1/2008. Groves, R., R. Boden, and W. Lonsdale. 2005. Jumping the Garden Fence. A CSIRO report for World Wildlife Fund-Australia. 173 pp. Hubbard, Sue. Personal communication from Sue Hubbard, Weed Crew Supervisor, BLM Fort Ord. Email received 2/3/09. LASGRWC. date unknown. Los Angeles Regional Invasive Plant Guide. Los Angeles and San Gabriel Rivers Watershed Council, Los Angeles, CA. Available: http://weedwatch.lasgrwc.org. [Accessed May 24, 2011] Sigg, Jake. Personal communication from Jake Sigg of California Native Plant Society in San Francisco. Email received 2/3/09. USDA, NRCS. 2011. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 18 May 2011). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.",Unknown,Yes,Unknown,Yes,Unknown,Unknown,Unknown,Unknown,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/gazania-linearis-profile/, "Genista linifolia",,,"Mediterranean broom",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/genista-linifolia-risk/ "Genista monosperma",,"Retama monosperma; Spartium monosperma, Lygos monosperma","bridal veil broom",12/20/04,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709",,,,,,"Peter Warner,Jake Sigg,Joe DiTomaso,Cynthia Roye",20050815,,,"One population spread rapidly at Fallbrook Naval Weapons Station, San Diego County. A concern because this plant is sold in the horticultural trade. Removed second scientific name, Retama monosperma, and added it to the synonym line 3/28/17. Ramona Robison",B,Observational,A,Observational,B,Observational,D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Observational,A,Observational,B,Observational,U,,B,Observational,B,Observational,U,,C,Observational,D,Observational,Array,Array,C,2,Moderate,Alert,"Fire risk and allelopathy unknown. Nitrogen fixer, so capable of altering soil nitrogen","Jacobsen, E. 2000. pp. 266-268 in Bossard, C. M., J. M. Randall, and M. C. Hoshovsky (ed.) . 2000, Invasive plants of California's wildlands. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA","Crowds out native vegetation, dominates grasslands and disturbed habitats.","Jacobsen 2000","habitat transformation Threatens habitat for endangered Stephen's kangaroo rat and threatened California gnatcatcher.","Jacobsen 2000 - seems to be citing her own observations rather than published research","none no native broom species","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA","Currently present in disturbed areas Occurs mostly in disturbed grassland near San Diego but is adapted to rocky slopes and sandy banks in Mediterranean climates, so has potential to spread. Spread by birds, so doesn't require disturbance.","Jacobsen 2000","spread from 10ac to 2000ac between 1994(?) and 1996 at the Naval Ordnance Center Annex in San Diego County","Jacobsen 2000","Increases rapidly, but as of 2000 was still restricted to the Naval Ordnance Center","Jacobsen 2000","Each plant produces hundreds or thousands of seeds. Little known about physiology and reproductive mechanisms (1). Can propagate from cuttings (2). Based on other broom species, seeds probably remain viable for years and it can probably resprout after being cut, burned, or grazed.","1. Jacobsen 2000 2. Curir, C., S. Sulis, P. Bianchini, A. Marchsini, L. Guglieri, and M. Dolci. 1992. Rooting herbaceous cuttings of Genista monosperma Lam.: seasonal fluctuations in phenols affecting rooting ability.","May escape from plantings. Found in Cal-IPC nursery survey 2004","Jacobsen 2000 Cal-IPC nursery survey (unpublished) Brenzel, K. N. 2001. Sunset Western Garden Book. Sunset Publishing Company, Menlo Park, CA.","Birds ""appear"" to be primary seed dispersers","Jacobsen 2000","Native to Spain and the Mediterranean.",,"May have been cultivated in CA since 1917; escaped from a nursery (possibly) in 1990's. Only one population known as of 2000, in disturbed coastal scrub and grasslands in San Diego County.","Jacobsen 2000","Only one population known as of 2000.",,,Unknown,Yes,Unknown,Unknown,Unknown,Unknown,Unknown,Yes,Unknown,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/retama-monosperma-profile/, "Genista monspessulana",,"Cytisus monpsessulana, C. racemosus, C. canariensis, Gensita monspessulana, Teline monspessulana","French broom; soft broom; canary broom; Montepellier broom",6/8/04,"John J. Knapp/ Invasive Plant Program Manager","Catatlina Island Conservancy","(310) 510-1299",jknapp@catalinaconservancy.org,"P.O. Box 2739 Avalon, CA 90704",,,,,,"Joe DiTomaso,John Randall,Carla Bossard",20050311,,,,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,B,3,High,,"G. monspessulana alters fire regimes by buning readily, increasing fire frequency and intensity (1,2). Alters nutrient and water cycling in Spain (3) and California (4. 5). Dense even aged stands, carries flame to overstory native plants. Nitrogen fixer, increases probability of invasion by other plants.",,"Out competes native vegetation even on infertile soils (2,4). Displaces native flora (2). Forms dense monostands (1,2,3) that commonly reach 100% cover and extripate populations of native species (3). G. monspessulana grows rapidly (2) and shades out native species (2,3). G. monspessulana grows in close proximity to several listed and endemic plant species and in riparian habitat of listed wildlife species on Catalalina Island (3). Mutualistic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria found in small nodules on roots (2). Fire dervived increase of the root:above-ground biomass ratio allows resprouters to reach higher foliage concentrations, even if nutrient uptake efficiency or soil fertility remain unchanged (4).",,"Seeds are highly toxic to humans and wildlife (2). Young foliage can cause digestive disorders in horses, and staggering and paralysis in livestock (bison?) (2). Infestations degrade the quality of habitat for wildlife by displacing native forage species and changing microclimate conditions at soil levels, and reduce arthropod populations by 1/3 (as reported in Golden Gate National Recreation Area) (2). Dense thickets can inhibit the movement of wildlife (3), including quail and deer (1).",,"No hybridization is known to occur with native California taxa. No native California taxa are in the genus Genista.","Hickman, J.C. (ed.). 1993. The Jepson manual of higher plants of California. P. 609. University of California Press, Berkeley.","Brooms colonize open disturbed sites, roadsides, and pastures, and riparian areas, and can invade undisturbed (2) grasslands, coastal scrub, oak woodlands, and open forests (1). Road construction, pig rooting, fire, and vegetative disturbance facilitate its establishment (2).","(1) Anonymous. 2001. A comprehensive broom and gorse biological control effort. CalEPPC News 9(2): 3-6. (2) Anonymous. 2002. Broom: Montpellier broom (Genista monspessulana L.) and English broom (Cytisus scoparius L.). Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment. http://www.dpiwe.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/WebPages/RPIO-4ZZ72G?open.","Seeds are dispersed explosively up to 3-4 meters from individual plants by shattering (1,2). On Catalina Island, existing populations were surrounded by hundreds of new seedlings, and several young new satelite populations were detected (3). First recorded on Catalina Island in 1967 as infrequent (4), and by 2003 1,915,700 ft2 were invaded (3). Expanded 1.4m/year at Jackson State Demonstration Forest, CA (5).",,"At least 23 counties are invaded in California, along the coast from Del Norte to San Diego county, and inland in Butte, Yuba, Nevada, Placer, Sacramento and San Bernadino counties (4). Tamalpais State Park in Marin County targeted for removal (1), Catalina Island targeted for removal (2), Jackson Demonstration State Forest tested control methods (3), Golden Gate National Recreation Area targeted for removal (5), Marin County Open Space District preserve- Alto Bowl targeted for removal (5). Broom species including G. monspessulana have been identified as the second most problem weed by Weed Management Area managers (6). Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve- controlled (7). California State Parks- Inland Empire (8). On Santa Catalina Island, 1,915,700 ft2 are invaded (2). Is not spreading as fast as other broom species because has already invaded most potential habitats.",,"Perennial shrub with deep tap root that reproduces by seed (3), but has been propagated by cuttings (2). Fire stimulates prolific germination (?). Reproductive stage reached by two years (3). Medium sized plants of can produce 8,000 seeds per year and have long-lived seed banks, and become reproductive by 2-3 years (4). Seeds can remain viable in the soil for over 5 years, and plants live between 10-15 years (4,5). Resprouts readily after being cut and sometimes after fire (5). Self-pollination has been successful under experiments (6).",,"Soil contaminated with seed (1,3), road grading equipment, maintenance machinery, and mud (2,3). Brooms are widely planted as ornamentals (1,4). Vehicles, footwear, pig rooting and the digestive tracts of horses and other animals, and microsites such as: fallen trees and animal tracts facilitate establishment and dispersal (3). Lumber activities are a major cause of spread, as seeds are spread along lumber roads and fall down slopes from clear cuts (5).",,"Seeds are transported by birds on the Canary Islands (1,3,4), and California quail are suspected of dispersing broom seeds short distances (2). River water also disperse seeds but this species does not grow near water in California (3,4). Seeds do not survive digestion by California quail (5).",,"Considered naturalized in Australia (1,2,3), and is the most important broom species targeted for biocontrol (4). Also naturalized in New Zealand.","(1) Blood, K. Date unknown. Environmental Weeds: a field guide for SE Australia. (2) Harden, G.J. (ed.). 1990. Flora of New South Wales, Vol. 2. New South Wales University Press: Kensington, Australia. (3) Panetta, F.D., Groves, R.H. and Shepherd, R.C. 1998. The biology of Australian Weeds, Vol. 2. R.G. and F.J. Richardson: Meredith, Australia. (4) Syrett, P., Fowler, S.V., Coombs, E.M., Hosking, J.R., Markin, G.P., Paynter, Q.E. and Sheppard, A.W. 1999. The potential for biological control of Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) (Fabaceae) and related weedy species. Biocontrol News and Information, 20(1):17-33.","G. monspessulana was first introduced to California in 1871 and reported naturalized by the 1940's (1,5). On Santa Catalina Island, 85 populations were recorded and the following is the percentage of habitats invaded: bare-<0.00%, coastal scrub-<0.00%, coastal scrub/grassland-1.6%, grassland-0.16%, chaparral-0.02%, riparian-0.08%, and 13 populations wee recorded in non-native communities (2). G. monspessulana invades coastal plains, mountain slopes, grasslands, and open canopy forests, and disturbed places such as: river banks, road cuts, and forest clear cuts (3). G. monspessulana also invades coast live oak (4), valley grassland (6), foothill oak woodland (6).","(1) Mastro, L.W. 1987. Effects of Dyers Greenwold, Cytisus linifolius (Fabaceae) on the native vegetation of Santa Catalina Island. Crossosoma, 13(6):2-6. (2) Knapp, J.J. 2004. Catalina Invasive Plant Ranking Plan for the Catalina Island Conservancy. Unpublished. (3) Bossard, C.C. 2000. Genista monspessulana. Bossard, C.C., J.M. Randall, and M.C. Hoshovsky, (eds). In, Invasive plants of Californias wildlands. Pp. 203-208. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. (4) Archbald, G. 1994. A French broom control method. CalEPPC News. 2(1): 4-6. (5) Alexander, J.M. and C.M. DAntonio. 2003. Control methods for the removal of french and scotch broom tested in coastal California. Ecological Restoration 21(3): 191-198. (6) Schwartz, M.W., Porter, D.J., Randall, J.M. and Lyons, K.E. 1996. Impact of nonindigenous plants. Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress, vol. II, Assessments and scientific basis for management options. Davis: University of California, Centers for Water and Wildland Resources. Pp.1203-1226.","See 3.1.","(1) Mastro, L.W. 1987. Effects of Dyers Greenwold, Cytisus linifolius (Fabaceae) on the native vegetation of Santa Catalina Island. Crossosoma, 13(6):2-6. (2) Knapp, J.J. 2004. Catalina Invasive Plant Ranking Plan for the Catalina Island Conservancy. Unpublished. (3) Bossard, C.C. 2000. Genista monspessulana. Bossard, C.C., J.M. Randall, and M.C. Hoshovsky, (eds). In, Invasive plants of Californias wildlands. Pp. 203-208. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. (4) Archbald, G. 1994. A French broom control method. CalEPPC News. 2(1): 4-6. (5) Alexander, J.M. and C.M. DAntonio. 2003. Control methods for the removal of french and scotch broom tested in coastal California. Ecological Restoration 21(3): 191-198. (6) Schwartz, M.W., Porter, D.J., Randall, J.M. and Lyons, K.E. 1996. Impact of nonindigenous plants. Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress, vol. II, Assessments and scientific basis for management options. Davis: University of California, Centers for Water and Wildland Resources. Pp.1203-1226. (7) Thorne, R.F. 1967. A flora of Santa Catalina Island, California. Aliso, 6(3):1-77.",,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,C,,,,,,,D,D,D,,,,,,,,,D,D,D,,,D,C,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/genista-monspessulana-profile/, "Geranium dissectum",,"Geranium laxum Hanks","cutleaf Geranium",6/10/05,"Peter Warner","California Dept. of Parks & Recreation","(707) 937-9172; (707) 937-2278",pwarn@parks.ca.gov,"P. O. Box 603, Little River, CA 95456",,,,,,"Jake Sigg,Bob Case,Peter Warner,John Knapp,Elizabeth Brusati",20050708,,,"This PAF based primarily on the personal observations of the evaluator.",U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,Observational,U,,U,,B,Observational,B,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,A,Observational,C,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,A,Observational,Array,Array,A,2,Limited,,"None known.",,"Once established, G. dissectum appears to displace herbaceous native plant species; dense infestations could preclude, to an unknown degree, development of perennials and even woody species. However, this plant is primarily dominant and weedy in disturbed areas, not so much so in relatively intact plant communities. Impact assessed based on observed density and dominance of G. dissectum in some plant communities.","Warner, PJ. 1996-2005. Personal observations in San Mateo, San Francisco, Marin, Sonoma, and Mendocino Counties, CA. 707-937-9172/pwarn@parks.ca.gov","Could sharp-tipped fruits be injurious to animals?",,"This species could hybridize with its native congeners, but this potential element of risk is unknown.",,"G. dissectum appears to be more invasive in disturbed areas, such as long-grazed pastures or woodlands, trailsides, and sand dunes. However, some areas of relatively stable hind-dunes along the northern Calif. coast, as well as formerly grazed interior oak woodlands and grasslands, are infested with G. dissectum, suggesting that frequent or sustained disturbance are not necessary for its persistence in some areas.","Warner, PJ. 1996-2005. Personal observations in San Mateo, San Francisco, Marin, Sonoma, and Mendocino Counties, CA. 707-937-9172/pwarn@parks.ca.gov","Without new disturbance, G. dissectum does not appear to spread rapidly. However, it will establish in new areas on a limited basis, but generally does not form dominant colonies where other species are already well established.","Warner, PJ. 1996-2005. Personal observations in San Mateo, San Francisco, Marin, Sonoma, and Mendocino Counties, CA. 707-937-9172/pwarn@parks.ca.gov","This plant has been well established in California for many years; area infested would seem likely to be stable.","Warner, PJ. 1996-2005. Personal observations in San Mateo, San Francisco, Marin, Sonoma, and Mendocino Counties, CA. 707-937-9172/pwarn@parks.ca.gov","dense populations capable of producing copious amounts of seed over a prolonged period.","Warner, PJ. 1996-2005. Personal observations in San Mateo, San Francisco, Marin, Sonoma, and Mendocino Counties, CA. 707-937-9172/pwarn@parks.ca.gov","long--awned fruits that stick in clothing, machinery; also spread in contaminated hay or grain","Warner, PJ. 1996-2005. Personal observations in San Mateo, San Francisco, Marin, Sonoma, and Mendocino Counties, CA. 707-937-9172/pwarn@parks.ca.gov","Fruits can become attached to animal fur.","Warner, PJ. 1996-2005. Personal observations in San Mateo, San Francisco, Marin, Sonoma, and Mendocino Counties, CA. 707-937-9172/pwarn@parks.ca.gov","Native to Europe; widespread in North America; not as common in Plains and intermountain West (1). From CalFlora Database, G. dissectum appears to have invaded most parts (and ecosystems) in CA (2).","1. USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov) .National Plant Data Center , Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. 2. CalFlora: Information on California plants for education, research and conservation. [web application]. 2005. Berkeley, California: The CalFlora Database [a non-profit organization]. Available: http://www.calflora.org/. [Accessed: 65 July 2005]","I've observed G. dissectum in virtually every coastal plant community, as well as numerous North Coast Range lower elevation plant communities; the plant is also common in interior woodlands and grasslands (1). Most counties in Calif. report G. dissectum as occurring (2).","1. Warner, PJ. 1996-2005. Personal observations in San Mateo, San Francisco, Marin, Sonoma, and Mendocino Counties, CA. 707-937-9172/pwarn@parks.ca.gov 2. CalFlora: Information on California plants for education, research and conservation. [web application]. 2005. Berkeley, California: The CalFlora Database [a non-profit organization]. Available: http://www.calflora.org/. [Accessed: 65 July 2005]","Common in many ecological types, based on my plant lists of various habitat types in northern CA; also observed in several southern CA ecosystems.","Warner, PJ. 1996-2005. Personal observations in San Mateo, Marin, Sonoma, and Mendocino Counties, CA. 707-937-9172/pwarn@parks.ca.gov",,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,B,,,B,C,,,,,,,,A,A,,,C,,,,,,C,,B,,,C,D,C,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/geranium-dissectum-profile/, "Geranium lucidum",,,"shining Geranium",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/geranium-lucidum-risk/ "Geranium purpureum",,"Geranium robertianum subsp. purpureum; Pelargonium purpureum","little robin",27-Dec-16,"Mona Robison/Science Program Manager",Cal-IPC,916-802-2004,rrobison@cal-ipc.org,,,,,,,"Elizabeth Brusati,Tim Hyland,Eric Wrubel,Irina Irvine,Holly Forbes",20170125,2-Jun-17,,,U,"No Information",C,Observational,D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Observational,A,Observational,A,Observational,B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,B,3,Limited,,"There is no information available on G. purpureum's impact on abiotic ecosystem processes. This question is scored as Unknown based on lack of reported abiotic effects.",,"""Geranium purpureum is a major player that has taken over Sonoma Valley. I have a drainage at the Bouverie Preserve which had a small patch 4 years ago. The following year it had expanded to several acres, and several new occurrences. I find it to be much more invasive than G. robertianum, which has infested all 4 canyons of Bolinas Lagoon Preserve but never forms the thick stands of G. purpureum"" (Gluesenkamp pers comm.). G. purpureum causes minor alteration of plant communities by increasing the density of the herbaceous layer in forests/woodlands in Sonoma and Napa counties. Emails from Warner, Ruygt and Wrubel (2017) indicate that G. purpureum occasionally outcompetes understory spp. In forests and woodlands. It invades a previously unoccupied niche in bare litter/duff of forests with sparse understory. In brighter locations it outcompetes with native herbs such as Trientalis and Nemophila heterophila and may form > 80% of the ground cover (Ruygt, pers. comm.).","Gluesenkamp, D. Personal communication. Ruygt, J. Personal communication. Warner, P. Personal communication. Wrubel, E. Personal communication.","There is no information available on G. purpureum's impact on higher trophic levels. Herrera (1991) found that 90% of experimental G. purpureum transplants exposed to vertebrate herbivores (cattle, red deer Cervus elephas, fallow deer Dama dama and rabbits Oryetolagus cunic ulus) were consumed well before reaching reproductive size whereas 60% of transplants protected from grazing set at least one fruit.","Herrera 1991 Tofts 2004","G. purpurem can self pollinate as well as cross pollinate. There is no documentation of it hybridizing with native Geranium species in California. Only two native California Geranium species -- Geranium bicknellii and Geranium carolinianum -- overlap with the current range of G. purpureum and could potentially hybridize. There are also many more non-native geraniums occurring in these areas (such as G. dissectum) which would be more likely to hybridize with natives and cause population changes.","Calflora 2016 Tofts 2004","Anecdotal information on G. purpureum establishment and dispersal in California is available. It has become one of the more abundant weeds along roadsides in Sonoma County, especially in urban areas, but also sporadically on lesser traveled rural byways. Trails are not exempt, as I’ve seen populations in many parks and open space areas (locally) spread from along trails to more remote woodlands (Warner pers. comm.). I have seen it in oak woodlands, riparian woodlands and in ruderal settings. It’s a common and difficult garden weed. I have no recollection of it showing up in chaparral (Rugyt, pers. comm.). Based on these observations and on the establishment of other invasive Geranium species such as G. dissectum and G. molle, which are facilitated by disturbance, and G. robertianum which does not require disturbance to establish, the species is given a Moderate rating.","Cal-IPC PAF for G. dissectum, G. molle and G. robertianum. Ruygt, J. Personal communication. Warner, P. Personal communication.","Local rate of spread of G. purpureum in California without management appears to be high based on the following: Geranium purpureum is a major player that has taken over Sonoma Valley. I have a drainage at the Bouverie Preserve which had a small patch 4 years ago. The following year it had expanded to several acres, and several new occurrences (Gluesenkamp, pers. comm.) Where I have seen it, I would say Geranium purpureum is doubling in the East Bay hills, and increasing, but less rapidly near the coast in Golden Gate NRA, and Point Reyes NS (Wrubel, pers. comm.). Ruygt reports it as spreading less rapidly in Napa and Warner reports it as doubling in 10 years in Sonoma County, so the highest rate of spread is selected for this question.","Gluesenkamp, D. Personal communication. Ruygt, J. Personal communication. Warner, P. Personal communication. Wrubel, E. Personal communication.","Local rate of spread of G. purpureum in California without management appears to be high based on reports from regional experts. Where I have seen it, I would say Geranium purpureum is doubling in the East Bay hills, and increasing, but less rapidly near the coast in Golden Gate NRA, and Point Reyes NS (Wrubel, pers. comm.). Ruygt reports it as spreading less rapidly in Napa and Warner reports it as doubling in 10 years in Sonoma County (Ruygt and Warner, pers. comms.), so the highest rate of spread is selected for this question.","Gluesenkamp, D. Personal communication. Ruygt, J. Personal communication. Warner, P. Personal communication. Wrubel, E. Personal communication.","Reproduces by seed and is an annual or biennial so produces seed in one or two years. Flowers in California from March to October (Rugyt pers. comm.). In Spain, peak flowering occurs in March and seed dispersal and senescence in May. Based on studies in Europe, It appears plants flower and set seed rapidly after germination but do not have a long flowering period. Seeds appear to have short dormancy and germinate as soon as winter starts. Seeds sown in the autumn in Britain germinate soon afterwards. No scarification is required. Seed production per flower is low -- one study found that many flowers produced fewer than 5 viable seeds. Geranium can facultatively self-pollinate, which it regularly does. Seeds remain viable for at least 7 years.","Calflora 2016 DiTomaso and Healy 2007 Herrera 1991 Tofts 2004","Human-caused dispersal is not well documented. No information in the literature except for a description of it spreading rapidly along railroad lines in Germany. I suspect herbivores are involved in distribution but abundance can be attributed to high seed production and seed viability (Ruygt, pers. comm.). I’ve seen populations in many parks and open space areas (locally) spread from along trails to more remote woodlands — I suspect seeds are dispersed readily by numerous dispersers, especially humans, but likely including wildlife, bicycles, and horses (Warner, pers. comm.). ","Baltisberger and Waser-Walter 2009 Ruygt, J. Personal communication. Warner, P. Personal communication.","Geranium seeds lack obvious adaptations promoting dispersal through wind or water. Seed collecting by ants has never been observed (Herrera 1991). Seed dispersal distances are short. Seeds use ballistic dispersal over short distances with 50% of seeds landing within 44cm of the parent plant. Tortoises in Spain ingest and defecate seeds and other animals could do the same. Since the diaspores are sticky, attachment to animals could play a role in dispersal.","Herrera 1991 Tofts 2004","G. purpureum native to Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia and is alien in South America, New Zealand, and southern Africa (Jepson eFlora). It is also noted as spreading along railroad lines in Germany. There is little information on the habitat types which G. purpureum has invaded outside its native range. Within its native range it occurs on exposed shale near the coast and inland in a variety of habiats, in dry or moist soils in protected and unprotected areas. This indicates that there are probably ecological types in California which it has not yet invaded, based on its native distribution. The geographical distribution of Geranium purpureum is essentially Mediterranean, although a finger reaches through France to south-western England and southern Ireland while there are populations at elevations up to 7000 ft. in the mountains of eastern Africa and in Macaronesia and the Azores. This species has been introduced into South America where it is found established in comparable climatic conditions on the east and west coasts and even in the Juan Fernandez islands (Baker 1957). It is also noted as currently spreading in Northwestern and Central Europe (Eliáš 2011). ","Jepson eFlora Baltisberger and Waser-Walter 2009 Herrera 1991 Baker 1957 Tofts 2004 Eliáš 2011 ","G. purpureum was first collected in Napa county in 1976, and was not collected elsewhere in the Bay Area until the 1990s. It was collected in Butte County starting in 2008 and in Santa Cruz County in 2013, indicating its spread outward from Napa and the Bay Area. There is not a lot of information on the types of habitats that G. purpureum occurs in. Descriptions appear to be for oak woodland and grasslands, as well as urban areas and roadsides. Noted as spreading rapidly in riparian and woodland of inner North Coast ranges of California (Gluesenkamp, pers. comm.). It grows in mixed hardwood conifer forest where previously cover was sparse and primarily duff. It occurs from Carneros Valley area to Calistoga on the west range of Napa Valley, along the Napa River and more locally in the eastern part of the county. I have not seen it on the east side of Lake Berryessa. I have seen it in oak woodlands, riparian woodlands and in ruderal settings (Rugyt pers. comm.).","CCH 2016 Calflora 2016 Jepson eFlora 2016 Gluesenkamp, D. Personal communication. Ruygt, J. Personal communication. Warner, P. Personal communication.","G. purpureum occurs in 10 counties in California and is noted to be spreading rapidly in oak woodlands, riparian woodlands and in ruderal settings (Rugyt pers. comm.). However, the proportion of these community types overall throughout California is < 5%.","CCH 2016 Calflora 2016 Jepson eFlora 2016 Ruygt, J. Personal communication.","Baker, H. G. 1957. Genecological studies in Geranium (Section Robertiana). General considerations and the races of G. purpureum Vill. New Phytol 56, 172–192. Baltisberger, M., and Waser-Walter J. (2009). Kreuzbarkeit des invasiven Geranium purpureum mit dem einheimischen Geranium robertianum (Geraniaceae). Botanica Helvetica. 119, 63–67. Calflora. 2016. Species information for Geranium purpureum. http://www.calflora.org/entry/dgrid.html?crn=8594. Accessed December 27, 2016. Consortium of California Herbaria (CCH). 2016. Specimen return for Geranium purpureum. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortium/index.html Accessed December 27, 2016. DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2007. Weeds of California and Other Western States. UCANR Publication 3488. Oakland, CA. Eliáš jun, P. 2011. Geranium purpureum Vill. – new alien species to the Slovak flora. – Thaiszia – J. Bot. 21: 21-28. – ISSN 1210-0420. http://alienplantsbelgium.be/content/geranium-purpureum Gluesenkamp, D. 2007. Comment to Cal-IPC Watchlist from Dan Gluesenkamp, formerly Audubon Canyon Ranch, now with California Native Plant Society. Herrera, J. 1991. Herbivory Seed Dispersal and the Distribution of a Ruderal Plant Living in a Natural Habitat. Oikos 62, 209–215. Jepson treatment. Geranium purpureum. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=77514 Accessed December 27, 2016 Rugyt, J. 2017. Personal communication from Jake Rugyt, local botanist. Email received 1/18/17. Tofts, R. J. (2004). Geranium purpureum Vill. Journal of Ecology. 92, 720–731. Warner, P. 2017. Personal communication from Peter Warner, local botanist. Email received 1/18/17. Wrubel, E. 2017. Personal communication from Eric Wrubel, Botanist, San Francisco Bay Area Network, National Park Service. Email received 1/3/17. ",Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,D,D,,D,,,,D,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/geranium-purpureum-profile/, "Glebionis coronaria",,"Chrysanthemum coronarium, Glebionis coronarium","garland Chrysanthemum, crown daisy",4/20/05,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph M. DiTomaso","University of California, Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Jake Sigg,Peter Warner,Bob Case,John Knapp,Elizabeth Brusati",20050708,,,"Removed second scientific name, Chrysanthemum coronarium, and added it to the synonym line 3/24/17. Ramona Robison",U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Observational,U,,D,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,A,Observational,B,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,D,Observational,Array,Array,B,2.5,Limited,,Unknown,,"Forms dense stands that can outcompete native species in riparian and sand areas (1). Seeds sprout quickly after rain and can form dense stands even on dry south-facing hillsides. Can grow to five feet tall in rainy years and a solid mass can persist for years (2). Also has formed monocultures at Malibu Bluffs State Park (3). One of several species that shades out Monardella linoides ssp. viminea (Willowy monardella) and contribute to this endangered plant's decline (4).","1. Cindy Burrascano, California Native Plant Society, San Diego. pers comm. 2. Carrie Schneider, California Native Plant Society, pers. comm. 3. Michael O'Brien, landscape architect, pers. comm. 4. Mike Kelly, California Native Plant Society, pers. comm.","One variety is edible and can be cooked like spinach (1). The dense stands it forms presumably has an impact on wildlife that would have used the more open areas that were present before invasion, but there's no specific information on this.","1. Brenzel, K. N. 2001. Sunset Western Garden Book. Sunset Publishing Company, Menlo Park, CA.","None No native species of Chrysanthemum.","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA","Invades areas such as riparian habitat and dunes that receive natural disturbance. Does not invade undisturbed coastal sage scrub (1).","1. Michael O'Brien, landscape architect, pers. comm.","Expanding in San Diego County (1). Expanding rapidly at Malibu Bluffs State Park (2) and at Lopez Canyon in San Diego County (3).","1. Mike Kelly, California Native Plant Society, San Diego. pers. comm. 2. Michael O'Brien, landscape architect, pers. comm. 3. Cindy Burrascano, California Native Plant Society, San Diego. pers comm.","no information","DiTomaso, observational",Annual.,"Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA","Common escaped ornamental (1). There's a story that it was originally spread by railroad workers to brighten up their ride (unknown if this is true) (2).","DiTomaso, J. and E. Healy. in prep. Weeds of California and Other Western States. 2. Cindy Burrascano, California Native Plant Society, San Diego. pers comm.","Possibly wind, birds, or storm water, but seeds do not have a distinct pappus facilitating wind dispersal so most seed likely fall to ground below parent plant.","DiTomaso, observational","Native to southern Europe. Present in Oregon, Arizona, Alaska, som northeastern and southeastern states (1).","1. USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.","Present in coastal San Diego County from Mexico to Orange County. Invades riparian areas, grasslands, coastal bluffs, sand dunes, the edges of marshes, and disturbed areas (1). In many San Diego canyons (2). Highly invasive in many valley bottoms and stream sides in San Diego (3).","1. Cindy Burrascano, California Native Plant Society, San Diego. pers comm. 2. Carrie Schneider, California Native Plant Society, pers. comm. 3. Mike Kelly, California Native Plant Society, pers. comm.","Infrequent in state.","DiTomaso, observational.",,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Unknown,Unknown,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,D,,,D,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,D,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/chrysanthemum-coronarium-profile/, "Glyceria declinata",,,"mannagrass; sweetgrass; waxy mannagrass",7/18/05,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709",,,,,,"Jake Sigg,Cynthia Roye,Peter Warner,Joe DiTomaso",20050815,,,"This species has been thought to be the same as native Glyceria occidentalis. However, new taxonomic evidence shows that they are different species, and Carol Witham with CNPS says they differ in both habit and habitat.",U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",U,,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,U,,C,Anecdotal,C,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,Array,Array,B,2.5,Moderate,,"Good at denitrification and reduction of NO3- to ammonium. No evidence of this in wildland areas.","Matheson F.E. et al. 2002. Fate of 15N-nitrate in unplanted, planted and harvested riparian wetland soil microcosms. Ecological Engineering 19: 249-264.","Can form monoclonal stands, especially in vernal pools with a high clay content. Displaces and shades out native vegetation, decreases germination of native forbs. Threatens endangered Sacramento orcutt grass (Orcuttia viscida) in pools where Glyceria has invaded.","Carol Witham, vernal pool biologist, California Native Plant Society (Sacramento) and www.vernalpools.org. Personal observations.","Changes vernal pool food web towards more oppotunistic feeders. Reduces abundance of listed Brachiopods","Carol Witham, vernal pool biologist, California Native Plant Society (Sacramento) and www.vernalpools.org. Personal observations Proceedings of the 1998 Vernal Pool .","There are six species of native Glyceria in California. No information on hybridization.","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA enter text here","Likes wet, disturbed places. In California, occurs in vernal pools that are disturbed as well as those in good condition. In Poland, all habitats of G. declinata are moist, sodden, periodically flooded, subjected to moderate trampling or grazing. Typical areas are roadsides or paths over moist meadows and on the borders of ponds.","Mirek, Z. and T. Zaluski. 1986. Glyceria-Declinata Breb. Gramineae in Poland Distribution and Habitats. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 55(3): 505-516. Carol Witham, vernal pool biologist, California Native Plant Society (Sacramento) and www.vernalpools.org. Personal observations.","Has increased during the last several years.","Carol Witham, vernal pool biologist, California Native Plant Society (Sacramento) and www.vernalpools.org. Personal observations.","A few years ago was seen only occasionally in Central Valley vernal pools, but now it occurs in many places, even pools that are relatively undisturbed.","Carol Witham, vernal pool biologist, California Native Plant Society (Sacramento) and www.vernalpools.org. Personal observations.","Perennial, rhizomatous grass. Culms root at lower nodes.","Glyceria key from Mary Barkworth, Utah State University.","No information.",,"Seeds might be spread by sticking in mud on the feet of cows or birds.","Carol Witham, vernal pool biologist, California Native Plant Society (Sacramento) and www.vernalpools.org. Personal observations.","Native to Europe. Introduced in New Zealand. Also found in Nevada and New York.","Shaw, W. B., and R. B. Allen. 2003. Ecological impacts of sea couch and saltwater paspalum in Bay of Plenty estuaries. DOC Science Internal Series 113. Department of Conservation, Wellington New Zealand. Available: http://www.doc.govt.nz/publications/004~science-and-research/DOC-Science-Internal-Series/PDF/DSIS113.pdf Champion, P., J. Clayton, and D. Rowe. 2003. Lake Manager's Handbook: Alien Invaders. 2002. New Zealand Ministry of the Environment. Ref. ME444. Available: http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/water/lm-alien-invaders-jun02.pdf USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.","Uncommon in moist canyons and meadows, also reported from Central Valley (GV) vernal pools, but genetic research is needed to confirm identify. Listed as ""need more information"" on Cal-IPC 1999 list. Mary Barkworth at Utah State University has confirmed that it is a different species than native Glyceria occidentalis. May also invade freshwater marshes and moist swales.","Clark, G.M., T. J. Roscoe, and M. J. Van Ess. 1998. Management considerations for small vernal pool preserves - the Phoenix vernal pools. pp. 250-254 in C. W. Witham, E. T. Bauder, D. Belk, W. R. Ferren Jrl, and R. Ornduff (eds). Ecology, conservation, management of vernal pool ecosystems - proceedings from a 1996 conference. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, Ca. http://www.vernalpools.org/proceedings/roscoe.pdf. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488/ Carol Witham, vernal pool biologist, California Native Plant Society (Sacramento) and www.vernalpools.org. Personal observations.","Becoming more common in Central Valley vernal pools.","DiTomaso, observational. Carol Witham, vernal pool biologist, California Native Plant Society (Sacramento) and www.vernalpools.org. Personal observations.",,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,C,D,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/glyceria-declinata-profile/, "Grevillea robusta",,,silkoak,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/grevillea-robusta-risk/ "Gunnera tinctoria",,,"Chilean Gunnera",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/gunnera-tinctoria-risk/ "Gypsophila paniculata",,,"baby's breath",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/gypsophila-paniculata-risk/ "Halogeton glomeratus",,"Anabasis glomeratus",Halogeton,2/26/04,"Rob Wilson, Farm Advisor",UCCE,530-251-8132,rgwilson@ucdavis.edu,"707 Nevada St. Susanville, CA 96130",,,,,,"Carla Bossard,Cynthia Roye,Alison Stanton,Joe DiTomaso,Peter Warner",20040514,,,,B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",D,,B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,B,Observational,Array,Array,B,3,Moderate,,"<p>Halogeton populations increase salinity levels at the soil surface (act as a salt pump). One study found increased nutrient levels (NO3, P, K, Na) and soil bacteria diversity in an area heavily infested with halogeton for 20+ years compared to adjacent native winterfat communities. Halogeton concentrates salts into plant tissue and then deposit the salts on the soil surface as plant material decays. Leachates from halogeton mulch alter chemical and physical properties of soil and can inhibit the germination of other plant species.</p>","<p>Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Halogeton glomeratus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis. Roundy, Bruce A. 1987. Seedbed salinity and the establishment of range plants. In: Frasier, Gary W.; Evans, Raymond A., eds. Proceedings of symposium: ""Seed and seedbed ecology of rangeland plants""; 1987 April 21-23; Tucson, AZ. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service: 68-81. [4062] Young, James; Martinelli, Philip; Eckert, Richard; and Evans, Raymond. 1999. Halogeton: A History of Mid-20th Century Range Conservation in the Intermountain Area. USDA-ARS Misc. Publication 1553. Duda, Jeffery J. et al. 2003. Differences in native soil ecology associated with invasion of the exotic annual chenopod, Halogeton glomeratus. Biology & Fertility of Soils. 38(2). July: 72-77</p>","<p>Halogeton is well adapted to saline-alkaline soils in salt-desert shrubland and surrounding big sagebrush steppe. After disturbance, halogeton can become a dominant species in areas void of competing vegetation. Halogeton is problematic following disturbance from overgrazing, construction, agriculture, or fire. Halogeton usually does not become dominant in undisturbed saline-alkaline soils with vigorous competing vegetation. Halogeton can tolerate high saline-sodic soil conditions unlike most summer annual forbs. This adaptability allows halogeton to grow in areas few other plants can tolerate. Halogeton interacts with the regeneration ecology of valuble native perennial half-shrubs found in the Intermountain Region. Halogeton is not competitive with most established perennials (saltgrass, big sagebrush, greasewood, etc.) and aggressive winter annuals (cheatgrass, medusahead, etc.) since it does not produce a large shoot or root system early in the growing season to capitalize on available spring soil moisture (especially in low summer precipitation climates).</p>","<p>Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Halogeton glomeratus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis. [Online] Halogeton, Encyloweedia description. Available: http://pi.cdfa.ca.gov/weedinfo/HALOGETO2.html Young, James; Martinelli, Philip; Eckert, Richard; and Evans, Raymond. 1999. Halogeton: A History of Mid-20th Century Range Conservation in the Intermountain Area. USDA-ARS Misc. Publication 1553.</p>","<p>Since the early 1950's, reports have confirmed halogeton can poision sheep and cattle, but little information is available on halogeton's potential to poison brose animals such as deer and antelope. Since halogeton has poor palatability and produces toxic oxalates, it's pretty safe to assume large, dense, halogeton infestations reduce forage availability for browse animals. .Halogeton leaves and stems contain soluble oxalates at toxic levels.</p>","<p>Young, James; Martinelli, Philip; Eckert, Richard; and Evans, Raymond. 1999. Halogeton: A History of Mid-20th Century Range Conservation in the Intermountain Area. USDA-ARS Misc. Publication 1553. [Online] Dewey, Steve. Halogeton glomeratus. Cal IPC red alert fact sheet. Available: http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/datastore/detailreport.cfm?usernumber=53&surveynumber=182</p>","<p>Unlikely. I don't believe there are any native CA species in the Halogeton or Salsola genus.</p>",,"<p>Halogeton primarly establishes in disturbed areas following overgrazing and mechanical soil disturbance. Halogeton can establish following natural disturbances such a fire. Since halogeton is well adapted to saline-sodic soils, it is often on the first ruderal species to establish on these sites following disturbance. Halogeton can also establish on saline-sodic soils that lack vegetation cover due to high soluble salt or sodium accumulation at the soil surface.</p>","<p>Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Halogeton glomeratus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis. [Online] Halogeton, Encyloweedia description. Available: http://pi.cdfa.ca.gov/weedinfo/HALOGETO2.html</p>","<p>In salt desert shrubland, halogeton can spread extremely fast. From a BLM survey conducted in 1957, Halogeton spread over 30,000 acres in CA, 4 million acres in Nevada, and 1 million acres in UT from 1954 to 1957. Halogeton grows well on disturbed sites in salt desert shrubland and spreads over long distances by wind and human transport. Since the majority of salt desert shrubland has been greatly disturbed by repeated grazing in the early 1900's, halogeton has a large opportuntity for establishment.</p>","<p>Young, James; Martinelli, Philip; Eckert, Richard; and Evans, Raymond. 1999. Halogeton: A History of Mid-20th Century Range Conservation in the Intermountain Area. USDA-ARS Misc. Publication 1553.</p>","<p>Halogeton has likely spread to most of it's potential CA ecotypes. On problem with estimating halogeton population trends is it's flucatation in population between year to year. Halogeton establishment is related to disturbance and climate regimes. During drought periods, halogeton populations often increase, and during wet periods, halogeton sites become invaded by cheatgrass. Halogeton infestations can vary in size due to disturbance levels, and halogeton is susceptable to invasion by russian thistle and cheatgrass.</p>","<p>Young, James; Martinelli, Philip; Eckert, Richard; and Evans, Raymond. 1999. Halogeton: A History of Mid-20th Century Range Conservation in the Intermountain Area. USDA-ARS Misc. Publication 1553.</p>","<p>6 points; Halogeton is an annual that reproduces exclusively by seed. Halogeton can produce over 110,000 seeds per plant. Seeds are black or brown. Most black seeds germinate the year after production, and brown seeds often are viable but dormant for 2-10 years. Halogeton's production of brown seeds allows a population to persist for several years even if short term environmental conditions are unsuitable.</p>","<p>Young, James; Martinelli, Philip; Eckert, Richard; and Evans, Raymond. 1999. Halogeton: A History of Mid-20th Century Range Conservation in the Intermountain Area. USDA-ARS Misc. Publication 1553.</p>","<p>Halogeton seed is often spread by attaching to vehicles and equipment. Road construction and graders spread halogeton. Halogeton can also be spread with livestock.</p>","<p>Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Halogeton glomeratus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis. [Online] Halogeton, Encyloweedia description. Available: http://pi.cdfa.ca.gov/weedinfo/HALOGETO2.html</p>","<p>Halogeton can spread over long distances by wind (tumbleweed). Whirlwinds can transport stems up to 2 miles. Halogeton is also spread by rabbits and western harvester ants.</p>","<p>Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Halogeton glomeratus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis. Young, James; Martinelli, Philip; Eckert, Richard; and Evans, Raymond. 1999. Halogeton: A History of Mid-20th Century Range Conservation in the Intermountain Area. USDA-ARS Misc. Publication 1553.</p>","<p>Halogeton exists in several other states, but only in ecological types that it has already invaded in CA.</p>","<p>Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Halogeton glomeratus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis. Young, James; Martinelli, Philip; Eckert, Richard; and Evans, Raymond. 1999. Halogeton: A History of Mid-20th Century Range Conservation in the Intermountain Area. USDA-ARS Misc. Publication 1553.</p>","Halogeton was first identified in CA in 1949 in eastern Lassen County along the Nevada Border. The infestation was primarly confined to the Sierra Army Depot at Herlong. From 1954-1980, Halogeton spread to Inyo, Kern, Lassen, Los Angeles, Modoc, Mono, and Nevada Counties. From 1980, Halogeton spread to San Bernardino, Placer, and Siskiyou counties. Specific ecological types in Worksheet C were not confirmed with ecological maps.
","Young, James; Martinelli, Philip; Eckert, Richard; and Evans, Raymond. 1999. Halogeton: A History of Mid-20th Century Range Conservation in the Intermountain Area. USDA-ARS Misc. Publication 1553. Halogeton, Encyloweedia description. Available: http://pi.cdfa.ca.gov/weedinfo/HALOGETO2.html Calflora database
","Abundance and distribution varies with yearly rainfall. Most infestation occur in Great Basin portions of CA, either in the trans Sierra Nevada or the Mojave Desert portion of southern California. In 1957, BLM estimated 90,250 acres were infested in CA, but acreage has likely increased significantly.
","Young, James; Martinelli, Philip; Eckert, Richard; and Evans, Raymond. 1999. Halogeton: A History of Mid-20th Century Range Conservation in the Intermountain Area. USDA-ARS Misc. Publication 1553. Halogeton, Encyloweedia description. Available: http://pi.cdfa.ca.gov/weedinfo/HALOGETO2.html Calflora database
",,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,C,B,C,,,,U,C,,,U,,,,,,U,,D,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/halogeton-glomeratus-profile/, "Hedera canariensis",,,"Algerian ivy","02/26/04 (modified 9/05)","Tim Hyland / Resource Ecologist","California State Parks","(W) 831-335-6384 (H) 831-464-9141",tim.hyland@parks.ca.gov,"303 Big Trees Park Drive, Felton CA 95018","Cynthia L. Roye","California State Parks","(916) 653-9083",croye@parks.ca.gov,"PO Box 942896, Sacramento, CA 95296-0001","Cythia Roye,Carla Bossard,Alison Stanton,Joe DiTomaso,Peter Warner",20040514,,,"5/26/17 Note by Ramona Robison This PAF was originally written for both Hedera helix and Hedera canariensis. It has now been split into two species and the information copied into each. Both PAFs should be updated with current scientific literature.",B,Observational,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,Observational,D,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,A,Observational,A,Observational,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,A,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,A,2.5,High,,"C; Increased erosion in stream channels. By suppressing seedling establishment of woody understory shrubs dense stands of ivy can reduce the stability of stream banks that are stabalized by these deeply rooted plants.","Tim Hyland, California State Parks Resource Ecologist pers. obsv.","A; Completely replace native vegetation, including trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants. Ivy largely eliminates the ability of other plants to reproduce by outcompeting their seedlings for light. In addition this plant smothers existing shrubs and trees by climbing and finally completely enshrouding them.","Thomas, L. K. 1980. The impact of three exotic plant species on the Potomac Island. National Park Service Monograph Series. Number 13 Washington, DC.","B; Reduction in herbaceous low stature plants. Creation of a physical barrier to birds feeding on the ground. By obscuring the ground and reducing the growth of annual plants that act as a food source this plant reduces foraging habitat quality for ground feeding birds such as Dark-eyed Junco, Spotted and California Towhee etc.. Increased foraging of these species has been observed following the removal of English Ivy in oak woodland at Twin Lakes State Beach. This reduction of food resources in all likelihood would also impact small mamals that rely on these same food sources. These animals serve as food for meso mamals such as coyote, fox, weasels etc.","Tim Hyland, California State Parks Resource Ecologist","D; None There is only one species native to Califorinia that is related at the family level to Hedera spp.. Although this plant Aralia californica occurs in habitats invaded by ivy there is no record of genetic exchange between Aralia and Hedera.","1993. The Jepson Manual : higher plants of California / James C. Hickman, Editor. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, Califronia.","A; No disturbance required to establish in native plant communities. Infestations frequently found in intact plant communities away from roads or trails, usually at the base of trees where birds perch.","Tim Hyland, California State Parks Resource Ecologist pers. obsv.","A; Increases rapidly in favorable habitat. Frequent seed deposition by various bird species serve to increase an already rapid spread by vegetative means. Ivy roots as it goes as well as spreading from fragments.","Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands, 2000 Carla C. Bossard, John M. Randall, and Marc C. Hoshovsky, editors. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.","B; Increasing Known populations throughout the Santa Cruz District that are not being worked on are actively spreading. This trend is also occuring in State Parks both north and south of the Monterey Bay area.","California State Parks Condition Assesment, Ken Moore, founder Wildlands Restoration Team pers. com.. Peter Warner California State Parks Resource Ecologist North Coast Redwoods District. pers. com. Tim Hyland, California State Parks Resource Ecologist pers. obsv.","B; Vegetative fragments. Large quantities of seeds attractive to migratory birds 70% of seeds are viable. Seedlings are frequently found in concentrations under desireable roosting sites. American Robins often seen consuming berries. Fragments of plants in contact with soil after removal have been observed to resprout.","Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands, 2000 Carla C. Bossard, John M. Randall, and Marc C. Hoshovsky, editors. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California. Tim Hyland, California State Parks Resource Ecologist pers. obsv.","A; Frequently sold and planted in landscape trade as groundcover. Found in many commercial landscapes. Some nurseries specialize in the growth of this plant and it's cultivars.","http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/HEDHELA. The American Ivy Society http://www.ivy.org/. Sunset Western Garden Book. Tim Hyland, California State Parks Resource Ecologist pers. obsv.","A; Migratory birds American Robins have been observed eating the fruit of this species. These birds are migratory with a range that covers the entire state of California.","1992 The National Geographic Society Field Guede to the Birds of North America, The National Geographic Society, Washington D.C. Tim Hyland, California State Parks Resource Ecologist pers. obsv. PCA Alien Plant Working Group. http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/hehe1.htm","C; Eastern seaboard of U.S. Widely planted in areas where it is able to grow.","Plant invaders of the Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/hehe.htm","A; Widespread. Introduction likely in early 1900s. Although it is found in State Park Units in the Sierra Foothills, it does not seem to be agressively invading. This is not the case with the populations found on the coast where it is currently expanding. This plant was well known to early settlers and is found in abundance near homesteads that were inhabited in the early 1900s","Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands, 2000 Carla C. Bossard, John M. Randall, and Marc C. Hoshovsky, editors. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California. Tim Hyland, California State Parks Resource Ecologist pers. obsv. 2003. Peter Warner California State Parks Resource Ecologist North Coast Redwoods District. pers. com. 2004","A; Widesrpead. Found in Riparian Woodland, Riparian Forest, North Coast Coniferous Forest, Closed Cone Coniferous Forest, Broad Leaved Upland Forest, Lower Montain Coniferous Forest and Coastal Scrub adjacent to Oak Woodland. See worksheet This plant thrives with year round moisture, and a heavy duff layer seems to assist in seedling establishment. It also appears to be much more drought tolerant in shaded sites so does not compete well in grasslands or chaparral communities. Although it will grow near the coast, it seems intolerant of direct salt spray.","Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands, 2000 Carla C. Bossard, John M. Randall, and Marc C. Hoshovsky, editors. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California. Tim Hyland, California State Parks Resource Ecologist pers. obsv. 2003. Peter Warner California State Parks Resource Ecologist North Coast Redwoods District. pers. com. 2004 Alien Plant Working Group. http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/hehe1.htm",,No,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,C,B,,,,,C,A,C,D,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/hedera-canariensis-profile/, "Hedera helix",,,"English ivy","02/26/04 (modified 9/05)","Tim Hyland / Resource Ecologist","California State Parks","(W) 831-335-6384 (H) 831-464-9141",tim.hyland@parks.ca.gov,"303 Big Trees Park Drive, Felton CA 95018","Cynthia L. Roye","California State Parks","(916) 653-9083",croye@parks.ca.gov,"PO Box 942896, Sacramento, CA 95296-0001","Cythia Roye,Carla Bossard,Alison Stanton,Joe DiTomaso,Peter Warner",20040514,,,"5/26/17 Note by Ramona Robison This PAF was originally written for both Hedera helix and Hedera canariensis. It has now been split into two species and the information copied into each. Both PAFs should be updated with current scientific literature.",B,Observational,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,Observational,D,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,A,Observational,A,Observational,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,A,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,A,2.5,High,,"C; Increased erosion in stream channels. By suppressing seedling establishment of woody understory shrubs dense stands of ivy can reduce the stability of stream banks that are stabalized by these deeply rooted plants.","Tim Hyland, California State Parks Resource Ecologist pers. obsv.","A; Completely replace native vegetation, including trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants. Ivy largely eliminates the ability of other plants to reproduce by outcompeting their seedlings for light. In addition this plant smothers existing shrubs and trees by climbing and finally completely enshrouding them.","Thomas, L. K. 1980. The impact of three exotic plant species on the Potomac Island. National Park Service Monograph Series. Number 13 Washington, DC.","B; Reduction in herbaceous low stature plants. Creation of a physical barrier to birds feeding on the ground. By obscuring the ground and reducing the growth of annual plants that act as a food source this plant reduces foraging habitat quality for ground feeding birds such as Dark-eyed Junco, Spotted and California Towhee etc.. Increased foraging of these species has been observed following the removal of English Ivy in oak woodland at Twin Lakes State Beach. This reduction of food resources in all likelihood would also impact small mamals that rely on these same food sources. These animals serve as food for meso mamals such as coyote, fox, weasels etc.","Tim Hyland, California State Parks Resource Ecologist","D; None There is only one species native to Califorinia that is related at the family level to Hedera spp.. Although this plant Aralia californica occurs in habitats invaded by ivy there is no record of genetic exchange between Aralia and Hedera.","1993. The Jepson Manual : higher plants of California / James C. Hickman, Editor. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, Califronia.","A; No disturbance required to establish in native plant communities. Infestations frequently found in intact plant communities away from roads or trails, usually at the base of trees where birds perch.","Tim Hyland, California State Parks Resource Ecologist pers. obsv.","A; Increases rapidly in favorable habitat. Frequent seed deposition by various bird species serve to increase an already rapid spread by vegetative means. Ivy roots as it goes as well as spreading from fragments.","Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands, 2000 Carla C. Bossard, John M. Randall, and Marc C. Hoshovsky, editors. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.","B; Increasing Known populations throughout the Santa Cruz District that are not being worked on are actively spreading. This trend is also occuring in State Parks both north and south of the Monterey Bay area.","California State Parks Condition Assesment, Ken Moore, founder Wildlands Restoration Team pers. com.. Peter Warner California State Parks Resource Ecologist North Coast Redwoods District. pers. com. Tim Hyland, California State Parks Resource Ecologist pers. obsv.","B; Vegetative fragments. Large quantities of seeds attractive to migratory birds 70% of seeds are viable. Seedlings are frequently found in concentrations under desireable roosting sites. American Robins often seen consuming berries. Fragments of plants in contact with soil after removal have been observed to resprout.","Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands, 2000 Carla C. Bossard, John M. Randall, and Marc C. Hoshovsky, editors. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California. Tim Hyland, California State Parks Resource Ecologist pers. obsv.","A; Frequently sold and planted in landscape trade as groundcover. Found in many commercial landscapes. Some nurseries specialize in the growth of this plant and it's cultivars.","http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/HEDHELA. The American Ivy Society http://www.ivy.org/. Sunset Western Garden Book. Tim Hyland, California State Parks Resource Ecologist pers. obsv.","A; Migratory birds American Robins have been observed eating the fruit of this species. These birds are migratory with a range that covers the entire state of California.","1992 The National Geographic Society Field Guede to the Birds of North America, The National Geographic Society, Washington D.C. Tim Hyland, California State Parks Resource Ecologist pers. obsv. PCA Alien Plant Working Group. http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/hehe1.htm","C; Eastern seaboard of U.S. Widely planted in areas where it is able to grow.","Plant invaders of the Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/hehe.htm","A; Widespread. Introduction likely in early 1900s. Although it is found in State Park Units in the Sierra Foothills, it does not seem to be agressively invading. This is not the case with the populations found on the coast where it is currently expanding. This plant was well known to early settlers and is found in abundance near homesteads that were inhabited in the early 1900s","Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands, 2000 Carla C. Bossard, John M. Randall, and Marc C. Hoshovsky, editors. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California. Tim Hyland, California State Parks Resource Ecologist pers. obsv. 2003. Peter Warner California State Parks Resource Ecologist North Coast Redwoods District. pers. com. 2004","A; Widesrpead. Found in Riparian Woodland, Riparian Forest, North Coast Coniferous Forest, Closed Cone Coniferous Forest, Broad Leaved Upland Forest, Lower Montain Coniferous Forest and Coastal Scrub adjacent to Oak Woodland. See worksheet This plant thrives with year round moisture, and a heavy duff layer seems to assist in seedling establishment. It also appears to be much more drought tolerant in shaded sites so does not compete well in grasslands or chaparral communities. Although it will grow near the coast, it seems intolerant of direct salt spray.","Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands, 2000 Carla C. Bossard, John M. Randall, and Marc C. Hoshovsky, editors. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California. Tim Hyland, California State Parks Resource Ecologist pers. obsv. 2003. Peter Warner California State Parks Resource Ecologist North Coast Redwoods District. pers. com. 2004 Alien Plant Working Group. http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/hehe1.htm",,No,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,C,B,,,,,C,A,C,D,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/hedera-helix-profile/, "Helianthus tuberosus",,,"Jerusalem artichoke",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/helianthus-tuberosus-risk/ "Helichrysum petiolare",,,"licorice plant",5/22/03,"Joe DiTomaso","UC Davis",530-754-8715,DiTomaso@vegmail.ucdavis.edu,"Weed Science Program, Robbins Hall, Univ. California, Davis CA 95616",,,,,,"Joe DiTomaso,Peter Warner,Alison Stanton,Carla Bossard,Cynthia Roye,Jake Sigg,Doug Johnson,Brianna Richardson",20030606,,,,U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,Observational,U,,D,Observational,A,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,B,Observational,A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",U,,B,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,C,2.5,Limited,,"Unknown Not studied.",,"Appears to displace native shrubs in heavily infested areas. Can occupy about 10-25% of the cover in heavy infested area.",Observational-DiTomaso,Unknown,,"Probably none. No known native species within the genus Helichrysum in California.",Observational-DiTomaso,"Appears in coastal shrub areas in absence of human activity and even in sites inaccessible to most humans.",,"Has been naturalized for at least 35 years. Appears to be increasing, but may not be doubling <10 years. Reported in Marin Flora in 1969 and in the Mendocino flora in 1990.",Observational-DiTomaso,"Same as applied to 2.2. Since populations are still localized and left uncontrolled, it is likely that it is not doubling in <10 years.",Observational-DiTomaso,"Produces seed and reproduces vegetatively by fragmentation of stems. Plants are brittle and break off easily. Stem fragments can root at nodes.",,"Still sold by nursery industry and can move throughout coastal areas this way. Long distance movement by landscapers and subsequent short distance movement by seeds and vegetative fragments.","Sigg, J. 1997. CalEPPC News 5(1):8; Observational-DiTomaso","Seeds not reported to disperse long distances with wind. Fragments probably remain localized unless dispersed by animals, but this is unknown.",,Unknown,,"Coastal shrub areas in Marin County most commonly invaded. Occasionally found on coastal bluff scrub in North Coast. Reported in coastal mixed conifer forests in Monterey County (Del Monte Forest). Introduced as an ornamental in the 1960s. Expected to invade coastal grasslands but no current reports.","Sigg, J.2000. In, Invasive Plants of Californias Wildlands. CalEPPC. UC Press, Berkeley","heavy infestation in localized areas, but not widespread yet, even in that community type. Largest infestation in Stinson Beach, CA.",Observational-DiTomaso,,Unknown,Yes,Yes,Unknown,Unknown,Unknown,No,Yes,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/helichrysum-petiolare-profile/, "Heliotropium amplexicaule",,,"clasping heliotrope",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/heliotropium-amplexicaule-risk/ "Helminthotheca echioides",,"Picris echioides; Helminthia echioides","bristly ox-tongue; bugloss; bugloss-picris",4/6/05,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph DiTomaso","University of California-Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Carla Bossard,John Randall,Carri Pirosko,Dan Gluesenkamp,Gina Skurka,Brianna Richardson",20050708,,,"Removed second scientific name, Picris echioides, and added it to the synonym line 3/28/17. Ramona Robison",U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,Observational,U,,D,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,Array,Array,B,2.5,Limited,,Unknown,,"Can become dense stands in coastal areas. Often confused with yellow starthistle from a distance and can form infestions slightly less in density. However, mostly a trailside plant that occasionally forms patches in grasslands.","DiTomaso, observational. Dan Gluesenkamp, Audubon Canyon Ranch, pers. obs. Brianna Richardson, Acterra, pers. obs.",Unknown,,"None No other species of Picris in California.","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA enter text here","Inhabits disturbed places such as roadsides, fields, pastures, etc.","DiTomaso, J., and E. Healy. in prep. Weeds of California and Other Western States.","Common throughout most of state, but can spread when it gets into a new site.","DiTomaso, J., and E. Healy. in prep. Weeds of California and Other Western States.","Probably still increasing in the state. Main areas of expansion appear to be in the Central Valley.","DiTomaso, J., and E. Healy. in prep. Weeds of California and Other Western States.","Winter or summer annual or biennial. Plants exist as basal rosettes until flower stems develop at maturity. Flowers May to September or October. Reproduces by seed. Seeds germinate in fall after the rains begin or in the spring depending on location and climate.","DiTomaso, J., and E. Healy. in prep. Weeds of California and Other Western States.","Some seeds disperse with soil movement, or by clinging to tools, tires, and machinery.","DiTomaso, J., and E. Healy. in prep. Weeds of California and Other Western States.","Seeds disperse short distances with wind and disperse longer distances with water.","DiTomaso, J., and E. Healy. in prep. Weeds of California and Other Western States.","Native to Europe. Present in Oregon, Washington, the midwest, and the northeastern U.S. (1).","USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.","Present in coastal counties from Sonoma to San Diego, and also Glenn, Butte, and Riverside counties (1). Common throughout most of California, except deserts and Great Basin, to 450m. Most common in seasonally wet places. Thrives on clay soils, especially those high in calcium (2).","1. USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. 2. DiTomaso, J., and E. Healy. in prep. Weeds of California and Other Western States.","Very common along the coast prairie areas in the central portion of the state.","DiTomaso, observational.",,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Unknown,Unknown,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,,,C,D,,,D,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/picris-echioides-profile/, "Heracleum mantegazzianum",,,"giant hogweed",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/heracleum-mantegazzianum-risk/ "Hieracium aurantiacum",,"Pilosella aurantiacum","orange hawkweed",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/hieracium-aurantiacum/ "Hirschfeldia incana",,"Brassica geniculata, Sinapsis geniculata, Sinapsis incana","short-pod mustard; Mediterranean mustard; summer mustard; Greek mustard",3/10/04,"Matt Brooks/Research Botanist","U.S. Geological Survey",702-564-4615,matt_brooks@usgs.gov,"160 N.Stephanie St., Henderson, NV 89074",,,,,,"Carla Bossard,Joe DiTomaso,John Randall,Cynthia Roye,Jake Sigg,Alison Stanton,Peter Warner",20040319,,,,C,Observational,B,Observational,U,,D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Observational,C,Observational,B,Observational,B,Observational,A,Observational,C,Observational,U,,A,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,Array,Array,A,2,Moderate,,"C. Possibly fire regimes May increase fuel loads, but only where alien annual grasses have already altered the fire regime, so additional effect of this species may be only to slightly increase fire intensity.","Matt Brooks personal observation","B. May reduce biomass and fecundity of co-existing species. Can produce large amounts of biomass, and matures early in the phenologic year, possibly usurping soil water before other native annual plants reach peak development","Matt Brooks personal observation","U: Unknown There is some indication that the Oxalic acids in mustard eaten by Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) may have negative physiological effect, but this is only conjecture at this point.","Kristin Berry, personal communication","D. no known hybridiation There are no native Hirschfeldia or Brassica (a closely related genus) species in California, although hybridization with the alien Brassica napus has been documented.","Darmency, H. & Fleury, A. (2000) Mating System in Hirschfeldia Incana and Hybridization to Oilseed Rape. Weed Research, 40, 231-238.8. Hickman, 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plant of Calfifornia. U.C. Press. and Matt Brooks personal observation","B. Disturbance promotes dominance and spread. Early successional species, which may decline in dominance as native species re-establish, but likely varies among vegetation types. It may persist indefiniately in riparian areas with repeated natural disturbance.","Matt Brooks personal observation","C. Slow unless there is disturbance. occurs in habitat openings caused by nautural distubances, roads, urban developments, agricultural fields, etc.","Matt Brooks personal observation","B. May be expanding. May be expanding into the desert regions","Matt Brooks personal observation","B. Moderate unkown seedbank persistance, otherwise could be ranked ""high""","Matt Brooks personal observation","A. High Mustard seeds are sticky when wet facilitating dispersal on vehicles and grow in hay fields where they may be dispersed along with the hay when it is sold","Matt Brooks personal observation","C. Low Likely dispersed by saltation or rodents.","Matt Brooks personal observation","U. unknown",,"A. Widspread has invaded shrublands, grasslands, and riparian areas","Hickman, 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plant of Calfifornia. U.C. Press. and Matt Brooks personal observation","B frequent in sage scrub","Matt Brooks personal observation",,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Unknown,No,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,,,,C,B,D,D,,D,,D,D,C,,D,D,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/hirschfeldia-incana-profile/, "Holcus lanatus",,,"common velvet grass; Yorkshire fog",3/17/05,"Jeffrey Corbin","UC Berkeley","510-643-4993, 510-703-4904",corbin@berkeley.edu,"Dept. of Integrative Biology, University of CA, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140","Joseph DiTomaso","University of California-Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Carla Bossard,John Randall,Carri Pirosko,Dan Gluesenkamp,Gina Skurka,Brianna Richardson",20050708,,,,C,Observational,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,Anecdotal,D,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Observational,A,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,Array,Array,A,3,Moderate,,"Some effects on water, N levels - especially compared to exotic annual grasses","Not much. I have done my own studies on water and N, but they're not published Jeff Corbin, UC Berkeley, personal observations.","Holcus is capable of forming almost monospecific stands, especially in coastal habitats. It is also a demonstrated problem in New Zealand.","Hektner, M.M. and T.C. Foin. 1977. Vegetation analysis of a northern California Coastal prairie: Sea Ranch, Sonoma County, California. Madrono 21:83-103. Corbin J.D. and C.M. D'Antonio. In prep. Out of the frying pan: Invasion of exotic perennial grasses into California coastal prairie grasslands. Meredith Thomsen, Dept. of Integrative Biology, UC Berkeley, unpublished data. Jesson, L., D. Kelly, et al. (2000). ""The importance of dispersal, disturbance, and competition for exotic plant invasions in Arthur's Pass National Park, New Zealand."" New Zealand Journal of Botany 38(3): 451-468.","Not very palatable forage. Does well in grazed areas.","Jeff Corbin, personal observations. Very little info.","None. No native species of Holcus in California.","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA","Invades intact and undisturbed grasslands, including grasslands where grazing is removed. Also, unpublished documentation of its invasion into native-dominated coastal prairies (D'Antonio and Corbin).",,"At Sea Ranch (Foin and Hetkner 1986), it went from 6% cover to 21% cover in 4 years There is plenty of anecdotal evidence, too..","Foin and Hektner 1977; Peter Connors, Reserve Manager. pers. comm. for Bodega Marine Reserve. pgconnors@ucdavis.edu.","Species well distributed in state and has the potential to spread more. Currently spreading.","DiTomaso, observational Dan Gluesenkamp, Audubon Canyon Ranch, pers. obs.","Produces MANY seeds, every year, and can produce rhizomes.","DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488. Jeff Corbin, UC Berkeley, personal observations","Very light seeds, wind dispersed. Also, can catch in shoes easily, but these probably do not contribute much to movement further than 1 km.","DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488. Jeff Corbin, UC Berkeley, personal observations","Wind, and stuck in mud on shoes. The seeds are very small and can easily be blown around, but not 1 km. Often grows close to water and can move long distances by this mechanism.","DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488. J. Corbin, personal observations",,"Jesson, L., D. Kelly, et al. (2000). ""The importance of dispersal, disturbance, and competition for exotic plant invasions in Arthur's Pass National Park, New Zealand."" New Zealand Journal of Botany 38(3): 451-468.","Widespread in coastal grasslands. Can also be found further inland.","CalFlora, Jeff Corbin, UC Berkeley, personal observations","Most common in northern California coastal prairie.","DiTomaso and Corbin, observational. John Randall, The Nature Conservancy, and Dan Gluesenkamp, Audubon Canyon Ranch, pers. obs.",,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,C,,,,,,,,A,D,,,C,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/holcus-lanatus-profile/, "Hordeum marinum",,"H. marinum ssp. gussoneanum, H. geniculatum, H. gussoneanum. H. hystrix, Critesion geniculatum, C. hystrix, C. marinum","Mediterranean barley; seaside barley",2/8/05,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph DiTomaso","University of California-Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Joe DiTomaso,Alison Stanton,Joanna Clines,Cynthia Roye,Doug Johnson",20050708,,,"5/26/17 Note by Ramona Robison This PAF was originally written for both Hordeum marinum and Hordeum murinum. It has now been split into two species and the information copied into each. Both PAFs should be updated with current scientific literature and to reflect the fact that they have different ecological tolerances.",U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,Observational,C,Observational,B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,Array,Array,A,3,Moderate,,"Like many other annual grasses, they could increase fire frequency. They typically do not get to densities high enough to do this, however.","DiTomaso, observational.","Outcompetes perennial grasses, for example, by tolerating higher salinity and invading bare areas when perennials die. (1). But impacts in California are relatively minor (2).","1. Popay, A. I. and P. Sanders 1982. ""Seasonal variations in salinity of soils supporting different levels of barley grass Hordeum murinum. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 25(2): 223-228. 2. Weed list committee (Joe DiTomaso, Carla Bossard, Jake Sigg, Peter Warner), 9/15/05","Livestock forage early in season. Later in season, develop flower spikelets with stiff, barbed awns that injure mouths, eyes, nasal passages, and skin of animals (1). No specific information on damage to wildlife. Probably good forage early on.","DiTomaso, J. and E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States.","There are five species of native Hordeum in California, along with several subspecies (1). Field and greenhouse experiments found no hybridization, nor were there any hybrids of H. murinum in contact zones with cultivated barley. There appear to be genetic barriers against hybridization (2).","1. Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA 2. Savova Bianchi, D., J. Keller Senften, and F. Felber. 2002. Isozyme variation of Hordeum murinum in Switzerland and test of hybridization with cultivated barley. Weed Research 42(4): 325-333.","Inhabit mostly disturbed sites (1). H. murinum was restricted by competition with other grasses to disturbed sites in New Zealand (2), whereas H. marinum ssp. gussoneanum can also invade the edges of vernal pools and relatively undisturbed grassland in California (2).","1. DiTomaso, J. and E. Healy. in prep. Weeds of California and Other Western States. 2. Popay, A. I. and P. Sanders. 1982. Seasonal variations in salinity of soils supporting different levels of barley grass Hordeum murinum. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 25(2): 223-228. 3. Hoopes, M. F. and L. M. Hall 2002. Edaphic factors and competition affect pattern formation and invasion in a California grassland. Ecological Applications 12(1): 24-39.","Depends on conditions of grasslands. Under healthy conditions, the rate of spread is slow. Degraded grasslands, in contrast, can be heavily invaded. Rarely are the wild barleys the dominant vegetation in a grassland.","DiTomaso, observational.","Species have been around for a long time and seem to be widely distributed, such that their continued spread is probably static.","DiTomaso, observational.","Cool season annual grasses that reproduce by seed. Seeds usually germinate after the first fall rain (1). Few seeds survive to germinate in winter and spring. Very few seeds are likely to be present after a year (2).","1. DiTomaso and Healy 2. Popay, A. I. 1981. Germination of seeds of five annual species of barley grass. Journal of Applied Ecology 18(2): 547-558.","May be spread when spikelets attach to tires, farm equipment, shoes, or clothing (1). Can also be a contaminant of hay.","1. DiTomaso and Healy in prep","Spikelets fall near parent plant and may disperse to greater distances by wind or by attaching to fur and feathers of animals (1).","1. DiTomaso and Healy in prep","Native to Europe. Present in Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Oklahoma. Mediterranean barley also in some northeastern states. Hare barley also in some eastern states (1). H. murinum common in New Zealand (2). In Arizona, H. murinum inhabits Prosopis woodland (3).","1. DiTomaso and Healy in prep 2. Popay, A. I. 1981. Germination of seeds of five annual species of barley grass. Journal of Applied Ecology 18(2): 547-558 3. Stromberg, J. C., L. Gengarelly, et al. 1997. Exotic herbaceous species in Arizona's riparian ecosystems. pp. 45-57 in Brock, J. H. , Wade, M., Pysek, P., Green, D. [Editors]. Plant invasions: Studies from North America and Europe. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands..","Probably introduced to California with Spanish colonists and spread with cattle grazing in the 1800's (1). Both species occur throughout California, except mountains. Mediterranean barley to 1500m; hare barley to 1000m Both species inhabit roadsides, fields, annual grassland, oak savannah, open hillsides, agronomic crops, waste places and other disturbed sites. Mediterranean barley grows in moist or dry places. Hare barley grows in moist sites (1). H. marinum ssp. gussoneanum can also invade the edges of vernal pools and relatively undisturbed sites (2). 1. DiTomaso and Healy in prep 2. Hoopes and Hall 2002 Alison Stanton, BMP Ecosciences, and Joanna Clines, US Forest Service, pers. obs.",,"Very frequently encountered in Valley and foothill grasslands.","DiTomaso, observational.",,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Unknown,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,,,,C,C,,,D,,,,C,C,A,,D,D,,,,,,,,A,,,,,,C,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/hordeum-marinum-profile/, "Hordeum murinum",,"Hordeum leporinum, Hordeum glaucum Steud., Hordeum stebbinsii Covas","hare barley, foxtail, wild barley, wall barley, smooth barley",2/8/05,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph DiTomaso","University of California-Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Joe DiTomaso,Alison Stanton,Joanna Clines,Cynthia Roye,Doug Johnson",20050708,,,"5/26/17 Note by Ramona Robison This PAF was originally written for both Hordeum marinum and Hordeum murinum. It has now been split into two species and the information copied into each. Both PAFs should be updated with current scientific literature and to reflect the fact that they have different ecological tolerances.",U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,Observational,C,Observational,B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,Array,Array,A,3,Moderate,,"Like many other annual grasses, they could increase fire frequency. They typically do not get to densities high enough to do this, however.","DiTomaso, observational.","Outcompetes perennial grasses, for example, by tolerating higher salinity and invading bare areas when perennials die. (1). But impacts in California are relatively minor (2).","1. Popay, A. I. and P. Sanders 1982. ""Seasonal variations in salinity of soils supporting different levels of barley grass Hordeum murinum. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 25(2): 223-228. 2. Weed list committee (Joe DiTomaso, Carla Bossard, Jake Sigg, Peter Warner), 9/15/05","Livestock forage early in season. Later in season, develop flower spikelets with stiff, barbed awns that injure mouths, eyes, nasal passages, and skin of animals (1). No specific information on damage to wildlife. Probably good forage early on.","DiTomaso, J. and E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States.","There are five species of native Hordeum in California, along with several subspecies (1). Field and greenhouse experiments found no hybridization, nor were there any hybrids of H. murinum in contact zones with cultivated barley. There appear to be genetic barriers against hybridization (2).","1. Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA 2. Savova Bianchi, D., J. Keller Senften, and F. Felber. 2002. Isozyme variation of Hordeum murinum in Switzerland and test of hybridization with cultivated barley. Weed Research 42(4): 325-333.","Inhabit mostly disturbed sites (1). H. murinum was restricted by competition with other grasses to disturbed sites in New Zealand (2), whereas H. marinum ssp. gussoneanum can also invade the edges of vernal pools and relatively undisturbed grassland in California (2).","1. DiTomaso, J. and E. Healy. in prep. Weeds of California and Other Western States. 2. Popay, A. I. and P. Sanders. 1982. Seasonal variations in salinity of soils supporting different levels of barley grass Hordeum murinum. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 25(2): 223-228. 3. Hoopes, M. F. and L. M. Hall 2002. Edaphic factors and competition affect pattern formation and invasion in a California grassland. Ecological Applications 12(1): 24-39.","Depends on conditions of grasslands. Under healthy conditions, the rate of spread is slow. Degraded grasslands, in contrast, can be heavily invaded. Rarely are the wild barleys the dominant vegetation in a grassland.","DiTomaso, observational.","Species have been around for a long time and seem to be widely distributed, such that their continued spread is probably static.","DiTomaso, observational.","Cool season annual grasses that reproduce by seed. Seeds usually germinate after the first fall rain (1). Few seeds survive to germinate in winter and spring. Very few seeds are likely to be present after a year (2).","1. DiTomaso and Healy 2. Popay, A. I. 1981. Germination of seeds of five annual species of barley grass. Journal of Applied Ecology 18(2): 547-558.","May be spread when spikelets attach to tires, farm equipment, shoes, or clothing (1). Can also be a contaminant of hay.","1. DiTomaso and Healy in prep","Spikelets fall near parent plant and may disperse to greater distances by wind or by attaching to fur and feathers of animals (1).","1. DiTomaso and Healy in prep","Native to Europe. Present in Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Oklahoma. Mediterranean barley also in some northeastern states. Hare barley also in some eastern states (1). H. murinum common in New Zealand (2). In Arizona, H. murinum inhabits Prosopis woodland (3).","1. DiTomaso and Healy in prep 2. Popay, A. I. 1981. Germination of seeds of five annual species of barley grass. Journal of Applied Ecology 18(2): 547-558 3. Stromberg, J. C., L. Gengarelly, et al. 1997. Exotic herbaceous species in Arizona's riparian ecosystems. pp. 45-57 in Brock, J. H. , Wade, M., Pysek, P., Green, D. [Editors]. Plant invasions: Studies from North America and Europe. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands..","Probably introduced to California with Spanish colonists and spread with cattle grazing in the 1800's (1). Both species occur throughout California, except mountains. Mediterranean barley to 1500m; hare barley to 1000m Both species inhabit roadsides, fields, annual grassland, oak savannah, open hillsides, agronomic crops, waste places and other disturbed sites. Mediterranean barley grows in moist or dry places. Hare barley grows in moist sites (1). H. marinum ssp. gussoneanum can also invade the edges of vernal pools and relatively undisturbed sites (2). 1. DiTomaso and Healy in prep 2. Hoopes and Hall 2002 Alison Stanton, BMP Ecosciences, and Joanna Clines, US Forest Service, pers. obs.",,"Very frequently encountered in Valley and foothill grasslands.","DiTomaso, observational.",,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Unknown,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,,,,C,C,,,D,,,,C,C,A,,D,D,,,,,,,,A,,,,,,C,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/horderum-murinum-profile/, "Hydrilla verticillata",,"Hottonia serrata, Hydrilla angustifolia, Hydrilla dentata, Hydrilla lithuanica, Hydrilla ovalifolia, Hydrilla wightii, Leptanthes verticillatus, Serpicula verticillata, Vallisneria verticillata, Elodea verticillata","Hydrilla; water thyme; Florida Elodea",2/15/05,"Gina Skurka",CDFA/Cal-IPC,"(916) 654-0768",gmskurka@cal-ipc.org,"Joseph DiTomaso","University of California-Davis","University of California-Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Joe DiTomaso,Alison Stanton,Joanna Clines,Cynthia Roye,Doug Johnson",20050708,,,,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,C,3,High,,"Hydrilla forms large mats that fill the water column and can block or severely restrict water flow. Physical blockage degrades water quality, and slows water flow in canals, thereby increasing sedimentation rates, decreased dissolved oxygen, imparing irrigation and drainage, and clogging pipes, dam trash rakes and machinery. Dense mats alter water quality by raising pH, decreasing oxygen under the mats, and increasing temperature. Also significantly block light penetration into water column. Moderate alteration of ecosystem processes, not irreversibly altering nutrient and mineral dynamics and light availability.","Bossard, C.C., J.M. Randall and M.C. Hoshovsky. 2000. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. Pgs 218-221. Hydrilla. Technical Information about Hydrilla. 1999. http://www.wa.gov/ecology/wq/plants/weeds/aqua001.html. Langeland, K.A. 1996. Hydrilla verticillata (L.F.) Royle (Hydrocharitaceae), ""The Perfect Aquatic Weed."" Castanea 61:293-304.","Physical blockage displaces native aquatic vegetation by forming dense stands or large subsurface mats. Dense canopies can often shade out native vegetation. Hydrilla can grow at lower light intensities than many other plants, absorb carbon from water more efficiently thanother plants and can continue to thrive during the summer when carbon can become limiting, store extra P, tolerant of a wide range of water conditions, will thrive in flowing and still water, and tolerate salinity of up to 10 ppt, encroaching upon outer limits of estuaries. Severe alteration of plant community composition, structure and interactions when forms dense stands >75% cover dominated by the species, covering water surface and eliminating or degrading layers below, and significantly reduicing or extirpating populations of native species.","Bossard, C.C., J.M. Randall and M.C. Hoshovsky. 2000. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. Pgs 218-221. DiTomaso, J. and E. Healy. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. Hydrilla. Hydrilla. Technical Information about Hydrilla. 1999. http://www.wa.gov/ecology/wq/plants/weeds/aqua001.html. Langeland, K.A. 1996. Hydrilla verticillata (L.F.) Royle (Hydrocharitaceae), ""The Perfect Aquatic Weed."" Castanea 61:293-304.","Physical blockage decreases habitat for fish and other wildlife. Reduces use of lakes and waterways for fishing, swimming, boating, water skiing and other recreational activities. Extensive monospecific stands of hydrilla can provide poor habitat for fish and other wildlife, although hydrilla is eaten by waterfowl and it is considered an important food source by biologists. While dense vegetation may contain large numbers of fish, density levels obtained by hydrilla may support few or no harvestable-sized sport fishes. Stagnant water created by hydrilla mats provides good breeding grounds for mosquitoes. In dense populations, moderate reduction in habitat quality for native speices, and privides food for waterfowl. Moderate alteration of higher trophic level populations, communities or interactions.","Bossard, C.C., J.M. Randall and M.C. Hoshovsky. 2000. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. Pgs 218-221. DiTomaso, J. and E. Healy. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. Hydrilla. Hydrilla. Technical Information about Hydrilla. 1999. http://www.wa.gov/ecology/wq/plants/weeds/aqua001.html. Langeland, K.A. 1996. Hydrilla verticillata (L.F.) Royle (Hydrocharitaceae), ""The Perfect Aquatic Weed."" Castanea 61:293-304. Hench, J.E., R. Gibbs, and J.S. Hench. Some Observations on Hydrilla and Wintering Waterfowl in Montgomery County, Maryland. The Maryland Naturalist 38(1-2): 3-9.","No native hydrilla in California and and rarely does it reproduce sexually.","Hickman. 1993. The Jepson Manual.","Can readily establish in undisturbed aquatic systems.","Bossard, C.C., J.M. Randall and M.C. Hoshovsky. 2000. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. Pgs 218-221. DiTomaso, J. and E. Healy. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. Hydrilla.","Introduced in 1976, by 1986 hydrilla had infested over 600 miles of canals, drians, and laterals in the Imperial Irrigation District. The monoecious biotype of hydrilla became established in the Potomac River in 1981 and covered 3600 acres by 1985. Increases rapidly, doubling in less than 10 years.","Leavitt, J.R., P. Akers, F. Hrusa, and C. Albrecht, CDFA. Target: Hydrilla. Noxious Times, Fall 2001 Pg. 4-6. Information about hydrilla. http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/hydrilla.html. Accessed 1/10/2005.","As of 2000, active populations found in 7 counties. Many populations have been eradicated through activity of CDFA.","CDFA Hydrilla Program Annual Progress Report for 1999 and 2000.",". Bossard, C.C., J.M. Randall and M.C. Hoshovsky. 2000. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. Pgs 218-221. DiTomaso, J. and E. Healy. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. Hydrilla. Netherland, M.D. 1997. Turion Ecology of Hydrilla. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 35: 1-10. Hydrilla. Technical Information about Hydrilla. 1999. http://www.wa.gov/ecology/wq/plants/weeds/aqua001.html. Langeland, K.A. 1996. Hydrilla verticillata (L.F.) Royle (Hydrocharitaceae), ""The Perfect Aquatic Weed."" Castanea 61:293-304.","Introduced into North America by the aquarium trade. Hydrilla's vegetative parts disperse with human activities, such as boating and fishing. Several members of the family are popular with the aquarium and nursery industry because they are hardy, tolerant plants and consequently are introduced into water ways. Monoecious hydrilla came in to CA as a contaminant in waterlily shipments. High - there are numerous opportunities for dispersal to new areas, including commercial sales, presence as a contaminant , spread along transportation corridors, and transport on boats.","Introduced into North America by the aquarium trade. Hydrilla's vegetative parts disperse with human activities, such as boating and fishing. Several members of the family are popular with the aquarium and nursery industry because they are hardy, tolerant plants and consequently are introduced into water ways. Monoecious hydrilla came in to CA as a contaminant in waterlily shipments. High - there are numerous opportunities for dispersal to new areas, including commercial sales, presence as a contaminant , spread along transportation corridors, and transport on boats.","DiTomaso, J. and E. Healy. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. Hydrilla. Hydrilla. Technical Information about Hydrilla. 1999. http://www.wa.gov/ecology/wq/plants/weeds/aqua001.html. Langeland, K.A. 1996. Hydrilla verticillata (L.F.) Royle (Hydrocharitaceae), ""The Perfect Aquatic Weed."" Castanea 61:293-304.","Vegetative parts disperse with flooding and can survive ingestion and regurgitation by waterfowl. Frequent long-distance dispersal by animals or abiotic mechanisms.","DiTomaso, J. and E. Healy. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. Hydrilla. Langeland, K.A. 1996. Hydrilla verticillata (L.F.) Royle (Hydrocharitaceae), ""The Perfect Aquatic Weed."" Castanea 61:293-304.","Similar sites occupied in other parts of US and around world.","Bossard, C.C., J.M. Randall and M.C. Hoshovsky. 2000. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. Pgs 218-221. DiTomaso, J. and E. Healy. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. Hydrilla.","Hydrilla is capable of infesting any freshwater aquatic system in California. It has been observed in the Mojave and Colorado deserts, south and central coasts, San Francisco Bay Area, and Central VAlley. Currently(2000), isolated infestations of hydrilla are found in Shasta, Yuba, Lake, Calaveras, Madera, Mariposa, and Imperial counties. First found in Yuba County in fall 1976.","Bossard, C.C., J.M. Randall and M.C. Hoshovsky. 2000. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. Pgs 218-221. CDFA Hydrilla Program: Annual Progress Report for 1999 and 2000.","California in the eastern North Coast Ranges (Clear Lake area, Lake Co.), Cascade Range (Shasta Lake area, Shasta Co.), north and central Sierra Nevada foothills (northwestern Yuba, central and northwestern Calaveras, southwestern Amador, north eastern San Joaquin, and central and northwestern Tulare Cos.), and Sonoran Desert (Imperial Valley, Imperial Co.), to 200m.","DiTomaso, J. and E. Healy. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. Hydrilla.",,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/hydrilla-verticillata-profile/, "Hyparrhenia hirta",,,"Tambookie grass",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/hyparrhenia-hirta-risk/ "Hypericum androsaemum",,,sweet-amber,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/hypericum-androsaemum-risk/ "Hypericum canariense",,"Hypericum floribundum","Canary Island St. Johnswort; Grenadillo",13-Jan-05,"Katrina M. Dlugosch / Doctoral Student","Univeristy of California - Santa Cruz","(831) 459-3677",dlugosch@biology.ucsc.edu,"E E Biology/ EMS Santa Cruz, CA 95064",,,,,,"Joe DiTomaso,John Randall,Carla Bossard",20050311,,,,U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,Observational,C,,U,,B,"Other Published Material",B,Anecdotal,B,Anecdotal,A,Observational,C,Anecdotal,C,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",D,Anecdotal,Array,Array,C,2,Moderate,Alert,,,"Formation of monotypic stands, with no additional species below the canopy of this tall shrub.","K. Dlugosch, Personal observation in California and Hawaii (2001-2005).","The entire family of Hypericum is poisonous to livestock. Seed is too small to be food for native species.","Joe DiTomaso, UC Davis, pers. obs.","Some native Hypericum but this species probably doesn't encounter them.","Joe DiTomaso, UC Davis","Soil disturbance or vegetation removal may provide sites of reduced competition and abundant light for new seedlings.","Munz, P. (1968). Supplement to A California Flora. Berkeley, University of California Press. Smith, C. (1976). A flora of the Santa Barbara region, California: an annotated catalogue of the native and naturalized plants of the Santa Barbara County mainland and nearby Channel Islands. Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i. 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, University of Hawai'i and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. Mike Kelly (California Invasive Plant Council) - 2001 Personal communication K. Dlugosch, Personal observations (2001-2005)","Local land owners/stewards have witnessed large increases in population size over (at least) the past five years.","Warren McCord (Kula Botanical Gardens - Maui) - 2003 Personal communication John Wade (Pescadero Conservation Alliance) - 2001 Personal communication Mary Platter Rieger (US Navy Biology - Point Loma San Diego) - Personal communication","Rapid expansion at sites of intial introduction at several locations on the CA coast, but new foci of invasion have rarely been reported from other locations (though expansion through urban San Diego appears to be quite extensive).","Mike Kelly (California Invasive Plant Council) - 2001 Personal communication John Wade (Pescadero Conservation Alliance) - 2001 Personal communication Bob Allen (California State University, Fullerton) - 2004 Personal communication K. Dlugosch, Personal observations (2001-2005)","Reproductive maturity is reached in as little as one year. Each fruit produces several hundred seeds, and large plants may produce a few hundred fruits. Seed production occurs every year from June through September. Viable fruits can be made via self-pollination or cross-pollination. Seed longevity is unknown. This plant will spread through underground rhizomes, but it is unclear how quickly this occrurs. Control has been attempted via topical herbicide, but plants resprout readily.","Katrina Dlugosch - unpublished data","Still sold as an ornamental but not widely cultivated.","Consensus of weed committee.","Has very small seeds that fall to ground and probably are not spread far.","Joe DiTomaso, UC Davis, pers. obs.","Invading Mediterranean-type grasslands in Hawaii (Maui) and areas of Victoria and Western Australia, Australia.","Maui: Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i. 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, University of Hawai'i and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. Western Australia: Sandy Lloyd (with State Weed Plan - W. Austr. Dept of Agr.) - 2002 Personal communication Victoria, Australia: Michael Hansford (with Dept of Primary Industries) - 2002 Personal communication","This species was introduced first as an ornamental at the turn of the 20th century, but was probably introduced to particular areas much later. All known invasions are in coastal areas receiving substantial inputs of fog. This habitat is similar to that of the native range, where H. canariense is common on the foggy sides of the mountainous Canary Islands, but is very rare on the drier faces. It is likely that H. canariense will continue to invade only the coastal areas of the state, but its success in both San Deigo and San Mateo counties suggests that it is a major threat to CA coast.","Munz, P. (1968). Supplement to A California Flora. Berkeley, University of California Press. Smith, C. (1976). A flora of the Santa Barbara region, California: an annotated catalogue of the native and naturalized plants of the Santa Barbara County mainland and nearby Channel Islands. Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. Hickman, J. C. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. U of CA Press, Berkeley. Personal observation in CA, HI and the Canary Islands 2001-2005.","Known invading populations: San Mateo County - coastal grassland and scrub near Franklin Point. Orange County - Dana Point, San Juan Capistrano San Deigo city - widespread on coastal grassalnd and sage scrub Angel Island in San Francisco Bay (unconfirmed)","K. Dlugosch Personal Observations (2001-2005) Bob Allen (California State University, Fullerton) - 2004 Personal communicaiton Dave Boyd (California State Parks) - 2002 Personal communication",,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Unknown,Yes,Unknown,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/hypericum-canariense-profile/, "Hypericum grandifolium",,,"large-leaved Hypericum",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/hypericum-grandifolium-risk/ "Hypericum perforatum",,,"St. John's wort; klamathweed; tipton weed; goatweed",26-Jul-04,"Carri Pirosko, Associate Agricultural Biologist","California Department of Food and Agriculture, Noxious Weed Program","(530) 545-9119",cpirosko@cdfa.ca.gov,"20235 Charlanne Drive, Redding, CA 96002","Joseph M. DiTomaso","University of California",530-754-8715,ditomaso@vegmail.ucdavis.edu,"Weed Science Program, Robbins Hall, Davis, CA 95616","Cynthia Roye,John Randall,Jake Sigg,Peter Warner,Joe DiTomaso,Alison Stanton",20040827,,,"No choice is available for the DBAD selection in the impact section: selected B per List Committee.",D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,Observational,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,Observational,Array,Array,B,3.5,Limited,,"Not much mentioned in the literature, increased fire hazard form dried plant material is all that was found, but this is probably rare. in forested or wildland areas, dry flower stems can contribute to fire hazard risks","Weeds of California and Other Western States, J.M. DiTomaso and E.Healy, as yet published","see referenced materials below Dense stands can be a problem in pastures and rangelands because they displace native and indigenous plant species; the displacement of native and indigenous plant species may depreciate wildlife carrying capacity. Plant monocultures decrease biodiversity and increase a plant community's vulnerability to disease. Displaces desirable indigenous plant species and valued livestock forage *Can become established in either highly degraded or pristine rangelands. Hypericum perforatum is a particularly aggressive weed of rangeland characterized by dry summers. Its deep root system is capable of supporting the plant when the water available to more desirable species has been depleted. It forms a dense spreading canopy up to 1 m tall and large infestation covered over 1 million ha. in western N. America before biocontrol implementation.","The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 83. Hypericum perforatum. C.W. Crompton, V. Hall, K.I.N. Jensen, and P.D. Hildebrand. Canadian J. Plant Sci. 68:149-162 (Jan 1988); Biology and Management of Noxious Rangland Weeds, Sheley and Petroff. (ST. Johnswort. Gary L. Piper); Krueger, J. and R. Sheley. Montana State University, Extension Service Montguide, MT199810 AG, St. Johnswort, July 2002; Sampson, A.W. and K.W. Parker, 1930. St. Johnswort on Range Lands of California. University of California College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station, Berkeley, California. Bulletin 503, December 1930, University of California Printing Office, Berkeley, California.","Displacement of wildlife and livestock. Can greatly depreciate livestock and wildlife carrying capacities, and endanger the biological diversity of grazing lands; Displaces desirable wildlife; toxic to livestock","Biology and Management of Noxious Rangland Weeds, Sheley and Petroff. (ST. Johnswort. Gary L. Piper)","Only known hybridization not with native CA species. H. perforatum has been artificially hybridized with other species of the genus; There are numerous cultivated hybrids in existance, none with native flora of California though.","The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 83. Hypericum perforatum. C.W. Crompton, V. Hall, K.I.N. Jensen, and P.D. Hildebrand. Canadian J. Plant Sci. 68:149-162 (Jan 1988).","Good deal of both types disturbance- lead to establishment, although, one source found citing establishment into a pristine rangeland. Seed are disseminated short distances by the wind; long distances by adherence to animals (facilitated by a gelatinous seed coat), animal ingestion and subsequent deposition in feces, water movement, and through the activities of humans. *Can be established in either highly degraded or pristine rangelands","Krueger, J. and R. Sheley. Montana State University, Extension Service Montguide, MT199810 AG, St. Johnswort, July 2002; Sampson, A.W. and K.W. Parker, 1930. St. Johnswort on Range Lands of California. University of California College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station, Berkeley, California. Bulletin 503, December 1930, University of California Printing Office, Berkeley, California.","This weed can spread agressively within a patch/site with no competition in particular, but new seedlings do not compete well. Spread will only be temporary because of presence of biological control agent. Hypericum perforatum is a particularly agressive weed of rangeland characterized by dry summers. Its deep root system is capable of supporting the plant when the water available to more desirable species has been depleted. It forms a dense spreading canopy up to 1 m tall and large infestation covered over 1 million ha. in western N. America before biocontrol implementation. Seedlings are very small, grow slowly and compete poorly with other vegetation. The seedlings are not stong competitors with other vegetation for light, nutrients, space, and moisture, and may exhibit high mortality under stress conditions.","The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 83. Hypericum perforatum. C.W. Crompton, V. Hall, K.I.N. Jensen, and P.D. Hildebrand. Canadian J. Plant Sci. 68:149-162 (Jan 1988). Biology and Management of Noxious Rangland Weeds, Sheley and Petroff. (ST. Johnswort. Gary L. Piper)","Seems to be increasing along roadsides at higher elevations in the NE part of the state, but populations eventually decline because of biological control agents. Fluxuations occur naturally, cycling up and down, with fluxes in bioagent populations Localized outbreaks of the plant sometimes occur after disturbances such as logging, fire or during low population cycles of the bioagents Many St. Johnswort populations are still increasing in size, while others have remained static or decreased. Unfortunately, a reliable published estimate of the amount of land presently infested by St. Johnswort is not available. In the 1940s it occupied over 1 million acres and today it is only about 1% of that, or less. Varies widely across the state, especially once you factor in elevational differences (bioagents can't survive); At this time ( July 26, 2004) this weed seems to be increasing total area infested- personal observation and in speaking with other land managers; we could just be in a down-swing of the bioagent populations.","Weeds of California and Other Western States, J.M. DiTomaso and E.Healy, as yet published; Biology and Management of Noxious Rangland Weeds, Sheley and Petroff. (ST. Johnswort. Gary L. Piper)","Reproduces by seed and vegetatively by rhizomes! Rhizomes have a protective tissue around them, making them hardier- and seeds have hard coat to aid in dispersal;survival. Plants typically produce an average of 15,000-33,000 seeds per plant. Seed can remain viable 10+ years. There are several regional varieties of common St. Johnswort- the variety in the Pacific Northwest is aggressively competitive and can spread rapidly by seed and rhizomes.","Weeds of California and Other Western States, J.M. DiTomaso and E.Healy, as yet published; Krueger, J. and R. Sheley. Montana State University, Extension Service Montguide, MT199810 AG, St. Johnswort, July 2002; Sampson, A.W. and K.W. Parker, 1930. St. Johnswort on Range Lands of California. University of California College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station, Berkeley, California. Bulletin 503, December 1930, University of California Printing Office, Berkeley, California.","Human caused disturbances and gardening largest methods of human-caused dispersal. Long distance dispersal by humans into wildlands is probably uncommon. Sometimes cultivated like a crop or grown in herb gardens; Herbal medicine, hypericin is the antidepressant ingredient in St. Johnswort remedies Localized outbreaks of the plant sometimes occur after disturbances such as logging, fire or during low population cycles of the bioagents.","Weeds of California and Other Western States, J.M. DiTomaso and E.Healy, as yet published","Some potenial for long distance movement, expecially due to hard, small seeds. However, the vast majority of seed (>99.9%) probably fall directly below parent plant. seed and capsules can disperse with water and adhere to fur, feather of animals; seed are hard-coated and most ingested by animals remain intact and viable, but these mechanisms only account for movement of a very small proportion of the seed.","Krueger, J. and R. Sheley. Montana State University, Extension Service Montguide, MT199810 AG, St. Johnswort, July 2002; Sampson, A.W. and K.W. Parker, 1930. St. Johnswort on Range Lands of California. University of California College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station, Berkeley, California. Bulletin 503, December 1930, University of California Printing Office, Berkeley, California.","Northwestern region, Cascade Range, northern and central Sierra Nevada, Sacramento Valley, San Francisco Bay region, Central Coast, Peninsular Ranges, to 1500m. Most contiguous states except Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Alabama, and Florida. south-eastern Australia, Eastern Canada and British Columbia; In California and E. Canada- populations of H. perforatum have been found to be more and weedy; In Britian and Eastern Canada, this weed is a minor problem Widespread in: Europe, Asia, N. and S. Africa, Australia, and western and eastern N. America Invades elsewhere but only in ecological types that it has already invaded in the state.","Weeds of California and Other Western States, J.M. DiTomaso and E.Healy, as yet published","Rangeland areas and pastures, especially those that are poorly managed, fields, roadsides, and forest clearings or burned areas in temperate regions with cool, moist winters and dry summers. Grows best on open, disturbed sits on slighly acidic to neutral soils. Does not tolerate water saturated soils. By 1940 more than 1 million acres of rangeland and was infested- several years later biological control agents were released - the bioagents tended to only survive below 1500 m- dramatically reducing infestation across the Pacific Northwest. Seems to be increasing along roadsides at higher elevations in the NE part of the state; Small populations still exist in shady areas, boggy situations, north-facing slopes, and roadsides where the beetles are less active. Fluctuations occur naturally, cycling up and down, with fluxes in bioagent populations Localized outbreaks of the plant sometimes occur after disturbances such as logging, fire or during low population cycles of the bioagents.","Weeds of California and Other Western States, J.M. DiTomaso and E.Healy, as yet published; Poisonous Plants of California, Fuller, T.C. et al. pp179-180; Sampson, A.W. and K.W. Parker, 1930. St. Johnswort on Range Lands of California. University of California College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station, Berkeley, California. Bulletin 503, December 1930, University of California Printing Office, Berkeley, California.","See question above, 3.1 See question above, 3.1","See question above, 3.1",,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,,,,"plants can develop seed with or without pollination (facultative apomixis); seedlings may require several years to reach reproductive maturity, a population has all stages of growth though",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,C,C,C,,,,,,,,,,C,,,C,D,D,D,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/hypericum-perforatum-profile/, "Hypochaeris glabra",,,"smooth cat's-ear",3/16/05,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph DiTomaso","University of California-Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Carla Bossard,John Randall,Carri Pirosko,Dan Gluesenkamp,Gina Skurka,Brianna Richardson",20050708,,,,U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,Observational,Array,Array,B,3,Limited,,"No information.",,"One of the exotic forbs that dominated a severely disturbed site in Southern California that did not revert back to native species even 70 years after disturbance ceased (1). However, mostly low impacts.","1. Stylinski, C. D. and E. B. Allen. 1999. Lack of native species recovery following severe exotic disturbance in southern Californian shrublands. Journal of Applied Ecology 36(4): 544-554 Joe DiTomaso, UC Davis; Peter Warner, California State Parks; Carri Pirosko, California Dept. of Food and Agriculture. pers. obs.","Palatable to livestock.","DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.","None No native Hypochaeris species.","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA enter text here","Inhabits disturbed places, fields, grasslands, pastures, roadsides. Undisturbed vegetation cover discourages catsear establishment and reproduction (1). However, occurred in higher frequency in unburned plots than burned plots in a Sierra Nevada grassland, probably because its small seeds lodged in the organic layer and were susceptible to fire (2). Was one of the dominant forbs on disturbed sites in a southern California grassland but was less common on undisturbed sites (3).","1. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488. 2. York, D. 1997. A fire ecology study of a Sierra Nevada foothill basaltic mesa grassland. Madrono 44(4): 374-383 3. Stylinski, C. D. and E. B. Allen. 1999. Lack of native species recovery following severe exotic disturbance in southern Californian shrublands. Journal of Applied Ecology 36(4): 544-554.","Can spread rapidly depending on the situation. Moves into areas with disturbance, such as grasslands following fire or in overgrazed areas. Will not compete well in healthy grasslands.","1. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.","Present throughout California, so probably not spreading much.","1. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.","Annual. Flowers March to June. Reproduces by seed. Germination fall through spring.","DiTomaso, J., and E. Healy. in prep. Weeds of California and Other Western States.","Can disperse with human activities, but this is probably very uncommon.","DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.","Seeds disperse with wind and by clinging to the fur, feathers, and feet of animals.","DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.","Native to Europe. Present in Oregon, Washington, many southern states, and a few eastern states (1). Also in Texas (2).","1. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488. 2. Diggs, G. M., Jr., R. J. O'Kennon, et al. 1997. Hypochaeris glabra (Asteraceae), a new record for Texas. Sida Contributions to Botany 17(13): 633-634.","Present throughout California except deserts and Great Basin, to 1200m. Inhabits disturbed places, fields, grasslands, pastures, roadsides (1). Occurs in coastal prairie (2), chaparral (3), and Sierra Nevada foothill grasslands (4). Smooth catsear often thrivse on overgrazed pastures and rangeland.","1. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488. 2. Marvier, M. A. 1998. Parasite impacts on host communities: Plant parasitism in a California coastal prairie. Ecology 79(8): 2616-2623. 3. Stylinski, C. D. and E. B. Allen. 1999. Lack of native species recovery following severe exotic disturbance in southern Californian shrublands. Journal of Applied Ecology 36(4): 544-554 4. York, D. 1997. A fire ecology study of a Sierra Nevada foothill basaltic mesa grassland. Madrono 44(4): 374-383.","review committee members, personal observations.","same as 3.1",,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Unknown,Unknown,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,,,,C,C,,,,,,,D,D,D,,,,,,,,,C,,C,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/hypochaeris-glabra-profile/, "Hypochaeris radicata",,,"rough cat's-ear; false dandelion",7/30/03,"Peter J. Warner","California Dept. of Parks and Recreation; CalEPPC","(707) 937-9172; (707) 937-2278",pwarner@mcn.org,"P. O. Box 603, Little River, CA 95456-0603",,,,,,"Jake Sigg,Peter Warner,Joe DiTomaso,Doug Johnson,Brianna Richardson",20030801,,,,U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,C,Observational,A,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,A,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,A,Observational,Array,Array,A,2.5,Moderate,,"None known No basic research on ecology discovered",,"displacement of native species; alteration of community composition (especially coastal terrace prairie) based on personal observations","Peter Warner, Jake Sigg, Joe DiTomaso","uncertain impacts on wildlife; reportedly the cause of Australian stringhalt in horses inference from impact on domestic mammalian herbivores that plant could harm native mammals","Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board website","None known or documented No congeners native to California","Hickman, et al. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Vascular Plants of California","invades sites relatively undisturbed by human activity, but more invasive and prevalent on disturbed sites, such as grazed or burned lands, especially those in milder coastal areas some written information; personal observations; inference from extensive range in North America","Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board; DiTomaso, J _______; U. S. Dept. of Agriculture website; Peter Warner (personal observation)","will occupy available open soil; not as invasive in intact ecosystems; appears to respond to either soil disturbance or enhanced nitrogen levels written reports; personal observations","Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board; DiTomaso, J; Peter Warner (personal observation) Jake Sigg","stable long-established in CA and elsewhere in North America _ inferred that range is unlikely to expand beyond previously invaded habitat","Peter Warner (personal observation)","iteroparous perennial _ Asteraceae; dispersal by seed (achene w/pappus) written material; floral characteristics","DiTomaso, J _______; Hickman, et al. (1993)","seed (attached to clothing) personal experience and observations","Peter Warner","seed attached to fur; wind-borneachenes w/pappus written information; personal observations","DiTomaso, J ________.; P. Warner","Pacific Northwest, northeastern, southeastern U. S.; British Isles based on distributional information from websites, published flora","U. S. Dept. of Agriculture website; Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board","widespread in many ecological types, especially cismontane CA based on personal observations, flora of various areas","Hickman, et al.; USDA website; Peter Warner (personal observations)","widespread and abundant in coastal terrace prairie and coastal bluff scrub, usually one of the more dominant species personal observations, unpublished data from wetlands delineations on Sonoma and Mendocino coasts, restoration projects at GGNRA","Peter Warner (personal observation; unpublished data",,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Unknown,No,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,B,,,A,C,,,,,,,A,B,,D,D,,,,,,C,C,C,,,U,C,C,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/hypochaeris-radicata-profile/, "Ilex aquifolium",,,"English holly",8/17/04,"Joseph M. DiTomaso/Extension Specialist","University of California, Davis",530-754-8715,ditomaso@vegmail.ucdavis.edu,"Weed Science Program, Robbins Hall, Davis, CA 95616",,,,,,"Alison Stanton,Peter Warner,Jake Sigg,Joe DiTomaso,John Randall,Cynthia Roye",20040827,,,"The amount of information on the invasiveness and biology of this species is very limited.",U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,Array,Array,C,3,Limited,,"No information available.",,"The effets of English holly on native species and communities in the Northwest are unknown because of the fairly recent onset of the invasions. However, the plant is causing concern because it is increasingly appearing in the now rare ancient forests of the region. It changes the character and structure of these forests, adding a tall shrub layer that is not normally found.","Reichard, S. 1966. Ilex aquifolium. Page 57, In Invasive Plants. Weeds of the Global Garden. Randall, J.M. and J. Marinelli, eds., Brooklyn Botanical Garden, Brooklyn, NY.","Berries have been reported to cause digestive tract irritation in children when ingested, but animals, particularly birds seem to eat it with impunity.","DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California and Other Western States. Univ. Calif., Ag. Natural Res. (in press); DiTomaso, J.M. - observational","No native Ilex or even members of the family in the western US.","Hickman, J.C. ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual. Higher Plants of California. UC Press, Berkeley","Moves into undisturbed sites. Does not appear to need disturbance to become established, but moves into disturbed areas as well following logging activity.","DiTomaso, J.M. - observational","Although not quantitatively measured, reports indicate that populations increased rapidly once established. Observationally, however, it is likely that they do not double their population in less than 10 years. Reported in Mississippi to shade out the native herbaceous understory vegetation.","Ticknor, R.L. 2004. English holly _ Ilex aquifolium, a jewel or a menace in the Pacific Northwest? The Nature Conservancy website.; DiTomaso, J.M. - observational","Probably expanding its range, but not at a rapid rate. Expect to expand further.","DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California and Other Western States. Univ. Calif., Ag. Natural Res. (in press); DiTomaso, J.M. - observational","Flowers do not last for 3 months. Most seed do not germinate for 2-3 years after then disperse. Plants grow slowly and natural regeneration is sparse. Female plants usually begin to produce seed at 5-12 years of age. Seed production is highest in trees more than 20 years old. Much of the biology is unknown.","DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California and Other Western States. Univ. Calif., Ag. Natural Res. (in press)","Still widely cultivated and distributed.","DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California and Other Western States. Univ. Calif., Ag. Natural Res. (in press)","Birds and mammals consume and disperse a proportion of the fuits. In the Pacific Northwest it is spreading at an increasing rate into forests by birds. Most of the seed are removed from the tree by birds.","DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California and Other Western States. Univ. Calif., Ag. Natural Res. (in press);Reichard, S. 1966. Ilex aquifolium. Page 57, In Invasive Plants. Weeds of the Global Garden. Randall, J.M. and J. Marinelli, eds., Brooklyn Botanical Garden, Brooklyn, NY.; Obeso, J.R. and I.C. Fernandez-Calvo. 2003. Fruit removal, pyrene dispersal, post-dispersal predation and seedling establishment of a bird-dispersed tree. Plant Ecology 165(2):223-233.","Also invasive in Oregon and Washington. Also reported as an invasive problem in Mississippi, where they consider it a serious threat. Native to Europe and western Asia. Appears to occupy similar habitats in the Northwest and in Mississippi.","DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California and Other Western States. Univ. Calif., Ag. Natural Res. (in press); Meyers-Rice, B. and J. Randall. 2004. Weed Report: Ilex spp. Gallberry, Yaupon. The Nature Conservancy Wildland Weeds Management and Research 1998-1999 Weed Survey.","Has escaped cultivation and become invasive in certain areas of the moist coastal forests in California, Oregon and Washington. In California it is found in coastal forests, and riparian areas of forests and woodlands. First introduced as an ornamental to the US in the 1700. Introduced to the Pacific Northwest in 1869.","DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California and Other Western States. Univ. Calif., Ag. Natural Res. (in press); Reichard, S. 1966. Ilex aquifolium. Page 57, In Invasive Plants. Weeds of the Global Garden. Randall, J.M. and J. Marinelli, eds., Brooklyn Botanical Garden, Brooklyn, NY.;Ticknor, R.L. 2004. English holly _ Ilex aquifolium, a jewel or a menace in the Pacific Northwest? The Nature Conservancy website.","Not widely distributed as an invasive. Mainly in the northwestern part of the state and around the Bay Area, but not common there. Much more common as a cultivated plant.","DiTomaso, J.M. - observational",,No,No,No,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,D,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/ilex-aquifolium-profile/, "Ipomoea indica",,,"blue morning glory",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/ipomoea-indica-risk/ "Iris pseudacorus",,"Iris acoriformis, Iris bastardi, Iris curtopetala, Iris lutea, Iris paludosa","yellowflag Iris; pale yellow Iris",8/5/04,"Mark Newhouser/Project Director, Arundo Eradication & Coordination Program","Sonoma Ecology Center","(707) 996-0712 ext.103",mnewhouser@vom.com,"205 First St West Sonoma, CA 95476",,,,,,"Joe DiTomaso,Cynthia Roye,Peter Warner,Jake Sigg,Alison Stanton,John Randall",20040827,,,,U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,C,Observational,A,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,Array,Array,C,2.5,Limited,,unknown,"no information","Displaces native vegetation in natural wetland and riparian areas. Can reproduce vegetatively and by seed. Is toxic if eaten in quantities by wildlife or livestock.",,"Lessens habitat and food sources for native wildlife. Displaces native vegetation, reducing food and habitat for native animal species. Is toxic if eaten in quantities by wildlife or livestock.",,"No known hybridization. Never heard of any hybridization. Most native species don't exist in the same habitat.","Observational, Jake Sigg, Joe DiTomaso, 2004.","Anthropogenic disturbance such as irrigation ditches and disturbances such as grazing allow for dense stands of the Yellowflag Iris to form. Disturbance seems to allow for and increase the rate of establishment.",,"Spreads but does not double in less than 10 years.","Observational, Jake Sigg, Peter Warner, Joe DiTomaso, John Randall, 2004.","Statewide population remaining stable.","Observational, Jake Sigg, Peter Warner, Joe DiTomaso, John Randall, 2004.","See table. 7 points.","Observational, Jake Sigg, Peter Warner, Joe DiTomaso, John Randall, 2004.","Used in landscaping and has escaped cultivation in certain areas. Has been naturalized in California at a number of wet locations. Still sold horticulturally.",,,"Observational, Jake Sigg, Peter Warner, Joe DiTomaso, John Randall, 2004.","It occurs in Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Utah, Nevada, and in California in the San Francisco Bay Area, San Joaquin Valley, and the Central and Southern Coast. It also occurs in eastern, southern, and most central states. Invades many wet ecosytems.",,"No information on date or state of introduction. Native to western Europe and North Africa. Yellowflag Iris invades wet areas including riparian areas, wetlands, meadows, and ponds. It has potential to invade similar ecosystems in different states. Exists in 2 major and 3 minor ecotypes in CA.","DiTomaso J.M., Healy E. Weeds of California and Other Western States. As yet unpublished. DiTomaso, J. M., Healey E. A. ÐAquatic and Ripirian Weeds of the West.Ó 221-223. 2003 Fuller, T.C., McClintock E. Poisonous Plants of California. 1986 Observational, Jake Sigg, Peter Warner, Joe DiTomaso, John Randall, 2004.","Occupies less than 5% of the wetland areas in CA.","Observational, Jake Sigg, Peter Warner, Joe DiTomaso, John Randall, 2004.",,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Unknown,Yes,No,Yes,,,,"Does spread by seed and vegetatively. Grazing encourages establishment by increasing disturbance and animals won't eat the iris due to it's toxicity.",,D,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/iris-pseudacorus-profile/, "Isatis tinctoria",,,"dyer's woad",1-Aug-03,"Joe DiTomaso","UC Davis",530-754-8715,DiTomaso@vegmail.ucdavis.edu,"Weed Science Program, Robbins Hall, Univ. California, Davis CA 95616",,,,,,"Jake Sigg,Peter Warner,Doug Johnson,Joe DiTomaso,Brianna Richardson",20030801,,,,B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,Array,Array,A,3,Moderate,,"Deep root system can reduce water for natives.","Evans, J.O. 1991. The importance, distribution, and control of Dyers woad (Isatis tinctoria). Pages 287-393. In, Noxious Range Weeds. Westview Press, Boulder, CO. Eds. L.F. James, J.O. Evans, M.H. Ralphs and R.D. Child.; Varga, W. A. and Evans, J. O. 1975. Dyers woad and alfalfa interaction - a double take of a competition study. Proceedings of the Western Society of Weed Science 28:38-39.; Farah, K. O., Tanaka, A. F., and West, N. E. 1988. Autecology and population biology of dyers woad (Isatis tinctoria). Weed Science 36:186-193.","Competes with shrubs and browse species, particularly natives. Can dominate plant communities.","Evans, J.O. 1991. The importance, distribution, and control of Dyers woad (Isatis tinctoria). Pages 287-393. In, Noxious Range Weeds. Westview Press, Boulder, CO. Eds. L.F. James, J.O. Evans, M.H. Ralphs and R.D. Child.; Farah, K. O., Tanaka, A. F., and West, N. E. 1988. Autecology and population biology of dyers woad (Isatis tinctoria). Weed Science 36:186-193.","Reduces grazing capacity by 38%, but no data on livestock grazing.",,"Probably none. No other species of Isatis in California.","DiTomaso, J.M. and E. A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. Div. Nat. Agr. Res. Univ. California (in press)","Prefers disturbance but can move into undisturbed rangeland and forested areas.",,"A population in Montana spread from 2 to 100 acres in 2 years. Spreading on BLM land at average of 14% per year.",,"Seems to be spreading in northern California, but not at rapid rate.","DiTomaso, observation","Seeds are large and individual plants generally produce 350-500 each.",,"Moves long distance by vehicles, feed, bedding, hay and crop contamination.","Roche, C. 1992. Dyers woad (Isatis tinctoria L.). Pacific Northwest Cooperative Extension Publication 384:2 pp.; Callihan, R.H. 1990. Dyers woad. Biology, distribution and control. Univ. Idaho College of Agric., Current Information Series No. 857. 4 pp.","Most seed (95%) fall within 2 feet of parent plant. Some long distance movement in water, but not common.",,"found throughout the western US. Also grows on six other continents as a weed.","Evans, J.O. 1991. The importance, distribution, and control of Dyers woad (Isatis tinctoria). Pages 287-393. In, Noxious Range Weeds. Westview Press, Boulder, CO. Eds. L.F. James, J.O. Evans, M.H. Ralphs and R.D. Child.; Varga, W. A. and Evans, J. O. 1975. Dyers woad and alfalfa interaction - a double take of a competition study. Proceedings of the Western Society of Weed Science 28:38-39.","Introduced to Utah in 1910 and to Siskiyou county, CA in the early 1900s. Common on rocky soils of the intermountain west.","McConnell, E.G., J.O. Evans, and S.A. Dewey. 1999. Dyers woad. Pp. 231-237. In, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Eds. R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff, Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis.; Callihan, R.H. 1990. Dyers woad. Biology, distribution and control. Univ. Idaho College of Agric., Current Information Series No. 857. 4 pp.","Most widely distributed in the Great Basin of NE California.","DiTomaso, observation",,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,Unknown,No,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,C,,,,,,B,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,C,C,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/isatis-tinctoria-profile/, "Kniphofia uvaria",,,"redhot poker",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/kniphofia-uvaria-risk/ "Kochia scoparia",,"Bassia scoparia, Bassia sieversiana, Chenopodium scoparia, Kochia alata, Kochia parodii, Kochia sieversiana, Kochia trichophila, Kochia virgata","Kochia; belvedere; belvedere-cypress; fireball; fireweed; Mexican burningbush; mock cypress",3/17/05,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph M. DiTomaso","University of California, Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Jake Sigg,Peter Warner,Bob Case,John Knapp,Elizabeth Brusati",20050708,,,,B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,"Other Published Material",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,Array,Array,B,3,Limited,,"Can create positive feedbacks between nutrient levels and plants. Much more common to other western states than to California. Densities there much higher as well. May not cause the same impact in California. Kochia invaded a site in Colorado that had N and water additions. Twenty years after additions had stopped, Kochia still dominated the community. N availability in soils under Kochia may be maintained by tissue chemistry favorable to microbial decomposition and release of nitrogen. Soils under Kochia had less plant-induced heterogeneity in nutrients, greater C and N mineralization, and higher levels of microbial biomass than soils associated with other species (1).","1. Vinton, M. A. and I. C. Burke. 1995. Interactions between individual plant species and soil nutrient status in shortgrass steppe. Ecology 76(4): 1116-1133.","Highly competitive in nutrient-rich soils, possible allelopathic effects on other species. Can maintain dominance even after nutrient additions stop (1). Litter has allelopathic properties that affect crop plants and kochia seedlings (2). Was the pioneer species in a mine rehabilitation site but was quickly replaced by grasses. Kochia appears to have acted as a nurse crop. Although it is allelopathic, the compounds appear to create autotoxicity that hastens its own demise (3).","1. Vinton and Burke 1995. 2. DiTomaso, J., and E. Healy. in prep. Weeds of California and Other Western States 3. Wali, M. K. 1999. Ecological succession and the rehabilitation of disturbed terrestrial ecosystems. Plant & Soil 213(1-2): 195-220.","Causes hepatotoxicity with photsensitization, renal disease, and polioencephalomalacia to livestock. However, still used as a forage crop (1). No information on effects on wildlife. Likely to have some impact if wildlife is forced to eat it.","Burrows, G. E. 1993. Kochia scoparia: A noxius weed pest, livestock toxicant or remarkable livestock feed. Toxicon 31(2): 116.","Two native Kochia species, but no information on hybridization. Not expected to hybridize as the two native species are found in the desert.","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA","Inhabits disturbed areas (1). Pioneer species (2). In Colorado, was present in both logged forest and undisturbed, protected ponderosa-pine/Douglas fir forest (3). In California, however, kochia is not often found in wildland areas. It is primarily restricted to disturbed sites, roadsides and croplands.","1. DiTomaso and Healy in prep. 2. Wali 1999 3. Fornwalt, P. J., M. R. Kaufmann, L. S. Huckaby, J. M. Stoker, and T. J. Stohlgren. 2003. Non-native plant invasions in managed and protected ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests of the Colorado Front Range. Forest Ecology & Management 177(1-3): 515-527.","Appears to move but not rapidly.","DiTomaso, observational.","Expanding range in California (1).","1. DiTomaso and Healy in prep.","Summer annual (1).Produces 12,000 seeds per plant (2). Seeds on soil surface survive 1-2 years (1) but buried seeds can remain viable for 36 months or more(1,3). Mowed or grazed plants resprout from base (1).","1. DiTomaso, J., and E. Healy. in prep. Weeds of California and Other Western States. 2. Thompson, C. R., D. C. Thill, and B. Shafii. 1994. Germination characteristics of sulfonylurea-resistant and -susceptible kochia (Kochia scoparia). Weed Science 42: 50-56. 3. Zorner, P. S., R. L. Zimdahl, and E. E. Schweizer. 1984. Effect of depth and duration of seed burial on kochia (Kochia scoparia). Weed Science 32(5): 602-607.","Used to be planted for livestock forage and as an ornamental, but no longer (1). Recommended as an annual for cool, moist conditions, but not in California (2).","1. DiTomaso and Healy in prep 2. University of Illinois Extension. Gardening with Annuals - Plants for Specific Uses. Accessed on-line 3/17/05, Available: http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/annuals/uses.html#8.","Senesced plants break off at the base and scatter fruits as they tumble in the wind (1, 2). 99.9% of shed pollen was estimated to be deposited within 154m of the source (3). Some seed may move long distances by this tumble action.","1. DiTomaso and Healy in prep. 2. Boerboom, C. 1993. Kochia. Pacific Northwest Extension Publication. PNW460 3. Mulugeta D., B. D. Maxwell, P. K. Fay, and W. E. Dyer. 1994. Kochia (Kochia scoparia) Pollen Dispersion, Viability and Germination. Weed Science 42: 548-552.","Native to Asia. Present in most contiguous US states except possibly Maryland and a few southern states. Common in northern plains and listed as a noxious weed in Colorado, Minnesota, Washington, and Oregon (1). Introduced to the US as an ornamental in the early 1900's (2). Scoring as C because already widespread in California.","1. DiTomaso and Healy in prep. 2. Khan, M. A., B. Gul, and D. J. Weber. 2001. Influence of salinity and temperature on the germination of Kochia scoparia. Wetlands Ecology and Management. 9:483-489.","Inhabits roadsides, fields, disturbed places, crop fields. Tolerates alkaline or saline soil and drought. Central Valley, San Francisco Bay region, Central Coast, South Coast, Mojave and Sonoran deserts, Great Basin, to 1500m (1). Can maintain high productivity at salinity up to 40% of seawater (2).","1. DiTomaso and Healy in prep 2. Burrows 1993.",,"DiTomaso, observational.",,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Unknown,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,C,,D,D,,D,D,D,D,D,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/kochia-scoparia-profile/, "Lantana camara",,,Lantana,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/lantana-camara-risk/ "Lathyrus latifolius",,"Lathyrus megalanthus, Lathyrus membranaceus","perennial sweet pea, sweet pea, everlasting pea",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/lathyrus-latifolius-risk/ "Lepidium chalepense",,"Cardaria chalepensis, Cardaria draba ssp. chalepensis, Cardaria draba ssp. repens, C. draba ver. repens, Lepidium draba var. repens, Lepidium repens","lens-podded hoary cress, lens-podded whitetop, hoary cress, peppergrass; whitetop, whiteweed, cranson rampant, chalapa whitetop",8/6/04,"Brianna Richardson, Project Manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510.843.3902,brichardson@cal-ipc.org,"1442-A Walnut Street #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph M. DiTomaso/ Cooperative Ext. Specialist","University of California",530-754-8715,ditomaso@vegmail.ucdavis.edu,"Weed Science Program, Robbins Hall, Davis, CA 95616","Cynthia Roye,John Randall,Jake Sigg,Peter Warner,Joe DiTomaso,Alison Stanton",20040827,,,"Removed second scientific name, Cardaria chalepensis, and added it to the synonym line 3/28/17. Ramona Robison",C,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,C,3,Moderate,Alert,"Reduces available soil moisture and nutrients early in the season. In Australia, slowed water drainage and increased flooding. Cardaria draba is known to salinify the soil, but no evidence indicates that C. chalepensis does the same. Has the potential to impact abiotic systems, unclear whether this occurs in CA.","Kadrmas, T., WS Johnson. UNR Cooperative Extension Fact Sheet FS-02-56: Managing hoary cress. Accessed 8/2004 www.unce.unr.edu. Bossard, CC. JM Randall, MC Hoshovsky. 2000. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press, Berkeley: 81-86.","Threatens several rare plants in ID. Dense stands of perennial grasses are somewhat immune from invasion in the PNW. Considered by TNC to be a moderate threat to habitat and other plant species. ""Reduces native biodiversity and forage quality."" Can form dense monocultures, displacing native plants. Populations in California are not common. Though said to reduce native biodiversity, this plant is considered easy to control. It is not competitive against shrubs. May not be competitive against established perennial grasses. Needs high moisture or irrigation to become established and thrive. May be a problem along waterways or in high rainfall areas. Primarily an agricultural pest. May form monocultures under ideal conditions. Can cause moderate (sometimes severe) alteration of plant community composition.","Hill, Janice. 1999. Weed Report: Cardaria draba ssp. chalepensis. TNC Wildand Weed Survey. Miller, TW. 1991. Hoary cress and related whitetops. PNW Weeds 359. Lyons, KE. 2000. Element Stewardship Abstract: Cardaria draba, C. chalepensis, C. pubescens. The Nature Conservancy Wildland Invasive Speices Team. Anonymous. Montana omes and Land website: Noxious Weeds: hoary cress (C. chalepensis). Accessed 8/2004. Kadrmas, T., WS Johnson. UNR Cooperative Extension Fact Sheet FS-02-56: Managing hoary cress. Accessed 8/2004 www.unce.unr.edu.","Flowers often visited by insects. ""Reduces native biodiversity and forage quality."" Reduces available forage for livestock. Toxic to cattle. Provide nectar for honeybees. Unclear whether C.chalepensis significantly reduces forage (or poses a poisoning threat to) wildlife in California.","Mulligan, GA, JN Findlay. 1973. 3. Cardaria draba, C. chalepensis, and C. pubescens. The Biology of Canadian Weeds. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 54: 149-160. Lyons, KE. 2000. Element Stewardship Abstract: Cardaria draba, C. chalepensis, C. pubescens. The Nature Conservancy Wildland Invasive Speices Team. Anonymous. Montana omes and Land website: Noxious Weeds: hoary cress (C. chalepensis). Accessed 8/2004. Kadrmas, T., WS Johnson. UNR Cooperative Extension Fact Sheet FS-02-56: Managing hoary cress. Accessed 8/2004 www.unce.unr.edu.","No native members of the genus in California. All Cardaria spp in CA are introduced.","CalFlora database. www.calflora.org. Accessed 8/2004","Establishes more readily on irrigated land. Heavy grazing may encourage establishment. Invasion potential is greater under conditions of disturbance. Literature indicates that disturbance increases establishment, but is not necessary under all conditions.","Mulligan, GA, JN Findlay. 1973. 3. Cardaria draba, C. chalepensis, and C. pubescens. The Biology of Canadian Weeds. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 54: 149-160. Lyons, KE. 2000. Element Stewardship Abstract: Cardaria draba, C. chalepensis, C. pubescens. The Nature Conservancy Wildland Invasive Speices Team. CDFA Encycloweedia: www.cdfa.ca.gov Accessed 8/2004.","In Saskatchewan, C. chalepensis often spreads more than 2 ft in diameter/year under favorable conditions (moisture present, no shrubs). In sites dominated by shrubs, however, it receded in size. In MT, a single plant can grow to cover 12 ft in diameter in its first year, growing 2-5 ft in diameter in subsequent years. Under favorable conditions (likely present if establishment occurs) the plant can spread very quickly.","Mulligan, GA, JN Findlay. 1973. 3. Cardaria draba, C. chalepensis, and C. pubescens. The Biology of Canadian Weeds. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 54: 149-160. Anonymous. Montana omes and Land website: Noxious Weeds: hoary cress (C. chalepensis). Accessed 8/2004.","Since the plant is on the state noxious weed list, it is often controlled. Populations are not common in the state and it does not appear to be spreading, perhaps do to the management efforts. It may even be declining.","California Dept. of Food and Agriculture. Encycloweedia. Accessed 8/2004. www.cdfa.ca.gov.","Vigorously creeping horizontal roots can create clonal colonies. Under favorable conditions, plants can increase vegetatively by more than 61 cm radius/year. Self-incompatible. Root fragments can generate new plants. Flowers April-August. Plants do not flower the first year. One flowering stem can produce up to 850 mature pods. Will regenerate from roots after mowing (and probably grazing). Has a higher ability to recover from injury than C. draba. 52% of seeds can remain viable after 3 years. Under favorable conditions, seeds produced every year after the first. Under unfavorable (dry) conditions seeds are sometimes not produced. Under favorable conditions, a single stem can produce 1000-5000 seeds. 11 points.","DiTomaso, J, E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States. Not yet published. Mulligan, GA, JN Findlay. 1973. 3. Cardaria draba, C. chalepensis, and C. pubescens. The Biology of Canadian Weeds. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 54: 149-160. Bossard, CC. JM Randall, MC Hoshovsky. 2000. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press, Berkeley: 81-86.","Cultivation can enhance dispersal by moving root fragments. Seeds and root fragments can be spread by vehicles and machinery, and seeds can be moved in hay and crop seed. Movement to wildland areas however, is probably uncommon. Potential exists for dispersal as a contaminant. Commonly spread by human activites. Illegal to import products contaminated with C. chalepensis into CA. (May be spread within CA.)","DiTomaso, J, E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States. Not yet published. Anonymous. Montana omes and Land website: Noxious Weeds: hoary cress (C. chalepensis). Accessed 8/2004. CDFA. Encycloweedia. www.cdfa.ca.gov. Accessed 8/2004. Bossard, CC. JM Randall, MC Hoshovsky. 2000. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press, Berkeley: 81-86.","Seeds can be spread by wind and on waterways. Seeds remain viable for only 1 month in manure. Root fragments carried by streams. Most seed probably fall directly to the soil beneath the parent plant and very few seeds are transported long distances. At least occasionally spread by animal and abiotic action.","Anonymous. Montana omes and Land website: Noxious Weeds: hoary cress (C. chalepensis). Accessed 8/2004. CDFA. Encycloweedia. www.cdfa.ca.gov. Accessed 8/2004. Bossard, CC. JM Randall, MC Hoshovsky. 2000. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press, Berkeley: 81-86.","State-listed noxious weed in AZ, OR, and UT. Common in fields in western and central Canada. Found along watercourses in Canada. Invades bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, and snowberry-rose communities in ID. Invades similar ecotypes in other areas. (May invade ecotypes not yet invaded in CA, information lacking.)","DiTomaso, J, E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States. Not yet published. Mulligan, GA, JN Findlay. 1973. 3. Cardaria draba, C. chalepensis, and C. pubescens. The Biology of Canadian Weeds. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 54: 149-160. Hill, Janice. 1999. Weed Report: Cardaria draba ssp. chalepensis. TNC Wildand Weed Survey.","Disturbed sites, moderately moist sites. A problem in crops. Roadsides, ditches. Needs moisture to spread and thrive. First collected in Chino, CA in 1918, probably introduced in alfalfa seed imported from Turkestan. Found in riparian-upland ecotones. Invades at least 2 major ecotypes in CA.","DiTomaso, J, E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States. Not yet published. Mulligan, GA, JN Findlay. 1973. 3. Cardaria draba, C. chalepensis, and C. pubescens. The Biology of Canadian Weeds. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 54: 149-160. CDFA. Encycloweedia. www.cdfa.ca.gov. Accessed 8/2004. Bossard, CC. JM Randall, MC Hoshovsky. 2000. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press, Berkeley: 81-86.","More frequent in the Sacramento Valley, southern San Joaquin Valley, and northern Siskiyou Co, but not common. Not nearly as widespread as either Cardaria draba or Cardaria pubescens. Occurs in less than 5% of the meadows, seeps, and riparian scrub in CA.","DiTomaso, J, E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States. Not yet published. Mulligan, GA, JN Findlay. 1973. 3. Cardaria draba, C. chalepensis, and C. pubescens. The Biology of Canadian Weeds. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 54: 149-160. Anonymous. Map of C. chalepensis in CA, 1935-1984. Bossard, CC. JM Randall, MC Hoshovsky. 2000. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press, Berkeley: 81-86. Observational, Joe DiTomaso, 2004.",,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/lepidium-chalepense-profile/, "Lepidium draba",,"Cardaria draba","heart-podded hoary cress, whitetop",4/15/04,"Milad Sarkis","Saint Mary's College of California","(925) 631-5384",msarkis@stmarys-ca.edu,"P.O. Box 4093, MOraga, CA 94575",,,,,,"Carla Bossard,Cynthia Roye,Alison Stanton,Peter Warner,Joe DiTomaso",20040514,,,"Removed second scientific name, Cardaria draba, and added it to the synonym line 3/28/17. Ramona Robison",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",C,Anecdotal,D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Anecdotal,B,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",C,Anecdotal,C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",Array,Array,B,3,Moderate,,"Possibly disrupts nitrogen cycle in soil Possibly disrupts Nitrogen cycle, thus weekeing out other native species","Corliss, Julie. Tall Whitetop's Crowding Out the Natives. Agricultural Research, May 16 1993.","Decreases survivorship of native species large dispersal rate of seeds","Miller, Timothey W. Hoary Cress and Related Whitetops, Nov. 1991. 50/0/50","No alteration of higher trophic levels","none noted","Slight chance of hybridiization with other Cardaria sp.","Mulligan, The biology of Canadian Weeds, 1974. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 54:149-160","Can occasionally establish in undisterved areas, but easily established in disturbed areas Can easily spread through human disturbances","Stougaard, Robert et al. Weed Technology. 199 Volume 13:581-585","Increasing rate of spread, but less rapidly without control 1,400-4,800 seeds per plant, which can allow for a decent increase. Described as a ""prolific seed producer""","Stougaard, Robert et al. Weed Technology. 199 Volume 13:581-585","increasingly slowly due to efforts to stop control. over half of the state (CA) seems to be infested large infestation, but with slow growth effort by seeds",http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/datastore/detailreport.cfm?usernumber=23&surveynumber=182,"High reproductive potentional High seed producer, but greatest development from roots","Stougaard, Robert et al. Weed Technology. 199 Volume 13:581-585","Hay, Soil, and cut alfalfa human caused disperal is the most common means of dispersal",http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/datastore/detailreport.cfm?usernumber=23&surveynumber=182,"no lond distance dispersal noted,unless by humans seed dispersal not important, but people are no abiotic dispersal","no source noted","unshaded, disturbed, grasslands, scrubs, generally alkali soil Grows esily in many dry soils",http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/datastore/detailreport.cfm?usernumber=23&surveynumber=182,"Unkown when it entered California, but entered US via New York in 1898 Introduced by ballust water, but spread easily",http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/datastore/detailreport.cfm?usernumber=23&surveynumber=182,,,,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Unknown,Unknown,Yes,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,C,,C,D,,,,,D,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/cardaria-draba-profile/, "Lepidium latifolium",,"Cardaria latifolia (L.) Spach","perennial pepperweed; tall whitetop; broadleaved pepperweed",5/8/03,"Cynthia L. Roye/ Associate State Park Resource Ecologist","California State Parks, Natural Resources Division","(916) 653-9083",croye@parks.ca.gov,"P.O. Box 942896, Sacramento, CA 94296-0001","Joe DiTomaso","UC Davis",530-754-8715,DiTomaso@vegmail.ucdavis.edu,"Weed Science Program, Robbins Hall, Univ. California, Davis CA 95616","Carla Bossard,Joe DiTomaso,John Randall,Cynthia Roye,Jake Sigg,Alison Stanton,Peter Warner",20040319,,,,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",U,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,Array,Array,A,3,High,,"A. Alters soil salinity. May act as ""salt pump"" as it removes salts from deep in the soil profile and deposits them on soil surface. Builds a dense organic layer in soil surface that alters carbon/nitrogen ratio. May allow compact soil to become more friable after 5 to 10 years by plant-cycled nitrogen (Blank and Young, 1999, abstract as accessed on the Internet at:http:www.nal.usda.gov/ttic/tektran/data/000009/95/0000099552.html) Adapted to using water with high salt content, but not obligate. May act as ""salt pump"" as it removes salts from deep in the soil profile and deposits them on soil surface.","Blank and Young, 1997, as cited by Renz, M.J. 2000. TNC Element Stewardship Abstract as accessed over the Internet at:http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/lepilat.pdf; Written findings of the State (WA) Noxious Weed Control Board as accessed over the Internet at:http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/pepperweed.html; Young et al. 1995. Ecology and Control of Perennial Pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium). CalEPPC 1995 Symposium Proceedings. 4 pg.; Howald A. IN: Bossard et al. 2000. Invasive plants of California's wildlands. California Exotic Pest Plant Council. UC Press, Berkeley, pp. 222-224.","A. Forms dense monospecific stands that exclude other plants, including natives. By altering salinity, favors halophytes overothers and shifts plant composition and diversity. Old stems take several years to degrade and can form a layer impenetrable to light. Annual plants may be unable to emerge. Encroaching on populations of several rare salt marsh plants including Cordylanthus mollis ssp. mollis, Circium hydrophilum var. hydrophilum, and Aster lentus. Forms dense monospecific stands that exclude other plants, including natives. By altering salinity, favors halophytes overothers and shifts plant composition and diversity. Old stems take several years to degrade and can form a layer impenetrable to light. Annual plants may be unable to emerge. Encroaching on populations of several rare salt marsh plants including Cordylanthus mollis ssp. mollis, Circium hydrophilum var. hydrophilum, and Aster lentus.","Renz, M. J. 2000. TNC Element Stewardship Abstract for Lepidium latifolium as accessed over the Internet at:http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/lepilat.pdf; Howald, A. IN: Bossard et al. 2000.","B. Poses threat to the habitat of endangered salt marsh harvest mouse, California clapper rail, California black rail. Lessens food availability for nesting waterfowl. Prefers habitat higher than that where pickleweed grows but has invaded Salifornia-dominated marshes in Alviso Slough. Outcompetes grasses that provide food for waterfowl.","Howald, A. IN: Bossard et al. 2000.","U. Has fifteen closely related California natives and four related non-natives. Unknown if genetic contamination occurs.","Howald, A. IN: Bossard et al. 2000.","B. Most frequently found in areas with some natural or anthropogenic disturbance such as riparian areas, marshes, estuaries, irrigation channels, wetlands and floodplains. If introduced, can proliferate in roadsides, native hay meadows (unplowed), alfalfa fields, and rangelands. most of the areas where this plant occurs are subject to some form of disturbance.","Howald, A. IN: Bossard et al. 2000; Renz, M.J. 2002. Biology, Ecology, and Control of Perennial Pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium). Ph. D. Dissertation in Plant Biology, University of California, Davis. 128 p. as accessed on the Internet at:http://wric.ucdavis.edu/information/pepperweed-renz.pdf.","A. Expansion of populations occurs primarily at the leading edge of the infestation, rarely more than 2 m from previious infestation. Althouogh the plants can produce many seeds annually, seedlings are rarely found in the field, populations spread clonally, per Renz. Without treatment, the spread at Renz' three sites was measured at 44% to 129% over a two year period. At this rate doubling would occur in fewer than ten years. Undisturbed populations spread clonally along the leading edge of the infestation. Density of the stems also increases over time making control of the infestation and re-establishment of native plants more difficult.","Renz, M.J. 2002. Biology, Ecology, and Control of Perennial Pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium). Ph. D. Dissertation in Plant Biology, University of California, Davis. 128 p., as accessed on the Internet at:http://wric.ucdavis.edu/information/pepperweed-renz.pdf.","A. The first record of this plant in California is from a ranch north of Oakdale in 1936. The plant is now found in most California counties. Distribution map as shown in species treatment in Bossard et al. 2000.","Howald, A. IN: Bossard et el. 2000.","A. seeds, rhizomes, fragments Prolific seeder producing up to 6 billion seeds per acre; seeds transported by wind, water, and waterfolw but have no mechanisms for long-distance dispersal; also produces rhizomes that can fragment and sprout.","Howald, A. IN: Bossard et al. 2000; Keuger and Sheley. 1996. MT9906 Agriculture, Perennial Pepperweed as accessed on the Internet at: http://www.montana.edu/wwwpb/pubs/mt9906.html. Renz, M.J. 2002. Biology, Ecology, and Control of Perennial Pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium). Ph. D. Dissertation in Plant Biology, University of California, Davis. 128 p., as accessed on the Internet at:http://wric.ucdavis.edu/information/pepperweed-renz.pdf.","B. Collected for dried flower arrangements; seed or plant fragments may be a contaminant of rice straw bales used in erosion control, may be moved on agricultural equipment, or by waterfowl. Collected for dried flower arrangements, seed or plant fragments may be a contaminant of rice straw bales used in erosion control or may be moved on agricultural equipment.","Howald, A. IN: Bossard et al. 2000; Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board as accessed on the Internet at:http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/pepperweedwf.html","Seeds have no special mechanisms for long-range dispersal. Can be transported by wind, water and, possibly, waterfowl. Seeds have no special mechanisms for long-range dispersal. Can be spreadf by pieces od undergrounf stems.","Howald, A. IN: Bossard et al. 2000.","C. Native range Mediterranean Basin to temperate Europe and east to Middle East, Asia, and Himilayas. Introduced New England to Mexico and occurs in all far-western states. Appears to occupy similar habitats to those occupied in California. Introduced New England to Mexico and occurs in all far-western states. Appears to occupy similar habitats to those occupied in California.","Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board as accessed on the Internet at:http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/pepperweedwf.html.","A. The first record of this plant in California is from a ranch north of Oakdale in 1936. The plant is now found in most California counties. It is found in riparian areas, marshes, estuaries, irrigtion channels, wetlands, and floodplains but may also occur on roadsides, native hay meadows, alfalfa fields, and rangelands. This plant occurs in 12 California State Park units from Bidwell SacramentoRiver SP in the Great Central Valley to San Pasqual Battlefirld SHP east of Escondido. It was listed among the Top Ten Most Unwanted Weeds in 24 California Counties according to a poll taken by the California Department of Food and Agriculture published in the Noxious Times as accessed on the Internet at: http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/ipc/noxioustimes/pdfs/2003spring.pdf.","Howald, A. IN: Bossard et al. 2000; California State Parks 2002 Natural Resources Condition Assessment, Natural Resources Division, Sacramento, CA; Noxious Times as on the Internet at: http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/ipc/noxioustimes/pdfs/2003spring.pdf. Young et al. 1995. Ecology and Control of Perennial Pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium). CalEPPC 1995 Symposium Proceedings. 4 pg.","B. Consensus of Committee member observations as expressed 2/10/03 and 3/19/04 meeting s in Davis.","Observations of Weed Ranking Committee members. I lack published sources to document these observations.",,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,,"most seed germinates on first year.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,C,C,D,C,U,,,B,C,C,C,D,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/lepidium-latifolium-profile/, "Leptospermum laevigatum",,,"Australian tea tree",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/leptospermum-laevigatum-risk/ "Leucanthemum vulgare",,"Chrysanthemum leucanthemum","ox-eye daisy; dog daisy; margriet; marguerite daisy; moon daisy; white daisy; yellow daisy;",3/24/05,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph DiTomaso","University of California-Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Joe DiTomaso,Joanna Clines,Cynthia Roye,Doug Johnson",20050708,,,"Most common in northern California and coastal areas.",U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,B,Observational,B,Observational,A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,Array,Array,B,3,Moderate,,Unknown,,"Can occasionally form dense stands that which choke out other vegetation in pastures and meadows.","Montana Weed Control Association. no date. Oxeye daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum). Available: http://www.mtweed.org/identification/oxeye_daisy/oxeye_daisy.html. Accessed 3/24/05","Most large herbivores avoid it and instead feed on grasses. Livestock generally avoid grazing the foliage, and milk from dairy cattle that have consumed the plant can have an unpleasant flavor. Oxeye daisy can host the yellow dwarf potato virus. Threatens three federally-listed butterfly species on San Bruno Mountain in the Bay Area.","Montana Weed Control Association. no date. Oxeye daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum). Available: http://www.mtweed.org/identification/oxeye_daisy/oxeye_daisy.html. Accessed 3/24/05 DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488. Jake Sigg, California Native Plant Society, San Francisco, pers.comm.","No native Leucanthemum species, but there are native Chrysanthemum. No information on hybridization.","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA","Although it will easily establish in disturbed sites, it can on occasional invade undistrubed areas.","DiTomaso, observational.","Locally can increase, but not rapidly. Populations expanding in Shasta County.","DiTomaso, observational.","Still expanding in state.","DiTomaso, observational.","Perennial. Prolific seed producer: one plant can produce 26,000 seeds. Reproduction is primarily through seed dispersal and germination, but spreading root stalks also contribute to spread. One study found that 82% of seeds were viable after 6 years and 1 percent were viable after 39 years. Seed production is often prolific, especially when abundant moisture is available. Some seeds can remain viable for up to about 20 years or more under field conditions.","Montana Weed Control Association. no date. Oxeye daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum). Available: http://www.mtweed.org/identification/oxeye_daisy/oxeye_daisy.html. Accessed 3/24/05 DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.",,"Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.","Seeds disperse with water and animals, but this is probably unusual. Seeds can survive ingestion by animals.","DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.","Native to Europe. Present in every US state (1).","1. USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.","Invasive in pastures, disturbed mountain meadows, and fields (1). Present in Sonoma, Mendocino, Mono, and San Diego counties (2). In California, it is most invasive in moist grassland and coastal scrub. Oxeye daisy is a state-listed noxious weed in Colorado, Minnesota (secondary), Montana (category 1), Ohio (prohibited), Washington (class B, plant quarantine), and Wyoming. It is also a noxious weed in southeastern Australia (3).","1. Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA 2. USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. 3. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.","Most common in northern California and coastal areas.","DiTomaso, observational. Peter Warner, California State Parks, observational Joanna Clines, US Forest Service, observational Alison Stanton, BMP Ecosciences, observational",,Yes,Yes,Yes,Unknown,Yes,Unknown,Yes,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,,,C,D,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,C,D,D,D,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/leucanthemum-vulgare-profile/, "Ligustrum lucidum",,"Esquirolia sinensis; Ligustrum compactum var. latifolium; Ligustrum esquirolii","glossy privet; broad-leaved privet; tree privet",8/10/04,"Mark Newhouser/Program Director, Arundo Eradication and Coordination Program","Sonoma Ecology Center","(707) 996-0712 ext.103",mnewhouser@vom.com,"205 First Street West Sonoma, CA 95476","Ramona Robison/Science Program Manager",Cal-IPC,"510-843-3902 x 305",rrobison@cal-ipc.org,,"Alison Stanton,Peter Warner,John Randall,Cynthia Roye,Jake Sigg,Joe DiTomaso",20040827,2-Jun-17,20171017,"Reviewed by Ramona Robison on 1/6/17 and added to 2017 update species. Reviewed by sub-committee on January 25, 2017. Information received from local experts on distribution and spread and added to the PAF in 2017. Ramona Robison",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,"Other Published Material",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,D,Observational,Array,Array,B,3.5,Limited,,"In Australia, privet can establish dense stands that out-compete and shade native plant species, so it is impacting light availability in areas where it grows in dense stands. L. lucidum also competes with native vegetation for soil nutrients and water by forming a dense shallow fibrous root system that can exploit available water and nutrients, so it is altering hydrology and nutrient dynamics. Since L. lucidum is not forming dense stands or expanding rapidly throughout most of California, this question is scored as Minor.","Parsons W.T. and E.G. Cuthbertson 2001. Ribichich, A. M. and J. Protomastro 1998. Swarbrick, J. T., S. M. Timmins, et al. 1999.","In Australia, privet can establish dense stands that out-compete and shade native plant species. The trees are long-lived and form monospecific stands capable of maintaining themselves for a long period of time. The privet also competes with native vegetation for soil nutrients and water by forming a dense shallow fibrous root system that can exploit available water and nutrients. In California, L. lucidum is reported as spreading in creeks in Santa Cruz County, and in riparian vegetation and shaded forests in Marin and Alameda counties, but typically as isolated individuals rather than dense stands or patches (Hyland, Kelch and Wrubel pers. comms.).","Parsons W.T. and E.G. Cuthbertson 2001. Ribichich, A. M. and J. Protomastro 1998. Swarbrick, J. T., S. M. Timmins, et al. 1999. Hyland, T. Personal communication. Kelch, D. Personal communication. Wrubel, E. Personal communication.","Fruits of the privet are eaten by many generalist avain frugivores, but it has been associated with the poisoning of livestock. The bark contains tannin and the fruits contain a number of possibly toxic chemicals. Although fruits are eaten by birds, privet is able to displace native vegetation and alter habitat for other wildlife dependent on native plant species. In California, Aslan demostrated the use and dispersal of L. lucidum by native birds, and her results indicate that L. lucidum is a likely riparian invader. Not widely enough spread in CA ecotypes to affect higher trophic levels.","Aslan 2010. Swarbrick, J. T., S. M. Timmins, et al. (1999). Panetta, F. D. (2000). Pers.comm. 2004. JD, JR, PW","No reports of hybridization between species of privets. No privets native to CA.","Jepson eFlora 2017 Swarbrick, J. T., S. M. Timmins, et al. 1999.","Soil disturbance, construction, and changed water dynamics have allowed and increased the establishment of the Glossy Privet in many areas in Australia. The privet benefits from increased nutrient levels in urban runoff. Disturbance lessens competition from native plants and increases moisture and soil nutrient availability. It is reported as spreading in creeks in Santa Cruz County, and in riparian vegetation and shaded forests in Marin and Alameda counties, but typically as isolated individuals rather than stands or patches (Hyland and Wrubel pers. comms.). Is also highly invasive and spreading rapidly in Bidwell Park, Butte County (Mason, pers. comm.), and in Sonoma County (Mason, pers. comm.).","Dascanio L.M., Barrera M.D., Frangi J.L. 1994. Swarbrick, J. T., S. M. Timmins, et al. 1999. Hyland, T. Personal communication. Kelch, D. Personal communication. Mason, S. Personal communication. Wrubel, E. Personal communication. Warner, P. Personal communication.","Glossy Privet is documented as occurring in 15 counties in California and is probably more widespread (Calflora and CCH). The first collection in CCH is from 1978, and most of the documented locations are adjacent to urban areas. It is reported as spreading in creeks in Santa Cruz County, and in riparian vegetation and shaded forests in Marin and Alameda counties, but typically as isolated individuals rather than stands or patches (Hyland, Kelch and Wrubel pers. comms.). Dempsey reports that ""Ligustrum is spreading into riparian corridors such as Sacramento River and its tributaries. I have encountered pioneer individuals sporadically at Bidwell-Sacramento River State Park, Woodson Bridge State Recreation Area, Colusa-Sacramento River State Rec Area, Ide Adobe State Historic Park, and have seen what it can do in Chicos Bidwell Park under similar conditions.""","DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2007. Observational, Joe DiTomaso, Peter Warner, John Randall, 2004. Calflora 2016 CCH 2016 Dempsey, J. 2017. Personal communication. Hyland, T. Personal communication. Kelch, D. Personal communication. Wrubel, E. Personal communication.","Reports of Glossy privet spreading rapidly along the Mendocino coast was checked by Peter Warner and found to be not privet and was refuted (2004). Observed in riparian areas and on urban edges, increasing but not doubling in 10 years (Warner, Wrubel, Kelch and Hyland, pers. comms.). Is also highly invasive and spreading rapidly in Bidwell Park, Butte County (Mason, pers. comm.).","DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2007 Observational, Joe DiTomaso, Peter Warner, John Randall, 2004. Hyland, T. Personal communication. Kelch, D. Personal communication. Mason, S. Personal communication. Wrubel, E. Personal communication. Warner, P. Personal communication.","Under moist conditions, a large tree may produce 3 million or more seeds. Privet species are able to germinate and survive in shaded areas. Saplings grow rapidly and are able to germinate under allelopathic trees. Privet also has a high initial seed viability. Most propagules are thought to survive for less than 12 months, although one study found a single propagule after 2.5 years. Birds can disperse seeds into a variety of vegetation types, and seedlings have a high tolerance of shade, soil types, temperatures and moisture levels which may mean privet will reproduce successfully in a variety of habitat types.","Panetta, F. D. 2000. Swarbrick, J. T., S. M. Timmins, et al. 1999. ","Glossy privet is used as an ornamental plant and is easily established in disturbed areas. Privet is used as an ornamental and then dispersed through birds eating the fruit. It has been spread by construction in some areas. Widely planted as ornamental in CA, and commonly naturalized in urban-wildland interface (Wrubel and Warner, pers. comms.). Listed in the Sunset Western Garden Book.","Brenzel, K. 2007 Dascanio L.M., Barrera M.D., Frangi J.L. 1994. Swarbrick, J. T., S. M. Timmins, et al. 1999.","Birds commonly consume fruits and disperse seed. One study documented dispersal of seed up to 1 km from feeding site by pied currawongs in Australia. In California, Aslan demostrated the use and dispersal of L. lucidum by native birds, and her results indicate results indicate that L. lucidum is a likely riparian invader.","Swarbrick, J. T., S. M. Timmins, et al. (1999). Observational, Joe DiTomaso, Peter Warner, John Randall, 2004. Aslan 2010.","L. lucidum is native to The Glossy privet has been naturalized in the southern U.S. from Texas to North Carolina. It is also widely reported from Spain, and southern France in areas that have similar climate to CA. Portions of range in E. Australia and New Zealand also have climate overlap with California It has also invaded tropical forests, broad-leafed forests, coastal areas, and forest margins in eastern Australia and the North Island of New Zealand. It was also found in sub-tropical wetlands of Argentina. None of these tropical ecotypes exist in CA, so this question is scored as already invaded for habitat types which exist in CA.","Swarbrick, J. T., S. M. Timmins, et al. 1999. Observational, Joe DiTomaso, Peter Warner, John Randall, 2004.","Present in one major and two minor ecotypes in CA. Glossy Privet is documented as occurring in 15 counties in California and is probably more widespread (Calflora and CCH). The first collection in CCH is from 1978, and most of the documented locations are adjacent to urban areas. Also occurs in broadleaf upland forest (<1%), and north coast coniferous forest (<1%), as well as riparian areas and shaded forests (Kelch, Wrubel, Dempsey and Hyland, pers. comms.). Over years, I have seen privet in non-landscaped settings regularly rarely in abundance -- generally in mesic, somewhat shaded habitats, including near but not in streams, evergreen and deciduous woodlands, marshy ground, and disturbed, moist thickets (Warner, pers. comm.).","Observational, Joe DiTomaso, Peter Warner, John Randall, 2004. Calflora and CCH 2016. Dempsey, J. Personal communication. Hyland, T. Personal communication. Kelch, D. Personal communication. Wrubel, E. Personal communication. Warner, P. Personal communication.","Present in less than 5% of riparian ecotypes in CA, as well as boradleaved upland forest and north coast coniferous forest.","Observational, Joe DiTomaso, Peter Warner, John Randall, 2004. Calflora and CCH 2017. Hyland, T. Personal communication. Kelch, D. Personal communication. Wrubel, E. Personal communication. Warner, P. Personal communication.","Aslan, C. 2010. The role of bird-mediated dispersal in plant invasiveness. Dissertation, UC Davis. Brenzel, K. 2007. Sunset Western Garden Book. Sunset Publishing Corporation, Menlo Park, CA. Calflora. 2016. Species information for Ligustrum lucidum. http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=8656. Accessed February 15, 2017. Consortium of California Herbaria (CCH). 2016. Specimen return for Ligustrum lucidum. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortium/index.html Accessed February 15, 2017. Dascanio L.M., Barrera M.D., Frangi J.L. 1994. ÐBiomass Structure and Dry Matter Dynamics of Subtropical Alluvial and Exotic Ligustrum Forests at the Rio de la Plata, Argentina.Ó Vegetatio 115: 61-76. Dempsey, J. 2017. Personal communication from Jim Dempsey, Environmental Scientist, California State Parks, Northern Buttes District. Email received 3/15/17. DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2007. Weeds of California and Other Western States. UCANR Publication 3488. Oakland, CA. Hyland, T. 2017. Personal communication with Tim Hyland, California State Parks. Email and PAF comments, January 2017 Jepson eFlora. 2017. Ligustrum lucidum treatment. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=30906. Accessed February 15, 2017. Kelch, D. 2017. Personal communication from Dean Kelch, Primary Botanist, California Department of Food and Agriculture. Email received 1/20/17 Mason, S. 2017. Personal communication. Email received December 2016. Panetta, F. D. 2000. Fates of fruits and seeds of Ligustrum lucidum W.T.Ait. and L. sinense Lour. maintained under natural rainfall or irrigation. Australian Journal of Botany 48(6): 701-705. Parsons, W.T. and E.G. Cuthbertson. 2001. Noxious weeds of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia. Ribichich, A. M. and J. Protomastro. 1998. Woody vegetation structure of xeric forest stands under different edaphic site conditions and disturbance histories in the Biosphere Reserve 'Parque Costero del Sur', Argentina. Plant Ecology 139(2): 189-201. Swarbrick, J. T., S. M. Timmins, et al. 1999. The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly 14(4): 122-130. Warner, P. 2017. Personal communication from Peter Warner, local botanist. Email received 1/18/17. Wrubel, E. 2017. Personal communication from Eric Wrubel, Botanist, San Francisco Bay Area Network, National Park Service. Email received 1/20/17.",No,Yes,Yes,No,No,Unknown,No,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,D,,D,,,,D,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/ligustrum-lucidum-profile/, "Limnobium spongia",,"Limnobium laevigatum","South American spongeplant; West Indian spongeplant",5/13/11,"Elizabeth Brusati, Science Program Manager",Cal-IPC,510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442-A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph M. DiTomaso, Specialist in Cooperative Extension","Dept. of Plant Sciences, University of California-Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Mail Stop 4, One Shields Ave., Davis CA 95616","Alison Stanton,Peter Warner,John Randall,Cynthia Roye,Jake Sigg,Joe DiTomaso",,,,"Name updated from Limnobium laevigatum to Limnobium spongia to match current Jepson Manual taxonomy. Updated by Ramona Robison 6/28/18.",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,Array,Array,C,3,High,,"Has the capacity to cover large areas of open water. This has occurred in the Kings River near Fresno and also is beginning to occur in the Delta. Can cause significant reduction in dissolved oxygen in water resulting in fish kills.","Anderson, L. 2011. Spongeplant: A new aquatic weed threat in the Delta. Cal-IPC News. 19(1):4-5. http://www.cal-ipc.org/resources/news/pdf/Cal-IPC_News_2011Spring.pdf Pat Akers, CDFA, Observational, http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/ipc/hydrilla/sos/sos_info/sos_info_files/frame.htm","Forms solids stands that completely cover water, blocking light to all species in water column.","Anderson, L. 2011. Spongeplant: A new aquatic weed threat in the Delta. Cal-IPC News. 19(1):4-5. http://www.cal-ipc.org/resources/news/pdf/Cal-IPC_News_2011Spring.pdf Pat Akers, CDFA, observational, http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/ipc/hydrilla/sos/sos_info/sos_info_files/frame.htm","If covers large areas, could block open water needed by waterfowl and other wildlife as well as cause negative impacts to Delta pumping and irrigation systems. However, has not reached this point yet in California.","Anderson, L. 2011. Spongeplant: A new aquatic weed threat in the Delta. Cal-IPC News. 19(1):4-5. http://www.cal-ipc.org/resources/news/pdf/Cal-IPC_News_2011Spring.pdf","No native Limnobium in California.","Jepson Manual","Can establish in rivers, streams, and the Delta without human disturbance.","Anderson, L. 2011. Spongeplant: A new aquatic weed threat in the Delta. Cal-IPC News. 19(1):4-5. http://www.cal-ipc.org/resources/news/pdf/Cal-IPC_News_2011Spring.pdf","Expected to spread at a more rapid rate than water hyacinth because it not only reproduces through vegetation propagules, but is also a prolific seed producer.",". Anderson, L. 2011. Spongeplant: A new aquatic weed threat in the Delta. Cal-IPC News. 19(1):4-5. http://www.cal-ipc.org/resources/news/pdf/Cal-IPC_News_2011Spring.pdf","Spreading rapidly in some river systems in the state, as well as the Delta. Management efforts are keeping it from spreading too quickly, but it still is spreading.","Anderson, L. 2011. Spongeplant: A new aquatic weed threat in the Delta. Cal-IPC News. 19(1):4-5. http://www.cal-ipc.org/resources/news/pdf/Cal-IPC_News_2011Spring.pdf Pat Akers, CDFA, observational, http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/ipc/hydrilla/sos/sos_info/sos_info_files/frame.htm","Spreads vegetatively and has abundant seed dispersal. Seeds germinate rapidly to produce extremely small, floating seedlings. A handful can contain 60 seedlings.","Anderson, L. 2011. Spongeplant: A new aquatic weed threat in the Delta. Cal-IPC News. 19(1):4-5. http://www.cal-ipc.org/resources/news/pdf/Cal-IPC_News_2011Spring.pdf DiTomaso and Healy. 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. UC ANR Publ. No. 3421. Pat Akers, CDFA, observational, http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/ipc/hydrilla/sos/sos_info/sos_info_files/frame.htm","Seedlings can likely be spread as hitchhikers on boats. Sold as an aquarium plant.","Anderson, L. 2011. Spongeplant: A new aquatic weed threat in the Delta. Cal-IPC News. 19(1):4-5. http://www.cal-ipc.org/resources/news/pdf/Cal-IPC_News_2011Spring.pdf","Small floating seedlings are dispersed by wind, currents, and tidal action. Likely can attach to waterfowl or water hyacinth plants.","Anderson, L. 2011. Spongeplant: A new aquatic weed threat in the Delta. Cal-IPC News. 19(1):4-5. http://www.cal-ipc.org/resources/news/pdf/Cal-IPC_News_2011Spring.pdf","Native to central Mexico, South America, and the Caribbean. Not known to escape elsewhere","USDA-GRIN 2011","First found in Redding and Arcata in 2003, San Joaquin River in 2007, and Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta in 2008. Little is known about growth rates, nutrient requirements or cold tolerance. Small seedlings can withstand frost and mild freezes because protected under the taller aquatic vegetation. Currently under study by USDA.","Hrusa et al. 2002, Anderson, L. 2011. Spongeplant: A new aquatic weed threat in the Delta. Cal-IPC News. 19(1):4-5. http://www.cal-ipc.org/resources/news/pdf/Cal-IPC_News_2011Spring.pdf","New invader, not yet widespread","Anderson, L. 2011. Spongeplant: A new aquatic weed threat in the Delta. Cal-IPC News. 19(1):4-5. http://www.cal-ipc.org/resources/news/pdf/Cal-IPC_News_2011Spring.pdf",,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Unknown,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/limnobium-laevigatum-profile/, "Limonium duriusculum",,"Statice companyonis; Limonium thiniense; Limonium duriusculum subsp. companyonis; Limonium duriusculum subsp. thiniense","European sea lavender",8-Jan-17,"Mona Robison/Science Program Manager",Cal-IPC,"510-843-3902 ext 205",rrobison@cal-ipc.org,,,,,,,"Elizabeth Brusati,Tim Hyland,Eric Wrubel,Irina Irvine,Holly Forbes,Jutta Burger,Naomi Fraga,Denise Knapp,Chris McDonald,Ron Vanderhoff,John Knapp",20170126,2-Jun-17,,"L. ramosissimum and L. duriusculum are quite frequently mis-identified in the field and there may have been a common propensity for many biologists to record any small, clumping, invasive Limonium as L. ramosissimum. As such, I suspect that L. duriusculum may be significantly under-reported, at least in the south coast region. Vanderhoff, pers. comm. In one important reference on L. duriusculum in Carpenteria Marsh (Hubbard and Page 1997) the species was originally referred to as L. ramosissimum and later re-identified as L. duriusculum (Kelch, pers. comm.), so confusion was introduced in the literature when using that reference.",B,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,Observational,B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,B,3.5,Moderate,,"L. duriusculum has little documentation of abiotic ecosystem impacts. However, Archbald (2011) studied the closely associated L. ramosissimum ssp. provinciale in San Francisco Bay, and found that soil moisture and salinity were decreased in some plots containing the species, but this effect was not present in all study areas. Light reduction would occur in areas with dense cover of L. duriusculum, as was observed in Carpinteria Marsh by Hubbard and Page (1997). Dense growth has also been observed in marshes in Morro Bay and San Diego County (Giessow and Sayers, pers. comms.).","Archbald 2011 Hubbard and Page 1997 Giessow, J. Personal communication. Sayers, J. Personal communication.","Invasive sea lavenders (L. ramosissimum, L. duriusculum) have been found in about 50 acres of salt marshes throughout the San Francisco Bay in the high marsh and upland transition zones. In Carpinteria Salt Marsh, L. duriusculum was associated with decreased native plant cover over the course of 1 year, and this was attributed to L. duriusculum's ability to grow when most native plants senesce (Hubbard and Page 1997). In Marin County, L. duriusculum grows with the endangered salt marsh bird's beak (Chloropyron maritimum) and germinates earlier since it is an annual, directly competing with Birds Beak plants (Kerr, pers. comm.). In the Ocean Beach Salt Marsh, Abundance of the endangered salt marsh bird's beak is decreasing while the invasive sea lavender (Limonium duriusculum) is becoming increasingly more widespread (Goldsberry et al. 2015). Studies have shown that when sea lavenders are present the number of native salt tolerant plants decreases. The displacement of native plants such as Pacific swampfire, Marsh jaumea, and Saltgrass leads to changes in ecosystem function. Limonium duriusculum also displaces salt marsh bird's beak, a rare plant in the Morro Bay Estuary that grows in salt marshes just above the tideline, in the same habitat as the invasive sea lavender. Early detection of Limonium duriusculum is necessary to prevent its rapid spread throughout salt marsh habitat in the Morro Bay estuary (Sayers, pers.comm.).","Archbald and Boyer 2014a Goldsberry et al. 2015 Hubbard and Page 1997 Kerr, D. Personal communication. Sayers, J. Personal communication.","Upper marsh habitats are important for endangered vertebrates, including Rallus longirostris obsoletus (California clapper rail) and Reithrodontomys raviventris (salt marsh harvest mouse), which rely on canopies of Grindelia stricta (gumplant), Salicornia pacifica (perennial pickleweed), and Distichlis spicata (saltgrass) either for nesting or refuge from predators, particularly during extreme high tide events. If Limonium ramosissimum or Limonium duriusculum replace these native plants, the resulting vegetation structure dominated by short basal rosettes is unlikely to provide effective cover from predators (Archbald and Boyer 2014b). In the San Francisco Bay, Morro Bay and San Diego salt marshes it forms dense patches which may alter native species use (Boyer, Sayers and Giessow, pers . comms.).","Archbald and Boyer 2014b Boyer, K. Personal communication. Giessow, J. Personal communication. Sayers, J. Personal communication.","Native sea lavender (L. californicum) occurs in marshes with L. duriusculum. While they do occur together there have been no studies of the potential hybridization between Limonium species which occur in California. In the Mediterranean region, over 300 endemic Limonium species have evolved, in part because of the high frequency of hybridization between members of the genus (Palacios et al. 2000). Hybridization often results in highly competitive traits and backcrossing could lead to local extirpation of the native L. californicum species, as evidenced by the ongoing Spartina alterniflora x foliosa invasion in the San Francisco Estuary (Archbald 2011).","Archbald 2011 Calflora 2016 CCH 2016 Palacios et al. 2000","L. duriusculum has primarily established in human- and naturally-disturbed upper salt marsh habitats. One study documented populations of L. duriusculum 2-30 km away from other populations, so the species is capable of dispersing across long distances, or multiple introductions have occurred. Two cases of accidental planting or seeding of the related. L. ramosissimum at restoration sites indicates that human-mediated dispersal may have played a role in the distributions (Archbald and Boyer 2014b). L. duriusculum has dispersed long distances in Morro Bay (Sayers, pers. comm.) indicating that it is able to disperse into natural marsh long distances without human mediation, probably by seeds floating on water. A closely related species, L. ramosissimum ssp. provinciale, is able to establish in undisturbed marsh areas (Archbald 2011). My personal observations at two sites in the south coast region indicate that this species has been included (intentionally or not) in hydroseed applications in urban edge landscaping (Vanderhoff, R., pers.comm.). Experts indicated that L. duriusculum is able to establish in disturbed and undisturbed marsh areas (Giessow, Boyer and Sayers, pers. comms.).","Archbald and Boyer 2014b Archbald 2011 Boyer, K. Personal communication. Giessow, J. Personal communication. Sayers, J. Personal communication Vanderhoff, R. Personal communication.","Archbald (2011) found an average 2% increase in cover in the closely associated L. ramosissimum ssp. provinciale over the one year of his study, with one location increasing 12.8%. Experts indicated that L. duriusculum is able to double its population size within 10 years (Giessow, Boyer and Sayers, pers. comms.).","Archbald 2011 Boyer, K. Personal communication. Giessow, J. Personal communication. Sayers, J. Personal communication.","L. duriusculum is increasing rapidly in the San Francisco Bay area and elsewhere (Kerr 2016 and SCWRP 2015). Experts indicated that L. duriusculum is able to double its population size within 10 years (Giessow, Boyer and Sayers, pers. comms.). Since this is reported to be the case in San Francisco Bay, Morro Bay and San Diego marshes the question is scored as increasing rapidly statewide.","SCWRP 2015 Boyer, K. Personal communication. Giessow, J. Personal communication. Sayers, J. Personal communication.","Produces 360 to 11,400 seeds per plant; Range of seed counts from low to mid-high elevations across L. duriusculum's vertical range at Carpinteria Marsh, Santa Barbara, CA (Archbald and Boyer 2014b). Mature plants of L. ramosissimum can produce tens of thousands of floating seeds per square meter (NPS 2012). Flowers between September and June (Jepson eFlora). Hubbard and Page (1997) found no evidence of vegetative reproduction or of plants resprouting when clipped at the surface.","Archbald and Boyer 2014b Hubbard and Page 1997 National Park Service 2012 Preston and McClintock, Jepson eFlora 2017.","Human-mediated dispersal may have played a role in the distributions in San Francisco Bay due to contamination of restoration plantings (Archbald and Boyer 2014b). Hubbard and Page (1997) suggest that L. duriusculum and other Limonium spp. may have been introduced through the horticultural trade. My personal observations at two sites in the south coast region indicate that this species has been included (intentionally or not) in hydroseed applications in urban edge landscaping (Vanderhoff, R., pers.comm.). In San Diego marshes upstream sources of L. duriusculum have been found, indicating that it was planted and later escaped into the marsh. However, documentation of its sale have not yet been found as it may have been mis-identified when sold or been a contaminant growing with other species.","Archbald and Boyer 2014b Hubbard and Page 1997 Giessow, J. Personal communication.","In San Francisco Bay, a single L. duriusculum population was found ~30 km from other populations. Therefore, L. duriusculum is capable of dispersing across long distances, or multiple introductions have occurred (Archbald and Boyer 2014b). Dry flower stalks and seeds are brittle, shatter easily and float buoyantly on the water (Hubbard and Page 1997). Experts indicated that L. duriusculum is able to disperse greater than 1 km (Giessow and Sayers, pers. comms.).","Archbald and Boyer 2014b Hubbard and Page 1997 Giessow, J. Personal communication. Sayers, J. Personal communication.","L. duriusculum is native to the Mediterranean, in Spain, France and Italy (Euro + Med Plants Database). L. duriusculum is shown as occurring in Australia and New Zealand (GBIF), however the flora of New Zealand does not list it and there are no references to its behaving as an invasive in Australia. In California it has invaded coastal estuaries as far north as Sonoma County, and there is still un-invaded habitat further north, although it has already invaded marshes, riparian areas and adjacent upland grasslands (SCWRP 2015). Question is answered as D since it is not documented to be invasive anywhere but California.","Euro + Med Plants Database 2016 GBIF 2016 SCWRP 2015","The first L. duriusculum collection in CCH in California was in 2000 (CCH 2016). However, what was originally identified as L. ramosissimum in Carpinteria salt marsh in 1995 (Hubbard and Page 1997) was later re-identified as L. duriusculum (Archbald and Boyer 2014b). Callaway (1990) characterized Carpenteria salt marsh and only listed L. californicum as present, indicating an introduction date between 1990 and 1995. L. duriusculum was fist detected in Northern California in Marin County in 2007 (Archbald and Boyer 2014b). L. duriusculum occurs in California from San Francisco Bay south to San Diego County in coastal salt marshes (Calflora). It has also invaded riparian areas and adjacent upland grasslands (SCWRP 2015 and Hubbard and Page 1997). Observations in the south coast region include several in disturbed coastal sage scrub and chaparral. Frequently on hard-packed, exposed benches above alluvial soil, both in coastal and inland regions (Vanderhoff, pers. comm.).","Callaway 1990 CCH 2016 Calflora 2016 Hubbard and Page 1997 SCWRP 2015 Vanderhoff, R. Personal communication.","L. duriusculum occurs in California from San Francisco Bay south to San Diego County in coastal salt marshes (Calflora).","Calflora 2016 Hubbard and Page 1997 SCWRP 2015","Archbald, G. 2011. Predicting the spread of Limonium ramosissimum in San Francisco Bay marshes. (San Francisco State University, 2011). Archbald, G. and Boyer, K. E. 2014a. Potential for Spread of Algerian Sea Lavender (Limonium ramosissimum subsp. provinciale) in Tidal Marshes. Invasive Plant Science and Management 7, 454–463. Archbald, G., and Boyer K. E. 2014b. Distribution and Invasion Potential of Limonium ramosissimum subsp. provinciale in San Francisco Estuary Salt Marshes. San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science. 12(2):1-22. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/61v8r7zw. Boyer, K. 2017. Personal communication from Kathy Boyer, Professor of Biology, San Francisco State University. Email received 2/9/17. Calflora. 2016. Limonium duriusculum. http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=11803. Accessed January 5, 2017. Consortium of California Herbaria (CCH). 2016. Results for search of Limonium duriusculum. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortium/index.html . Accessed January 5, 2017. Callaway, R.M., Jones S., Ferren, W.R., and Parikh, A. 1990. Ecology of a Mediterranean-climate estuarine wetland at Carpinteria, California: plant distributions and salinity in the upper marsh. Can J Bot 68(5):1139–1146. Euro + Med Plants Database. 2016. Distribution of Limonium duriusculum. http://euromed.luomus.fi/euromed_map.php?taxon=354447&size=medium. Accessed January 8, 2017. GBIF. 2016. Species page or Limonium duriusculum. http://www.gbif.org/species/7419174. Accessed January 8, 2017. Giessow, J. 2017. Personal communication with Jason Giessow, Restoration Ecologist, Program Manager, Dendra, Inc. Phone conversation and email 2/9/17. Goldsberry, D., Aziz S., and O’Shea, B. 2015. Invasion and Distribution Potential of an Invasive Sea Lavender in the Ocean Beach Salt Marsh. Creative Collaborations Undergraduate Research Conference, University of San Diego. P. 44. https://www.sandiego.edu/ugresearch/documents/CC%20URC%202015%20Abstract%20Book%20FINAL.pdf. Accessed December 13, 2016. Kerr, D. 2017. Personal communication with Drew Kerr, San Francisco Estuary Invasive Spartina Project. Phone conversation 2/2/17. Kerr, D. 2016. Cal-IPC Limonium Project Report. California Invasive Plant Council. September 2016. Hubbard, D.M. and Page, H. M. 1997. Biology and control of invasive sea lavender, Limonium ramosissimum in Carpinteria Salt Marsh, California. Report to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ventura Field Office. San Buenaventura (CA): USFWS. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, S.F. Bay Area Network, Inventory and Monitoring Program. 2012. Early Detection News. http://www.sfnps.org/download_product/3129/0 July 2012. Accessed December 13, 2016. Palacios C, Rosello JA, Gonzales-Candelas F. 2000. Study of the Evolutionary Relationships among Limonium Species (Plumbaginaceae) Using Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Molecular Markers. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 14(2)232-249 Preston, R. and E. McClintock. 2017. Limonium duriusculum, in Jepson Flora project (eds.) Jepson eFlora, http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=88826. Accessed February 15, 2017. Sayers, J. 2017. Personal communication with John Sayer, Environmental Scientist, California State Parks. Phone conversation 2/3/17. SCWRP. 2015. Invasive non-native plant Early Detection and Rapid Response (EDRR) targets in western San Diego County. http://sdmmp.com/Libraries/MonthlyCoordMtg/SD_EDRR_table_and_ID_sheets_6-22-15.sflb.ashx. Accessed December 13, 2016. Vanderhoff, R. 2017. Personal communication from Ron Vanderhoff, Roger’s Gardens Nursery. Comments on Plant Assessment Form, received January 2017.",Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Unknown,Unknown,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,,,D,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/limonium-duriusculum-profile/, "Limonium ramosissimum",,,"Algerian sea lavender",5/20/11,"Elizabeth Brusati, Science Program Manager",Cal-IPC,510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442-A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph M. DiTomaso, Specialist in Cooperative Extension","Dept. of Plant Sciences, University of California-Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Mail Stop 4, One Shields Ave., Davis CA 95616","Elizabeth Brusati,Tim Hyland,Eric Wrubel,Irina Irvine,Holly Forbes,Jutta Burger,Naomi Fraga,Denise Knapp,Chris McDonald,Ron Vanderhoff,John Knapp",,,,,D,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",U,,U,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,A,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",D,,D,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,Array,Array,D,2.5,Limited,,,"<p>Archbald 2011</p>",,"<p>Archbald 2011</p>",<p>Unknown</p>,,"<p>Unknown, but could impact native Limonium californicum. In their native range in the Mediterranean, Limonium species often hybridize.</p>","<p>Hickman, 1993, Archbald 2011</p>",,"<p>Archbald 2011</p>","<p>Populations are increasing in high marsh and ecotonal habitats in the San Francisco Estuary. Outreach and limited searches resulted in dozens of new populations recorded in San Francisco Estuary.</p>","<p>Archbald 2011</p>","<p>Increasing somewhat but with local control efforts the populations are about static?</p>",,,"<p>Archbald 2011</p>","<p>Sold at nurseries in the San Francisco Bay Area. Aquatic dispersal of seeds from horticultural plantings is possible but not widely planted.</p>","<p>Archbald 2011</p>","<p>Seeds can float on tides and retain ability to germinate.</p>","<p>Archbald 2011</p>","<p>No known infestations elsewhere.</p>",,"Invades salt marshes in San Francisco Bay Area, also Carpinteria Marsh (Santa Barbara Co.), Orange County, Los Angeles County and San Diego County. Reported from SF Bay in 2006, from Santa Barbara area approximately 1994. âIn its native range, LR grows in high salinity, low moisture conditions in the Western Mediterranean, including coastal cliff communities fed by salt spray and in saline dunal depressions.â (Archbald 2011). It appears to survive better in high marsh habitat or at the ledge of old levees than in the low marsh, pickleweed plain. Grows well in salt marshes but can also grow and germinate seeds in brackish or freshwater marshes.
",", Archbald 2011, Jepson Flora Project 2011
","Scattered populations in several counties along the coast.
",,"<p>Archbald, G. 2011. Predicting the spread of Limonium ramosissimum in San Francisco Bay salt marshes. M.S. thesis, Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA. May 2011. Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA Hrusa, F., B. Ertter, A. Sanders, G. Leppig, and E. Dean. 2002. Catalog of non-native vascular plants occurring spontaneously in California beyond those addressed in The Jepson Manual. Part I. Madroño. 49( 2): 61-98 Jepson Flora Project. 2011. Limonium ramosissimum (Poir.) Maire subsp. provinciale (Pignatti) Pignatti. Jepson Online Interchange. University and Jepson Herbarium, University of California-Berkeley. Available: http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_cpn.pl?82027&expand=1 [Accessed May 20, 2011) USDA, NRCS. 2011. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 18 May 2011). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.</p>",Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Unknown,Unknown,No,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/limonium-ramosissimum-profile/, "Linaria dalmatica ssp. dalmatica",,"Linaria genistifolia ssp. dalmatica, Linaria dalmatica, Linaria dalmatica ssp. dalmatica, Antirrhimum dalmaticum","Dalmatian toadflax, broad-leaved toadflax, wild snapdragon",1/27/05,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph DiTomaso","University of California-Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Joe DiTomaso,Alison Stanton,Joanna Clines,Cynthia Roye,Doug Johnson",20050708,,,"Removed second scientific name, Linaria genistifolia ssp. dalmatica, and added it to the synonym line, 3/24/17. Ramona Robison",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",U,,B,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,Array,Array,B,3,Moderate,,"Plants are highly competitive for soil moisture.","Rose, K. K., A. L. Hild, T. D. Whitson, D. W. Koch, and L. Van Tassel. 2001. Competitive effects of cool-season grasses on re-establishment of three weed species. Weed Technology 15(4): 885-891","Displaces existing plant communities through vegetative reproduction. Highly efficient in competing for moisture and usually emerges before competing species (1). Seedlings are less successful where dense stands of grasses are present, but this may not be very important as most of its competitive ability comes from the spread of roots. Plants are highly competitive for soil moisture with winter annuals and shallow-rooted perennials, and large colonies that displace desirable vegetation can develop in natural areas. The toadflaxes are especially problematic in the northwestern states, where thousands of acres of rangeland are heavily infested. Production of dalmation toadflax declines as seeded grasses increase (2). Plant competition was the main factor influencing seedling counts, suggesting that recruitment of Dalmation toadflax is limited by interspecific resource competition (3).","1. Lajeunesse, S. 1999. Dalmatian and yellow toadflax. pp. 202-216 in Sheley, R.L., and J. K. Petroff. Biology and management of noxious rangeland weeds. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR 2. Rose, K. K., A. L. Hild, T. D. Whitson, D. W. Koch, and L. Van Tassel. 2001. Competitive effects of cool-season grasses on re-establishment of three weed species. Weed Technology 15(4): 885-891 3. Grieshop, M. J. and R. M. Nowierski . 2002. Selected factors affecting seedling recruitment of dalmatian toadflax. Journal of Range Management 55(6): 612-619.","Loss of forage can impact big-game species. Deer browse dalmation toadflax, but it is not know to be heavily used by any native species (1). Livestock typically avoid grazing toadflax; thus, livestock carrying capacity is much reduced in areas where there are large, dense populations of toadflax. Both species contain quinazoline alkaloids that could possibly pose toxicity problems if ingested in sufficient quantity, but intoxications of livestock have not been reported.","1. Lajeunesse 1999 DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.","There is one native (L. canadensis, blue toadflax) and several introduced species of Linaria in California (1). A hybrid between L. dalmatica and L. vulgaris was found in Modoc County (2), so presumably it could also hybridize with L. canadensis.","1. Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA 2. Vujnovic K., and R.W. Wein R.W. 1997. The Biology of Candadian Weeds. 106. Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 77(3): 483-401.","All papers describe it as occurring in disturbed habitats, but it is frequently invading undisturbed sites. Many populations have evolved with, and are adapted to, periodic disturbances of agriculture. Can also establish in naturally-occurring disturbances (1). In California, occurs in a range of disturbed areas (see 3.1). In Washington, dalmation toadflax seedings were never found on non-cultivated areas, indicating it may be unable to become established in heavy stands of vegetation (2). See also question 1.2.","1. Lajeunesse 1999 2. Gates D.H., Robocker W.C. 1961?. Revegetation with adapted grasses in competition with dalmation toadflax and St. Johnswort. Scientific Paper 1943, Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, Pullman, WA","Can expand at a rapid rate in many locations of the west, including California.","DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.","Spreading, but not rapidly. Some control efforts by CDFA keep populations down.","DiTomaso, observational.","Deep-rooted, short-lived (3-5 yrs) herbaceaous perennial (1). Insect-pollinated and self-incompatible (2). Individual patches can persist 13 yrs or more. Flowering begins in June and continues until September or October, but can occur earlier in warmer habitats. Within nine weeks after germination, seedling roots have vegetative buds that can give rise to new, independent plants. Roots of mature plants can reach to 10 ft deep (1). Produces seeds for 3 months. A large plant can produce 500,000 seeds. >90% germination can be obtained from 2 or 3-yr-old seeds in the lab. Seed longevity under field conditions can be up to 10 yrs (3).","1. Lajeunesse 1999 2. Vujnovic, K. and R. W. Wein 1997. The biology of Canadian weeds: 106. Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 77(3): 483-491. 3. Robocker, W. C. 1970. Seed characteristics and seedling emergence of Dalmatian toadflax. [Linaria dalmatica]. Weed Science 18(6): 720-725.","Was used as a garden plant, although is not currently listed in the Sunset Western Garden Book (1). On farm land, root pieces can be spread by farm equipment. Seeds can be tranported in mud on bikes, tires, feet of livestock, etc. (2). However, most seed fall directly below parent plant.","1. Brenzel, K. N. 2001. Sunset Western Garden Book. Sunset Publishing Company, Menlo Park, CA. 2. Lajeunesse 1999","Seeds can be dispersed by wind, but 80-90% of seeds fall within 0.5m of the parent plant (1), so long distance dispersal does not sound common.","1. Lajeunesse 1999","Native to the Mediterranean. Serious problem in rangeland of the northwestern U.S. Listed as a noxious weed in Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, South Dakota, Washington, Wyoming (1). Also invasive in Canada, the British Isles, the mideast , and other areas around the world.Dalmatian toadflax and yellow toadflax were brought to North America from Europe as garden ornamentals in the mid- to late-1800s and mid-1600s, respectively, and have since widely escaped cultivation.","1. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.","Occurs throughout California, except Great Basin and deserts, to 1000m. Grows in disturbed open sites, fields, pastures, rangeland, forest clearings, roadsides, crops. Can tolerate a broad range of climatic conditions and soil types, but grows best in cool, semi-arid climates, and on dry, coarse soils at neutral to slightly alkaline pH. Does NOT occur in the following counties: Amador, Fresno, Imperial, Kings, Marin, Mariposa, Orange, Riverside, San Benito, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Stanislaus, Sonoma, Sutter, Tuolumne, Yuba.","DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.","Not common in state, mainly found in northern areas.","DiTomaso, observational. Joanna Clines, Sierra National Forest, pers. obs.",,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,D,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/linaria-dalmatica-ssp-dalmatica-profile/, "Linaria vulgaris",,,"yellow toadflax; butter and eggs; common linaria; common toadflax; wild snapdragon",1/3/07,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph M. DiTomaso","Univ. California, Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. of Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Joe DiTomaso,Peter Warner,Joanna Clines",20070215,,,,U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",U,,B,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,C,Observational,A,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,Array,Array,B,2.5,Moderate,,"No information known on its impact on abiotic processes.",,"Aggressive perennial with deep root system. Highly competitive for soil moisture with winter annuals and shallow-rooted perennials. Large colonies can displace native vegetation. Can outcompete other plants, including natives. More easily establish in areas where competition is reduced.","DiTomaso, J. M., and E. A. Healy. 2007. Weeds of California and Other Western States. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3488. Oakland, CA. el.erdc.usace.army.mil/pmis/plants/html/linaria1.html www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/linspp/","Reported to be mildly toxic to livestock as it contains a glucoside. Only harmful when eaten in large quanities. Livestock avoid grazing toadflaxes. No information on effects on native wildlife.","DiTomaso, J. M., and E. A. Healy. 2007. Weeds of California and Other Western States. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3488. Oakland, CA. el.erdc.usace.army.mil/pmis/plants/html/linaria1.html Erksine-Ogden,J.A. and M.J. Renz. 2005. Yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) New Mexico State University. Fact Sheet. 5 pp.","One native Linaria in California (L. canadensis). No information on potential for hybridization.","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA enter text here","Often invades disturbed areas but can invade relatively undisturbed prairies and riparian habitats. Overgrazing encourages survival. Favored by disturbance, but can also spread into high mountain valleys and parks.","DiTomaso, J. M., and E. A. Healy. 2007. Weeds of California and Other Western States. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3488. Oakland, CA. Beck, K.G. Biology and management of the toadflaxes. 2006. Colorado State University Cooperative Extension. www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/natres/03114.html www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/linspp/","Would likely be expanding in the northern part of the state with no control efforts.","DiTomaso, observational","Efforts by CDFA have kept populations from expanding in state.","DiTomaso, observational","Perennial. Extensive system of vertical and creeping lateral roots produce new shoots. Flowers May-September. Self incompatible. Average seed production highly variable, from 1500 to 30,000 seeds per plant. Seeds can remain viable for at least 8 years.","DiTomaso, J. M., and E. A. Healy. 2007. Weeds of California and Other Western States. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3488. Oakland, CA. extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/html/pnw/pnw135 www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/natres/03114.html Erksine-Ogden,J.A. and M.J. Renz. 2005. Yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) New Mexico State University. Fact Sheet. 5 pp. www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/linspp/ Saner, M.A. et al. 1995. The biology of Canadian weeds. 105. Linaria vulgaris Mill. Can. J. Plant Sci 75:525-537.","Introduced as an ornamental. Escapes from cultivation. Still occasionally sold as ornamental, but not as common today. Sold under the common name ""butter and eggs"" or ""wild snapdragon.""Root fragments can spread with farm equipment.","DiTomaso, J. M., and E. A. Healy. 2007. Weeds of California and Other Western States. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3488. Oakland, CA. www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/natres/03114.html Erksine-Ogden,J.A. and M.J. Renz. 2005. Yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) New Mexico State University. Fact Sheet. 5 pp.","Most seed falls by the parent plant but some disperses with water and soil movement. Seeds can float on water for extended periods.Over 80% of the seeds fall within 18 inches of the parent plant and very few seed fall more than 5 feet away.","DiTomaso, J. M., and E. A. Healy. 2007. Weeds of California and Other Western States. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3488. Oakland, CA. www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/linspp/","Native to the Mediterranean. Brought to Delaware from Wales in mid-1800s. State-listed noxious weed in Colorada, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, South Dakota, Washington, and Wyoming. Many areas invaded, but similar habitats as those invaded in California.","DiTomaso, J. M., and E. A. Healy. 2007. Weeds of California and Other Western States. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3488. Oakland, CA. Mitich, L.W. 1993. Yellow toadflax. Weed Technology 7:791-793","Introduced to North America in the 1600s. Found in every state except Hawaii. Invades disturbed sites, forest clearings, roadsides, prairies, riparian habitats. Occurs in much of California except the Great Basin and Desert regions, to 1000m. (1, 5) However, listed as a problem plant on the Mojave Weed Management Area website. (2) Found in fields, overgrazed pastures, rangeland, waste areas, and along roadsides (3) Also found on forest edges (4)","1. DiTomaso, J. M., and E. A. Healy. 2007. Weeds of California and Other Western States. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3488. Oakland, CA. 2. Mojave Weed Management Area website. http://www.mojavewma.org/weeds.php Accessed 1/3/07. 3. Butler, M.D., and L. C. Burrill. Yellow toadflax and dalmatian toadflax. 1994. Oregon State University. extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/html/pnw/pnw135 4. el.erdc.usace.army.mil/pmis/plants/html/linaria1.html 5. Erksine-Ogden,J.A. and M.J. Renz. 2005. Yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) New Mexico State University. Fact Sheet. 5 pp.","Not widely distributed in California. Much more common in other western states.","DiTomaso, observational",,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,D,D,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/linaria-vulgaris-profile/, "Lobularia maritima",,"Alyssum maritimum, A. odoratum, Clypeola maritima, Koniga m.","sweet Alyssum; sweet alison; seaside Alyssum; seaside Lobularia",1/20/06,"Peter J. Warner","California Department of Parks and Recreation; CNPS; Cal-IPC","(707) 937-9176 (w); (707) 937-2278 (h)",pwarn@parks.ca.gov,"P. O. Box 603, Little River, CA 95456",,,,,,"Peter Warner,Jake Sigg,Joe DiTomaso,Cynthia Roye",20060124,,,"Not much quantified ecological information on this species is available. Assessment based primarily on limited internet search and personal observations by evaluator and others (see CalFlora reference).",D,Observational,C,Observational,U,,D,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,B,Observational,A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,Array,Array,B,2.5,Limited,,"Adds organic matter (litter) and undetermined amount of nutrients that could be substantial in some otherwise nutrient-poor substrates (e.g., rocky coastal bluffs) contributing to soil development or enrichment (1). However, this hypothesis has not been empirically validated. Weak inference, based on observations of this species and its litter in rock crevices on coastal bluffs (1); this is essentially an untested hypothesis, so does not merit a higher score.","1. Warner, PJ. 2006. Personal observations, 1995-2006. San Mateo, San Francisco, Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino Counties. 707/937-2278; corylus@earthlink.net","In some habitats, such as coastal terrace prairie and coastal scrub, this plant displaces native plants (especially annuals), in others, may occupy habitats not otherwise populated with native plants (1). Conservatively, has relatively minor impact on displacement of native plants, but this could be an underestimation of its impacts, especially on smaller native species (1).","Warner, PJ. 2006. Personal observations, 1995-2006. San Mateo, San Francisco, Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino Counties. 707/937-2278; corylus@earthlink.net","No published or observational information.",,"None likely(1); no congeneric species are native to California (2, 3). Inferred from lack of congeners native to California (1).","1. Warner, PJ. 2006. Inference from published information. 707/937-2278; corylus@earthlink.net 2. CalFlora: Information on California plants for education, research and conservation. [web application]. 2000. Berkeley, California: The CalFlora Database [a non-profit organization]. Available: http://www.calflora.org/. [Accessed: 20 January 2006. 3. Hickman, JC (editor). 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley.","Disturbance clearly facilitates establishment of this species (1, 2, 3) yet is not essential if seed sources are locally abundant, especially in available ecological niches. Invasiveness appears to be of greater potential in early successional or disturbed sites (4), including dunes, creekbeds, rocky bluffs. Based on comments about habitat types, and physical characteristics of invaded sites (1, 2, 3), and observations of habitats and ecological niches occupied (4).","1. Hickman, JC (editor). 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley. 2. CalFlora: Information on California plants for education, research and conservation. [web application]. 2000. Berkeley, California: The CalFlora Database [a non-profit organization]. Available: http://www.calflora.org/. [Accessed: 20 January 2006. 3. http://plants.montara.com. 2006. 4. Warner, PJ. 2006. Personal observations, 1995-2006. San Mateo, San Francisco, Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino Counties. 707/937-2278; corylus@earthlink.net","Observations from landscaped environments, as well as coastal scrub, dune, and coastal bluff habitats, suggest this plant is capable of spreading rapidly into suitable, available niches in the garden or in the wild (1). In one garden I maintained (Sonoma Co.), a single alyssum plant planted one year often resulted in dozens of alyssum plants occupying several times more space by the following spring (1). Seeds are also clearly well-dispersed by wind along the coast, and plants flower and produce seeds much of the year (1).","1. Warner, PJ. 2006. Personal observations, 1995-2006. San Mateo, San Francisco, Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino Counties. 707/937-2278; corylus@earthlink.net","Probably increasing. Inference (3): Most observations have been posted within past 10 years (1), yet Jepson cites only waste sites as ""habitat"" (2). The sites I've observed supporting this plant, but yet have not been documented (3), suggest that occurrences of this species may be underreported.","1. CalFlora: Information on California plants for education, research and conservation. [web application]. 2000. Berkeley, California: The CalFlora Database [a non-profit organization]. Available: http://www.calflora.org/. [Accessed: 20 January 2006. 2. Hickman, JC (editor). 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley. 3. Warner, PJ. 2006. Personal observations, 1995-2006. San Mateo, San Francisco, Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino Counties. 707/937-2278; corylus@earthlink.net","Prolific and dense flowering over extended periods in milder climates (1); seeds do not appear persistent in garden soils (1); produces embryonic roots along cotyledon margins (2); resprouts well in the garden following shearing, at least for a few years (1).","1. Warner, PJ. 2006. Personal observations, 1995-2006. San Mateo, San Francisco, Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino Counties. 707/937-2278; corylus@earthlink.net 2. Hickman, JC (editor). 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley.","Widely sold by too many businesses and web-merchandisers to list (e.g., see (1, 2); extremely common in window boxes, sidewalk planters, gardens, parking lots, flower pots (3). sheer volume of this species I've observed being sold and planted (3)","1. http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/230/ 2. http://www.maltawildplants.com/CRUC/Lobularia_maritima.html 3. Warner, PJ. 2006. Personal observations, 1995-2006. San Mateo, San Francisco, Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino Counties. 707/937-2278; corylus@earthlink.net","Not known for sure, but probably not great: fruits and seeds are relatively unsubstantial, although could be a food source for birds or rodents. Seeds probably do move in wind locally, given the observed spread of the species from adjacent gardens and other sources (1) into nearby wild landscapes. Inference (1) from observations.","1. Warner, PJ. 2006. Personal observations, 1995-2006. San Mateo, San Francisco, Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino Counties. 707/937-2278; corylus@earthlink.net","Numerous islands in Pacific (1) including Hawai'i; Australia (2); Washington (state; 3); Wyoming (4); California coastal counties, a few interior counties (5, 6). Maritime influence appears a common denominator for most out-of-state occurrences, with the notable exception of Wyoming. Not much specific information on the types of habitats invaded in other states or countries; general distribution suggests Lobularia is weedy mostly in milder coastal areas, with the notable exception of Wyoming. It's possible that new habitat types could be invaded, but most likely would appear to be coastal types already invaded.","1. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk. 2006. http://www.hear.org/pier/species/lobularia_maritima.htm 2. http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/global/australia/ath.html 3. http://admin.urel.washington.edu 4. http://www.uwyo.edu/ 5. CalFlora: Information on California plants for education, research and conservation. [web application]. 2000. Berkeley, California: The CalFlora Database [a non-profit organization]. Available: http://www.calflora.org/. [Accessed: 20 January 2006. 6. Warner, PJ. 2006. Personal observations, 1995-2006. San Mateo, San Francisco, Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino Counties. 707/937-2278; corylus@earthlink.net","Coastal bluffs and dunes, coastal scrub, coastal terrace prairie, coastal salt marshes, riparian corridors, dry interior S. Calif. washes, disturbed urban and waste sites (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)","1. CalFlora: Information on California plants for education, research and conservation. [web application]. 2000. Berkeley, California: The CalFlora Database [a non-profit organization]. Available: http://www.calflora.org/. [Accessed: 20 January 2006. 2. http://plants.montara.com 3. http://www.asla-sandiego.org 4. http://www.friendsofcortemaderacreek.org 5. Hickman, JC (editor). 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley. 6. Warner, PJ. 2006. Personal observations, 1995-2006. San Mateo, San Francisco, Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino Counties. 707/937-2278; corylus@earthlink.net","Close to unknown, but does not appear widely distributed except in scattered locations (1) No documentation, so a conservative estimate (1) of the species' distribution in the listed types invaded.","1. Warner, PJ. 2006. Personal observations, 1995-2006. San Mateo, San Francisco, Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino Counties. 707/937-2278; corylus@earthlink.net",,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Unknown,No,Yes,Yes,,,,"Prolific and dense flowering over extended periods in milder climates (1); seeds do not appear persistent in garden soils (1); produces embryonic roots along cotyledon margins (2); resprouts well in the garden following shearing, at least for a few years (1).",,,,,D,,,D,D,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,D,,D,D,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/lobularia-maritima-profile/, "Ludwigia hexapetala",,"Jussiaea grandiflora (M. Michelli) Greuter & Burdet; Jussiaea repens L var. grandiflora M. Michelli; Jussiaea uruguayensis Camb.; Ludwigia uruguanyensis (Camb.) Hara var. major (Hassler) Munz","creeping waterprimrose; Uruguay waterprimrose",4/2/04,"Lily Verdone","Sonoma State University, Marin-Sonoma Mosquito Vector Control District","cell 707 974 0033 home 707 865 9484",lilyverdone@ecoisp.com,"po boox 751 Monte Rio Ca 95462",,,,,,"Peter Warner,Jake Sigg,Joe DiTomaso,Cynthia Roye",,,,,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,Observational,B,Observational,U,Observational,B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Observational,B,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",Array,Array,C,3,High,,"Species alters sedimentation and water flow, sequesters nutrients, creates anerobic conditions Species forms large, dense mats of vegetation above and below the water surface. Root and vegetative growth trap sediment, block hydrolic flow and shade soil and water surfaces disturbing natural ecosystem processes","Ellmore, G.S., 1981. Root dimorphism in Ludwigia peploides (Onagraceae): Structure and gas content of mature roots. American Journal of Botany, 68: 557-568. Verdone, Lily, 2004. From data collected in the Laguna de Santa Rosa, Sonoma County, Ca. 2003-present. lilyverdone@ecoisp.com Westerdahl, H.E. and Getsinger, K.D. (editors), 1988. Aquatic Plant Identification and Herbicide Guide Volume II: Aquatic Plant and Susceptibility to Herbicides. US Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station. Technical Report A-88-9.","Species out competes native aquatic and terrestrial vegetation, covers open water and terrestrial zones impacting native fauna, lowering species diversity and creates habitat benifical for disease vectors Once established, the species dominates and out competes native vegeation covering aquatic and transitional zones with a dense canopy above and below the water surface. Dense vegetative growth covers areas of once open water, degrading bird habitat, blocking fish passage and lowering the quality of water. The dnese canopy allows for standing water and moist conditions to persist years round creating ideal condtions for mosquitoes, possible West Nile Virus vectors.","Main Sonoma Mosquito and Vector Control District, 2004. Observations and collection data from the Laguna de Santa Rosa, Sonoma County, Ca., 2000-present. www.msmosquito.com Verdone, Lily, 2004. From data collected in the Laguna de Santa Rosa, Sonoma County, Ca. 2003-present. lilyverdone@ecoisp.com","Reduction of open water and riverine habitat for fish, migratory birds and waterfowl Possible reduction in connectivity in fish passages to upstream tributaries (example of Salmon moving up the Russian River Watershed through the Laguna de Santa Rosa) due to plant growth blocking waterways, lowering water quality (sedimentation, anerobic conditions and high nutrient levels). Reduction of open water may reduce nesting, feeding, breeding and resting sites for watrfowl and migratory birds (as seen in the Laguna de Santa Rosa, part of the Pacific Flyway).","Verdone, Lily, 2004. From data collected in the Laguna de Santa Rosa, Sonoma County, Ca. 2003-present. lilyverdone@ecoisp.com","Unknown, low possibility of hybridization Species was tested for seed viability in Fall 2003, results conclued population of species in the Laguna de Santa Rosa produces sterile seeds","Verdone, Lily, 2003. Lab experiment: Testing for seed viability using Tetrazolium. Sonoma State University, lilyverdone@ecoisp.com","The species establishes in areas with disturbed hydrology, high nutrient loading and flooding. Spread may be facilitated by nursery cultivation/commercial use and animals. Species favors areas of shallow, stagent, nutrient rich water such as flood control channels, irrigation ditches, holding ponds, ect. Species established in upland areas through flood deposition and is possibly spread by waterfowl. It may be used in bioremediation to remove excess nutrients and herbicides from agriculutral waters and waste water treatment ponds (as in Ludwigia peploides).","Bayer, D.E. and Rejmankova, E., 1990. Removal of herbicide residua and nitrates from agricultural waters by aqutic plants. WRC Project W-727. Report of Water Resources Center. University of California, Riverside, CA. 32 pp. DiTomaso, J. M. and Healy, E.A., 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. Oakland, CA. pp. 253. Verdone, Lily, 2004. From data collected in the Laguna de Santa Rosa, Sonoma County, Ca. 2003-present. lilyverdone@ecoisp.com","Rate of spread for species is rapid, in ideal conditions, exponential In the Laguna de Sata Rosa, Sonooma County, Ca. Ludwigia hexapetala coverd approximately 1450 acres in roughly 3 miles of main channel of 100% cover in 2 years.","Verdone, Lily. 2004. GIS/GPS mapping of the Laguna de Santa Rosa, Sonoma County, Ca. August 2003. lilyverdone@ecoisp.com","Trend of infestation is increasing. Exact rate of spread is unknown, possibly due to lack of information on the species as well as the difficulty to identify the species from others in its genera which are phenotypically plastic. Using Sonoma Coutny as an example, the species has been documented in herbarium specimens and other reliable sources for over 25 years. Only in the last two - five years has the growth been documneted as invasive or weedy. In that time, the species has grown exponentially.","California Department of Fish and Game, 2003. Invasive Exotic Plant Control on California Department of Fish and Game Lands During 2002. Office of Spill Preventation and response. Administrative Report 03-001. Vedone, Lily, 2004. Finding from the North Coast Herbarium, Sonoma State University and the Jepson Herbarium, U.C. Berkeley. Agust 2003. lilyverdone@ecoisp.com","Species reproduces vegetatively (roots, rhizomes, plant fragments) and produces only non viable, sterile seeds. Species is polyploid (2n=80), polyploides are characterized as having non viable seeds and vegetative growth. Seeds were tested from the Laguna de Santa Rosa population and found not to be viable. Literature shows Ludwigia peploides to reproduce sucsessfully when 95% of the stem material is removed.","Rejmankova, E., 1992. Ecolgy of creeping macrophytes with special reference to Ludwigia peploides (H.B.K.) Raven. Aquatic Botany. 43 283-299. Verdone, Lily, 2003. Lab experiment: Testing for seed viability using Tetrazolium. Sonoma State University, lilyverdone@ecoisp.com","Commercial use, spread through waterways, possible spread by boat and/or eqipetment Species could have been sold in the past or present as an aquatic nursery plant or used in bioremediation applications to sequester excess nutrients in foul waters. It is know to spread through waterways.","Verdone, Lily, 2004. From data collected in the Laguna de Santa Rosa, Sonoma County, Ca. 2003-present. lilyverdone@ecoisp.com","Long distance dispersal includes vegetative propagules transported by flowing water and may also include movement by waterfowl. Main dispersal is by moving water. The species has been documented to be consumed and possibly transported by ducks and other waterfowl in the Laguna de Santa Rosa and the Delta regions.","Verdone, Lily, 2004. Email conversation with Thomas Moore, Bay/Delta Cluster Biologist Natural Resources Conservation Service. May 14, 2003. lilyverdone@ecoisp.com","Lakes, ponds, slow moving streams and marshes throughout California and other Western and Southern States Considered a State noxious weed in Florida, Oregon, Washingtion, North Carolina and Oklahoma.","Invasive Plants of the Thirteen Southern Sates. Accessed online at: http://www.invasive.org/seweeds.cfm North Carolina Center for Agriculture Services. Accessed online at: http://www.ncagr.com/plantind/plant/weed/urwpros.htm Washington State Department of Ecology: Water quality home. Accessed online at: http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/weeds/water_primrose.html","Freshwater aqutic systems (lakes, ponds, reservoirs, rivers, streas, canals), Bog and marsh, riparian and bottomland Species is an aquatic freshwater vascular plant able to persist in dry transitional zones","Hickman, J.C. (editor)., 1996. The Jepson Manual Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA.","Percent of distibution is unknown for this species no information","no information",,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,,,,U,U,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,U,U,U,U,U,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/ludwigia-hexapetala-profile/, "Ludwigia peploides",,"Jussiaea peploides","floating water primrose; California waterprimrose",3/1/04,"Joel Trumbo","CA Dept of Fish and Game","(916) 358-2952",jtrumbo@ospr.dfg.ca.gov,"1701 Nimbus Road, Suite F, Rancho Cordova, CA 95670","Joe DiTomaso","UC Davis",530-754-8715,DiTomaso@vegmail.ucdavis.edu,"Weed Science Program, Robbins Hall, Univ. California, Davis CA 95616","Carla Bossard,Joe DiTomaso,John Randall,Cynthia Roye,Jake Sigg,Alison Stanton,Peter Warner",20040319,,,,A,Observational,A,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Observational,B,Observational,B,Observational,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Observational,A,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,B,Observational,Array,Array,B,2.5,High,,"increased sedimentation, increased organic enrichment, restricted water flow and decreased light availability into the water column. Changes in dissolved oxygen concentrations may also be expected to occur in non-flowing systems with dense infestations. described impacts would be expected from any infestation of floating species with heavy biomass above and below the water surface","personal observation, Joel Trumbo Butte County 1990 - present. jtrumbo@ospr.dfg.ca.gov","severe impacts would include occlusion (>75%) of water surface limiting the growth of native species within the water column or on water surface. Fragmentation of native aquatic plant community . described impacts would be expected from any aquatic plant infestation which forms, large, monotypic vegetation mats. Coverage of water surface is often complete in shallow water bodies.","personal observation, Joel Trumbo Butte County 1990 - present. jtrumbo@ospr.dfg.ca.gov","dense infestations of emersed aquatic vegetation can cause alteration of aquatic faunal communities due to changes in subsurface cover and dissolved oxygen content. dense aquatic weed cover will change subsurface habitat quality for fish species because of increased biomass.","Aquatic vgetation influences on growth and recruitement of age-0 largemouth bass in Aliceville Lake. Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, January 1996.","While several subspecies exist within CA (native and introduced), there appears to be no evidence of hybridization sexual reproduction may be limited.","Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. Joe DiTomaso and Evelyn Healy. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. Oakland, California. 2003.","Species appears to cause most of its problems in man-made structures such as irrigation and drainage canals. In natural areas, problems are often related to human-caused nutrient enrichment.","personal observation, Joel Trumbo Butte County 1990 - present. jtrumbo@ospr.dfg.ca.goventer text here","can spread rather rapidly, particularly in shallow water areas and areas with high nutrient enrichment. However, slower to spread than its frequent cohort parrotfeather, Myriophyllum aquaticum.","personal observation, Joel Trumbo Butte County 1990 - present. jtrumbo@ospr.dfg.ca.goventer text here","Probably slilghtly increasing in the state.","Observational, Trumbo and DiTomaso (ditomaso@vegmail.ucdavis.edu)","Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. Joe DiTomaso and Evelyn Healy. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. Oakland, California. 2003.","flowing water in canals and streams, transport on boats and boat trailers","flowing water in canals and streams, transport on boats and boat trailers","personal knowledge and observation, Joel Trumbo","flowing water, on the bodies of migating waterfowl","Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. Joe DiTomaso and Evelyn Healy. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. Oakland, California. 2003.","has invaded numerous other global locations including Europe and Australia.","Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. Joe DiTomaso and Evelyn Healy. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. Oakland, California. 2003. The Jepson Manual, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles California. 1993.","My very rough estimate would be >5% but < 20% of freshwater aquatic sites have been invaded. frequency estimate","personal observation, Joel Trumbo","one of the most common freshwater, emersed aquatic weeds in the State, but it is limited to freshwater sites.","observation, Joel Trumbo, and Joe DiTomaso (ditomaso@vegmail.ucdavis.edu)",,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Unknown,Unknown,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,,,,C,B,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/ludwigia-peploides-profile/, "Lythrum hyssopifolia",,"L. adsurgens, L. hyssopifolium","hyssop loosestrife; grass poly; hyssop lythrum",12/29/04,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709",,,,,,"Carla Bossard,John Randall,Cynthia Roye,Jake Sigg,Peter Warner",20050211,,,,U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",U,,D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,Observational,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,,B,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,Array,Array,A,3,Moderate,,"no information",,"Could outcompete native species early in succession. Other species would outcompete L. hyssopifolium at later successional stages. In California, I've never seen a serious infestation of this plant, and given its poor long-term competitive ability (1), and preference for disturbed environments, I don't think that this plant has more than minor impacts on wild, native plant communities (3) Highly competitive during early stages of succession but lacks long-term competitive ability (1). Because of specific habitat requirements, is less likely than purple loosestrife to displace native species (2). This species may be more invasive elsewhere, but my observations don't support this plant being considered a serious weed of wildlands (3).","1. Callaghan D.A. 1998. Biological Flora of the British Isles: Lythrum hyssopifolium L. Journal of Ecology 86: 1065-1072 2. Johnson, M. T., and C. J. Rothfels. 2001. The establishment and proliferation of the rare exotic plant, Lythrum hyssopifolia, Hyssop-leaved Loosestrife, at a pond in Guelph, Ontario. Canadian Field-Naturalist. 115(2): 229-233. 3. Warner, PJ. Personal observations, 1990-2005. San Mateo, Marin, Sonoma, Napa, Mendocino, Plumas, Sacramento, Del Norte, Humboldt, and other counties. 707-937-2278/corylus@earthlink.net","no information",,"none no native Lythrum in California","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA enter text here","Seems to require disturbance to open up bare areas for colonization (1,2). However, Lythrum h. does pioneer on seasonally flooded and silted sites, thus natural disturbance is also a factor in germination and establishment (3).","1. Callaghan 1998 2. Johnson and Rothfels 2001 3. Warner, PJ. Personal observations, 1990-2005. San Mateo, Marin, Sonoma, Napa, Mendocino, Plumas, Sacramento, Del Norte, Humboldt, and other counties. 707-937-2278/corylus@earthlink.net","In Ontario, increased from 100 plants with 426 stems to 1556 plants with 2090 stems in one year (1).","1. Johnson and Rothfels 2001 2. Warner, PJ. Personal observations, 1990-2005. San Mateo, Marin, Sonoma, Napa, Mendocino, Plumas, Sacramento, Del Norte, Humboldt, and other counties. 707-937-2278/corylus@earthlink.net","Most likely stable. This species was probably introduced to California long ago, and by now it has probably invaded most suitable habitats (1)","1. Warner, PJ. Personal observations, 1990-2005. San Mateo, Marin, Sonoma, Napa, Mendocino, Plumas, Sacramento, Del Norte, Humboldt, and other counties. 707-937-2278/corylus@earthlink.net","Summer annual or biennial (1). Can cross-fertilize but usually self-pollinates. Flowers April - October (1). Produces many seeds and shoots grow from adventitious roots (1, 2). Large individuals can produce 75, 000 seeds (3). Long-lived seed bank (2); seeds can survive 14 years in lab (1).","1. DiTomaso J.M., and E.H. Healy. 2003 Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California Agricultural and Natural Resources Publication 3421. University of California. Pgs. 171-175. 2. Johson and Rothfels 2001 3. Callaghan 1998.","""Human activities"" (1). Seeds transported on shoes or possibly boats.","1. DiTomaso and Healy 2003 2. Callaghan 1998","Seeds caught in mud on birds' feet (1, 1) or fur and feet of mammals (D). Possible transport by water.","1. Callaghan 1998 2. DiTomaso and Healy 2003","Native to Europe, found on every continent except Antarctica (1). Recorded in North America in 1815 (1). Present in Washington and Oregon (2).","1. Johson and Rothfels 2001 2. DiTomaso and Healy 2003","Common in seasonal wetlands, ditches,and crops, especially rice fields. Tolerates some salinity but sensitive to heavy frost. Present throughout California except in Great Basin and deserts, to 1600m (1).","1. DiTomaso and Healy 2003 2. Warner, PJ. Personal observations, 1990-2005. San Mateo, Marin, Sonoma, Napa, Mendocino, Plumas, Sacramento, Del Norte, Humboldt, and other counties. 707-937-2278/corylus@earthlink.net","Very common in marshes and other wetlands; not conspicuous, but often present in seasonally moist swales in grassland, scrub, and some woodlands. I have compiled numerous plant lists throughout northern California, and most of them include Lythrum h. (1).","1. Warner, PJ. Personal observations, 1990-2005. San Mateo, Marin, Sonoma, Napa, Mendocino, Plumas, Sacramento, Del Norte, Humboldt, and other counties. 707-937-2278/corylus@earthlink.net",,Yes,Yes,Yes,Unknown,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Unknown,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,B,D,,C,B,,,,A,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/lythrum-hyssopifolium-profile/, "Lythrum junceum",,"Lythrum graefferi, Lythrum monanthum","creeping loosestrife, rose loosestrife",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/lythrum-junceum-risk/ "Lythrum salicaria",,,"purple loosestrife",22-Jul-04,"Carri Pirosko/Associate Agricultural Biologist","Noxious Weed Program, California Department of Food and Agriculture",530-545-9119,cpirosko@cdfa.ca.gov,"20235 Charlanne Drive, Redding CA 96002","Joseph M. DiTomaso","University of California",530-754-8715,ditomaso@vegmail.ucdavis.edu,"Weed Science Program, Robbins Hall, Davis, CA 95616","John Randall,Cynthia Roye,Alison Stanton,Peter Warner,Jake Sigg,Joe DiTomaso",20040827,,,,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,B,4,High,,"nutrient dynamics; sedimentation; hydrologic regimes; light availability Interferes with wetland functions, including productivity and nutrient cycling; Leaves rapid decay rate results in release of significant amounts of NH4+ and PO43-; Dramatic changes in the physical as well as the trophic structure of wetland habitat; Leads to altered wetland function, chemistry and function; inpedes natural water flow causing increased silt deposition and reduction in water quality; decreases storage capacities of impounded waterbodies; solid stands block out 100% light from underneath canopy.","Emery , S.L. and J.A. Perry, 1996. Decomposition rates and phosphorus concentration of purple loosestrife and cattail in 14 Minnesota wetlands. Hydrobiologia 323(2):129-138; Thompson, D.Q., R.L. Stuckey, and E.B. Thompson, 1987. Spread, impact, and control of purple loosestrife in North American Wetlands. Fish and Wildlife No. 2 U.S. Dept. Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 55pp. Malecki, R.A., B. Blossey, S.D. Hight, D. Schroeder, L.T. Kok, and J.R. Coulson, 1993. Biological control of purple loosestrife. Bioscience 43(10):680-85.","Formation of stand dominated by loosestrife; occlusion of native canopy; has significantly reduced native species in other states In many states, loosestrife makes up more than 50% of the biomass of emergent vegetation causing canopy closure that results in a virtual biological ""desert"" underneath; Has jeopardized various threatened and endangered native wetland plants and wildlife such as local bulrush (Scirpus longii) in Massachusettes, rare inland populations of dwarf spike rush (Eleocharis parvula) in New York, native flatsedge (Cyperus erythrorhizos), and bog turtle (Clemmys muhlenbergi) in the northeastern United States. Diverse wildlife and wetland vegetation, including Delta special status plant species and listed wetland dependent species would similarly be jeopardized.","Rawinski, T.J. 1982. The ecology and of purple loosestrife in New York. Master's thesis, Cornell Univ.; Thompson, D.Q., R.L. Stuckey, and E.B. Thompson, 1987. Spread, impact, and control of purple loosestrife in North American Wetlands. Fish and Wildlife No. 2 U.S. Dept. Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 55pp. Malecki, R.A., B. Blossey, S.D. Hight, D. Schroeder, L.T. Kok, and J.R. Coulson, 1993. Biological control of purple loosestrife. Bioscience 43(10):680-85. Skinner, L.C., Rendall, W.J., and Fuge, E.L., 1994. Minnesota's purple loosestrife program: history, findings, and management recommendations. Minn. Dept. Nat. Res. Special Publ. 145:1-27.","reduction and impact to nesting and foraging sites; cover for native animals; threatening to existing native wildlife and waterfoul species The rapid decay rateof purple loosestrife leaves has been shown to supply detritus to the ecosystem in the Autumn, whereas a much slower decay rate of resident vegetation supplies detritus throughout the winter and early spring- affecting juvenile salmon food webs; submersed terrestrial vegetation provides habitat for spawning and zooplankton critical to early fish survival- this is crowded-out by the establishment of loosestrife; dramatic changes in the trophic structure of wetland habitat has threatened the following wildlife species: Canada goose, wood duck, mallard, terns, canvasback, and sandhill cranes across the U.S.","Coddington, J. and K.G. Field, 1987. Rare and Endangered vascular plant species in Massachusetts. New England Botanical Club, Cambridge, Massachussetts. Malecki, R.A., B. Blossey, S.D. Hight, D. Schroeder, L.T. Kok, and J.R. Coulson, 1993. Biological control of purple loosestrife. Bioscience 43(10):680-85. Skinner, L.C., Rendall, W.J., and Fuge, E.L., 1994. Minnesota's purple loosestrife program: history, findings, and management recommendations. Minn. Dept. Nat. Res. Special Publ. 145:1-27.","Some evidence of hybridization with cultivars in other states; less known in California, but potential exists based on work out of the eastern U.S. Many cultivars; can hybridize between cultivars; Introduction of ornamental plants of purple loosestife, wand loosestrife, and hybrid crosses increases its spread; Wand lythrum (Lythrum virgatum L.) a closely related species often hydridies with L. salicaria","Thompson, D.Q., R.L. Stuckey, and E.B. Thompson, 1987. Spread, impact, and control of purple loosestrife in North American Wetlands. Fish and Wildlife No. 2 U.S. Dept. Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 55pp; Mullin, B H., 1998. The Biology and of Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). Weed Technology, vol. 12:397-401; Anderson, N.O. and P.D. Ascher, 1993. Male and Female Fertility of Loosestrife (Lythrum) Cultivars. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci 118(6):851-858.","anthropogenic disturbances such as: gardening near waterways, altering hydrology/irrigation, roads and trails, construction spread purple loosestrife; natural disturbance such as: flooding and native animal activities (birds flying to distant locations away from a source) spread purple loosestrife. Purple loosestrife usually needs some disturbance (anthropogenic or natural) to invade an area, to a lesser extent it can invade ""intact"" plant communites.","Thompson, D.Q., R.L. Stuckey, and E.B. Thompson, 1987. Spread, impact, and control of purple loosestrife in North American Wetlands. Fish and Wildlife No. 2 U.S. Dept. Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 55pp.;","In other states, purple loosestrife has spread very rapidly, doubling within 10 years; The estimated spread of purple loosestrife between 1940 and 1980 has been estimated to be 1,160 km2/yr; In California the rate of spread has proceeded more slowly in most areas. Reports of several California infested sites increasing in size dramatically increased in the late 1980's/early 1990s. With a catalyst, e.g. flood event, spread can happen very rapidly, but without such disturbances, spread is more gradual overall.","In other states, rate of spread documentation: Mitich, L. W., 1999. Intriguing World of Weeds, Purple Loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria, L. Weed Technology Vol. 13:843:846; Thompson, D.Q., R.L. Stuckey, and E.B. Thompson, 1987. Spread, impact, and control of purple loosestrife in North American Wetlands. Fish and Wildlife No. 2 U.S. Dept. Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 55pp.; In California: Observations by County Ag Offices and California Dept. of Food and Agriculture District Biologists.","Increasing, but less rapidly. Statewide, purple loosestrife has yet to invade many areas; in areas where purple loosestrife exists in California, the rate of spread has been gradual and steady.","California Department of Food and Agriculture Purple Loosestrife Program documents, reports, grant proposals, and mapping documentation.","Spreads primarily by seed, resprouting of perennial crowns, and also by fragments washing down stream Can produce flower stalks within first year; produces up to 300,000 seed/stalk or up to 24 billion seed/acre; produces seed every year; can flower and produce seed throughout late spring into fall; seed can last greater than 3 years in the soil; resprouts readily when cut/mowed","Mullin, B H., 1998. The Biology and of Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). Weed Technology, vol. 12:397-401; personal observation; ancedotal; personal observation; ancedotal; Missouri Vegetation Management Manual, Tim Smith, Natural History Division; personal observation; ancedotal","numerous opportunities to spread via human-caused dispersal Brand new infestations likely to be from a gardener who planted loosestrife near a flowing water or pond situation; purple loosestrife can still be found for sale in nurseries (it is pulled off the shelf when found by county ag Dep't's) and can also be purchased on the internet; spreads along drainage/canal systems; can be transported on boats and in soil moved from site to site; BUT primary mode is through gardening/nursery","Mullin, B H., 1998. The Biology and of Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). Weed Technology, vol. 12:397-401; personal observation; ancedotal; personal observation; ancedotal","Frequently thought to be spread via long-distance dispersal, no other explanation for some remote sites waterfowl and small mammals thought to carry the tiny seed of their feathers/fur; spreads by seed and fragments via water","Thompson, D.Q., R.L. Stuckey, and E.B. Thompson, 1987. Spread, impact, and control of purple loosestrife in North American Wetlands. Fish and Wildlife No. 2 U.S. Dept. Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 55pp.; Missouri Vegetation Management Manual, Tim Smith, Natural History Division; Mullin, B H., 1998. The Biology and of Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). Weed Technology, vol. 12:397-401; personal observation; ancedotal","see rationale purple loosestrife invades marshes, bogs, seeps, and reservoirs in many eastern and lakes states; purple loosestrife has yet to exploit these habitats in California; the range of purple loosestrife in the U.S. has greatly expanded since 1941, colonization of northern midwest in nearly complete; the most dramatic expansion, however, has been in the arid West, including staes of California, Idaho, Washington, Montana, and Wyoming.","Thompson, D.Q., R.L. Stuckey, and E.B. Thompson, 1987. Spread, impact, and control of purple loosestrife in North American Wetlands. Fish and Wildlife No. 2 U.S. Dept. Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 55pp.; Missouri Vegetation Management Manual, Tim Smith, Natural History Division; California Department of Food and Agriculture Purple Loosestrife Program documents, reports, grant proposals, and mapping documentation; personal observation; ancedotal","see rationale In a limited manner, purple loosestrife has invaded the following ecological types in California: lakes (Shasta and Butte counties), ponds (Nevada and Placer counties), rivers/steams (Delta, Fresno County), canals (Shasta and San Joaquin counties), meadows (sections along Delta, Kern County, etc.) Statewide in California, purple loosestrife has not reached near it's suspected capacity in total available habitat types (freshwater, estuarine: lakes, ponds, reservoirs, rivers, streams, canals); To a much lesser extent: meadows; marsh, riparian forest, woodland, and not yet in limited bog/seep types (while not as prevalent in California as back East and in Lake states).","California Department of Food and Agriculture Purple Loosestrife Program documents, reports, grant proposals, and mapping documentation; personal observation; ancedotal","see rationale Statewide in California, purple loosestrife has not reached near it's suspected capacity in total available habitat types (freshwater, estuarine: lakes, ponds, reservoirs, rivers, streams, canals); To a much lesser extent: meadows; marsh, riparian forest, woodland, and not yet in limited bog/seep types (while not as prevalent in California as back East and in Lake states). Statewide, purple loostrife has invaded very little of it's potential range; In a limited manner, purple loosestrife has invaded the following ecological types in California: lakes (shasta and butte counties), ponds (Nevada and placer counties), rivers/steams (Delta, Fresno counties), canals (shasta and san joaquin counties), meadows (sections along Delta, Kern county, etc.)","California Department of Food and Agriculture Purple Loosestrife Program documents, reports, grant proposals, and mapping documentation; personal observation; ancedotal",,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,D,D,D,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/lythrum-salicaria-profile/, "Malephora crocea",,,"coppery Mesembryanthemum",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/malephora-crocea-risk/ "Marrubium vulgare",,,"horehound; white horehound",6/10/04,"John J. Knapp/ Invasive Plant Program Manager","Catalalina Island Conservancy","(310) 510-1299",jknapp@catalinaconservancy.org,"P.O. Box 2739 Avalon, CA 90704","Joseph DiTomaso","University of California-Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Joe DiTomaso,Alison Stanton,Joanna Clines,Cynthia Roye,Doug Johnson",20050708,,,"A larger problem on California islands.",U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,Array,Array,B,3,Limited,,,,"M. vulgare is only browsed by livestock when no other forage matterial is present (2), which gives it a competitive advantage over surrounding species that are more edible (1). Expands range during drought conditions and outcompetes native vegetation most likely for water due to deep tap root in annual grasslands (3). High priority species of significance on the Channel Islands (4). In 1980 in Victoria, Australia, 6 million ha. of which 100,000 ha were dense, 1.5 million ha. were medium, and 4.4 million ha were scattered (5). Forms small to large dense patches greater than 75% cover on Catalina Island, excluding native vegetation and altering grassland structure (6). Not nearly as invasive on mainland California where it rarely forms dense patches. White horehound is sometimes an especially common weed in overgrazed areas. Plants thrive in areas where there is little competition with other vegetation.",,"No forage value for browsers and grazers (1,2). Livestock generally avoid consuming the bitter-tasting foliage.",,"No hybridization is known to occur. No native California taxa are in the genus Marrubium (1).","(1) Hickman, J.C. (ed.). 1993. The Jepson manual of higher plants of California. P. 715. University of California Press, Berkeley.","Roadsides (1,3), dry waste areas, gardens (1), natural pastrures (2,3), conservation areas (3), and open areas (5,4). Dispersed and established in clean country (2), but mostly disturbed sites (5). Dirt piles, ground squirel mounds, and soil around fallen island scrub oak (6).",,"In Australia, rapid expansion occurs during drought years when it outcompetes native vegetation (1). On Catalina Island, one population was known in 1896 (3), and by 1923 it was considered common every where on the Island, and then in 2003, 2,921 populations were recorded (2). In other areas of California, it has not expanded and has remained static.","(1) Anonymous. 1988. Horehound (Marrubium vulgare). Tamar Valley Weed Strategy-www.weeds.asn.au. http://www.weeds.asn.au/weeds/txts/horehound.html. (2) Knapp, J.J. 2004. Catalina Invasive Plant Ranking Plan for the Catalina Island Conservancy. Unpublished. (3) Millspaugh, C.F. and Nuttall, L.W. 1923. Flora of Santa Catalina Island. P. 239. Field Museum of Natural History, Botany v.5. Chicago.","Occurs on all Channel Islands (1,6,7) small to large populations dominated by M. vulgare (2). Hand-pulled in Solstice Canyon, Santa Monica Mountains (3). Tons of M. vulgare was removed in Big Sycamore Canyon (4). Occurs in the mouths of canyons on the side of coastal side of mountain ranges from Santa Barbara to San Diego (5). On Catalina Island, 18,272,200 ft2 (419 ac) are invaded (8). Appears relatively stable statewide.",,"Perennial that grows best on alkaline soils (1). Prolific seeder, but is dependent on rainfall and water availability (2). Large seed bank with high germination rates (2). In California, flowers from April to October (3).","(1) Anonymous. 1988. Horehound (Marrubium vulgare). Tamar Valley Weed Strategy-www.weeds.asn.au. http://www.weeds.asn.au/weeds/txts/horehound.html. (2) Lippai, A., P. Smith, T. Price, J. Weiss, and C. Lloyd. 1996. Effects of temperature and water potential on germination of horehound (Marrubium vulgare) seeds from two Australian localities. Weed Science 44: 91-99. (3) Wilken, D. and Hannah, L. 1998. Marrubium vulgare: Channel Islands National Park Service litterature review. Unpublished.","Planted for medicinal purposes in gardens (1), but this is uncommon. M. vulgare was one of the two most common seeds found in the hair shed by bison on Catalina Island, and seed had a rate of 85% viability (2). Dispersed on clothing (3). Movement of soil (4). Fruits disperse by clinging to the shoes and clothing of people, and vehicle tires, and with water, soil movement, mud, and human activities. Vast majority of seed fall directly to ground below parent plant.","(1) Baker, H.G. 1986. Patterns of plant invasion in North America. Pp. 44-57 in: Mooney, H.A. and J.A. Drake, eds. Ecology of biological invasions of North America and Hawaii. Ecological Studies Volume 58. New York: Springer-Verlag. (2) Constible, J.M., Sweitzer, R.A., Van Vuren, D.H., Schuyler, P.T. and Knapp, D.A. 2004. Differential dispersal of non-native plants by introduced bison in and island ecosystem. In press. (3) Anonymous. 1988. Horehound (Marrubium vulgare). Tamar Valley Weed Strategy-www.weeds.asn.au. http://www.weeds.asn.au/weeds/txts/horehound.html. (4) Knapp, J.J. 2004. Personal observation from 2002-2004, construction areas containing piles of soil on Catalina Island, CA. jknapp@catalinaconservancy.org.","Fruits are transported on the fur of animals (1). Animal fur (3,4) and water along drainage lines and creeks (3). Fruits disperse by clinging to the fur, feathers, and feet of animals, and with water. Seeds survive ingestion by horses. (5) Again, these are probably minor means of spread as most seed fall direct to soil surface.","(1) Baker, H.G. 1986. Patterns of plant invasion in North America. Pp. 44-57 in: Mooney, H.A. and J.A. Drake, eds. Ecology of biological invasions of North America and Hawaii. Ecological Studies Volume 58. New York: Springer-Verlag. (2) Whitson, T.D., ed. 2001. Weeds of the West. 9th edition. Western Society of Weed Science in cooperation with the Western United States Land Grant Universities Cooperative Extension Services. (3) Anonymous. 1988. Horehound (Marrubium vulgare). Tamar Valley Weed Strategy-www.weeds.asn.au. http://www.weeds.asn.au/weeds/txts/horehound.html. (4) Constible, J.M., Sweitzer, R.A., Van Vuren, D.H., Schuyler, P.T. and Knapp, D.A. 2004. Differential dispersal of non-native plants by introduced bison in and island ecosystem. In press. (5) DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.","Southern Canada and continental United States (1,3). Declared a noxious weed in Australia and Tasmania (2,3), New Zealand, South Africa, and Hawaii (3).","(1) Baker, H.G. 1986. Patterns of plant invasion in North America. Pp. 44-57 in: Mooney, H.A. and J.A. Drake, eds. Ecology of biological invasions of North America and Hawaii. Ecological Studies Volume 58. New York: Springer-Verlag. (2) Anonymous. 1988. Horehound (Marrubium vulgare). Tamar Valley Weed Strategy-www.weeds.asn.au. http://www.weeds.asn.au/weeds/txts/horehound.html. (3) Wilken, D. and Hannah, L. 1998. Lactuca serriola: Channel Islands National Park Service litterature review. Unpublished.","First reported near San Francisco in 1870, and was considered naturalized in southern California by the late 19 century (4). First collected on Catalina Island in 1896 (5). In California, open, wet or dry often rocky places, from lowlands to middle and even upper elevation in the mountains up to 3300 meters (2). On Catalina Island, 18,272,200 ft2 are infested by 2,921 populations, and the following is the percentage of habitats invaded: bare-<0.00%, beach-0.00%, coastal scrub-0.02%, coastal scrub/grassland-7.9%, grassland-1.3%, chaparral-0.02%, riparian-3.2%, and 591 populations in non-native communities (3). Pastures, especially those that are overgrazed, fields, roadsides, rangeland, disturbed natural areas, waste places, ditches, other disturbed places. Most often grows in dry places, but is considered a facultative wetland species (6).","(2) Cronquist, A. 1984. Intermountain flora: vascular plants of the intermountain west, USA. Volume 4. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx. 573 pp. (3) Knapp, J.J. 2004. Catalina Invasive Plant Ranking Plan for the Catalina Island Conservancy. Unpublished. (4) Wilken, D. and Hannah, L. 1998. Marrubium vulgare: Channel Islands National Park Service litterature review. Unpublished. (5) Millspaugh, C.F. and Nuttall, L.W. 1923. Flora of Santa Catalina Island. P. 239. Field Museum of Natural History, Botany v.5. Chicago. (6) DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.","See 3.1.","Knapp, observational. DiTomaso, observational",,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Unknown,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,D,,,,C,,,,,,,D,C,D,,,D,,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/marrubium-vulgare-profile/, "Maytenus boaria",,,mayten,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/maytenus-boaria-risk/ "Medicago polymorpha",,,"California burclover; burr medic",3/19/05,"Bill Winans, Watershed Management Specialist","Dept. of Agriculture/Weights and Measures, County of San Diego","858 694-2777",bill.winans@sdcounty.ca.gov,"5555 Overland Ave. Suite 3101, San Diego, CA 92123","Walter Graves, Environmental Management Specialist","County of San Diego","(858) 694-8893",walter.graves@sdcounty.ca.gov,"5555 Overland Ave. Suite 3101, San Diego, CA 92123","Joe DiTomaso,Joanna Clines,Cynthia Roye,Doug Johnson",20050708,,,,C,Observational,C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,Observational,D,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Observational,Array,Array,A,3,Limited,,"Greater fire intensity may occur when nitrogen produced by this legume becomes available to other plants within the system. Higher nutrient levels in the soil allow the production of more biomass.",observation,"Grasslands are the areas where burclover most commonly grows. Native grasslands in California have been dramatically altered over the last 200 years by the introduction of European grasses. The growth of this legume may increase the thatch layer which, may effect the germination of other native and non-native plants within the system. Increased nutrient levels in the soil produced by the legume will favor plant species that can utiltize the enhansed resources. Higher nutrient levels in the soil alllow the production of more biomass.",Observation,"The higher nutrient levels in the legume will tend to stimulate herbivore populations. Herbivores often show preference for plant materials with greater nutrional value.",observation,"No known hybridization occurs. Not closely related to other native species.","Hickman. 1993. The Jepson Manual.","Grazing livestock provide adequate disturbance for successful establishment of this plant. A prostrate growth habit increases it's survival even in the presence of moderate grazing pressure. The low growth habit also can work against the plant, as an overstory of taller grasses will cause the Burclover to fade out until the next disturbance event.","Winan, observation","This plant has been in the state for two hundred years. It has likely spread to most of the locations where it can survive.","Spira, T. P. and L. K. Wagner (1983) ""Viability of Seeds up to 211 years old extracted from adobe brick building of California USA and Northern Mexico""","Grazed grasslands are the areas where this plant shows it's best growth. The plant does not appear to thrive well in areas outside of these parameters.",observational,"This is an annual plant, which produces seed within one year. Seeds remain viable for many years. The plant can recover from grazing as long as the grazing is not too severe.","DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.","Human caused dispersal is not expected to be frequent. Seeds also disperse as commercial seed contaminants.","DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.","The seed pods are covered with small hooks that effectively attach to animal hair. When livestock are moved the seed pods can be moved with them.","DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.","This plant is wide spread throughout the world, but most prevalent in grasslands.",observational,"This plant is thought to have been introduced into Calif. in the 1700's when livestock was brought on sailing ships.Common in turf, roadsides, fields, grassland, pastures, agronomic crops, especially alfalfa, vegetable crops, orchards, vineyards, gardens, and other disturbed places.","Spira, T. P. and L. K. Wagner (1983) ""Viability of Seeds up to 211 years old extracted from adobe brick building of California USA and Northern Mexico"" DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488. Joanna Clines, US Forest Service, pers. obs.","Primarily found in grasslands. More frequent in grazed grasslands. Very wide spread throughout the states grasslands. High levels of infestation are not generally found unless the site is fertilized and moderately grazed.","DiTomaso, observational",,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,C,B,D,,,,,,,,,,C,,,,,,D,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/medicago-polymorpha-profile/, "Melia azedarach",,"Melia australasica, Melia bukayun, Melia composita, Melia japonica, Melia sempervirens, Melia toosendan","Chinaberry tree, Pride of India, bead-tree, Cape-lilac, syringaberry tree, Persian lilac, Indian lilac, white cedar",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/melia-azedarach-risk/ "Melinis repens",,"Melinis repens subsp. repens , Saccharum repens, Rhynchelytrum roseum, Rhynchelytrum repens","Natal grass, natalgrass, Natal redtop, rose natal grass, Zizka",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/melinis-repens/ "Mentha pulegium",,"Mentha daghestanica Boriss.; Pulegium dagestanicum (Boriss.) Holub; Pulegium vulagare Mill.","pennyroyal; European pennyroyal; grows-in-a-ditch",7/31/03,"Peter J. Warner","California Dept. of Parks and Recreation; CalEPPC","(707) 937-9172; (707) 937-2278",pwarner@mcn.org,"P. O. Box 603, Little River, CA 95456-0603",,,,,,"Jake Sigg,Peter Warner,Joe DiTomaso,Doug Johnson,Brianna Richardson",20030801,,,,U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",U,,B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,Observational,A,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,Array,Array,A,3,Moderate,,"generally unknown, but could affect evapotranspiration rates from vernal pools and other wetland habitats inference based on losses of vernal pool species from pennyroyal-infest pools","Peter Warner (personal observation)","displacement of native species; changes in community composition observations; inference from habitat information provided in print, both peer-reviewed and other",,"potentially toxic to herbivores species known to be toxic to domestic livestock",,"potential for hybridization with native taxon (M. arvensis) hybridization cited as common in published information","Hickman, JC (editor). 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Vascular Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley.","species invades most commonly in heavily grazed areas, compacted soils, roadside ditches, areas of sedimentation",,"appears to spread rapidly into available wetland habitats, even those with substantial cover by other species","Peter Warner (personal observations)","appears widespread already, but probably still expanding range of suitable habitats infested",,"seeds, stolons, rhizomes",,"propagated, sold, planted horticulturally; vegetative propagules easily fragmented",,"seeds, rhizomes, stolons attached to animals, humans",,"Australian grazing lands (natural habitat?); potential for increase in range in CA",,"widespread in cismontane wetlands (obligate wetlands indicator species); reported from over 30 counties in CA","U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service website: http://www.nwi.fws.gov/bha/download/1996/national.pdf; CalFlora database (www.calflora.org)","very common in N. Calif. coastal wetlands, especially disturbed sites","Peter Warner (personal observations)",,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Unknown,Unknown,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,,,,C,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,C,,,B,C,,,,C,C,C,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/mentha-pulegium-profile/, "Mesembryanthemum crystallinum",,"Cryophytum crystallinum","crystalline iceplant; common iceplant",12/21/04,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph DiTomaso","University of California, Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Jake Sigg,Peter Warner,Bob Case,John Knapp,Elizabeth Brusati",20050708,,,,B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,Observational,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,Observational,Array,Array,C,3.5,Moderate,Alert,"increases soil salt content, blocks light Iceplant accumulates salt in the soil, then releases it when the plant dies back (1, 2, 3). Salts remain in the soil for several years. Decomposes slowly, leaving biomass in place for several years (1). Not a problematic in California as Australia yet.","1. Vivrette, N. J.,and C. H. Muller. 1977. Mechanism of invasion and dominance of coastal grassland by Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. Ecological Monographs. 47: 301-318 2. Kloot, P. M. 1983. The role of common iceplant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum) in the deterioration of medic pastures. Australian Journal of Ecology. 8:301-306. 3. El-Ghareeb, R. 1991. Vegetation and soil changes induced by Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. in a Mediterranean desert ecosystem. Journal of Arid Environments. 20:321-330","Inhibits colonization by grassland species. Late in season, blocks light (1). Does not generally form such dense colonies though so the impacts are more moderate. Salts released by iceplant favor germination of salt-tolerant species (like itself) while inhibiting grasses (1, 2). Few grass seedlings can establish under iceplant because of the high salt content of water washing through the plant (1). Decreases density and cover of annuals (3). However, does not create changes that are severe as Carpobrotus edulis (4).","1. Vivrette and Muller 1977 2. Kloot 1983 3. El-Ghareeb 1991 4. Peter Warner, California State Parks, corylus@earthlink.net. Personal observations.","reduces habitat quality for grassland species Rabbits and mice eat iceplant only after other forage is removed. Mice tunnel through it to reach grasses.","Vivrette and Muller 1977","none no related native species","Randall, J. J. 2000. Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. pp. 244-246 in Bossard, C. M., J. M. Randall, and M. C. Hoshovsky (ed.) Invasive plants of California's wildlands. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA.","Needs open disturbed areas for establishment. Does not grow well in intact grassland.","Vivrette and Muller 1977","Does not spread quickly.","Peter Warner, California State Parks, corylus@earthlink.net, personal observations",,"Peter Warner, California State Parks, corylus@earthlink.net, personal observations","Succulent, prostrate, annual herb. Flowers March to June but a few plants flowering at any time of year. Staggered germination of seeds throughout the year. Fruiting occurs June to August. Plants die in summer (1). Can rapidly take over an area once established (1,2) Need more specific information to fill out worksheet.","1.Vivrette and Muller 1977 2. Abbott, I., N. Marchant, and R. Cranfield. 2000. Long-term change in the floristic composition and vegetation structure of Carnac Island, Western Australia. Journal of Biogeography. 27:333-346","Used for landscaping by Caltrans and by gardeners. Can invade areas disturbed by grazing.","Randall 2000","Doesn't seem to have mechanisms for long-distance dispersal. Seeds dispersed by rabbits and mice","Randall 2000","Australia (1, 2), Egypt (3), Mexico, Chile (4)","1. Abbott et al. 2000 2. Kloot 1983 3. El-Ghareeb 1991 4. Vivrette and Muller 1977","Mostly colonizes coastal bluffs (1). Can colonize grasslands up to 8 miles inland (2). May have been introduced in ship ballast as early as the 1500's. Occurs from San Francisco Bay to Mexico and on Channel Islands (2).","1. Vivrette and Muller 1977 2. Randall 2000",,"Warner, observational",,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Unknown,Yes,Yes,Unknown,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/mesembryanthemum-crystallinum-profile/, "Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum",,"Cryophytum nodiflorum; Gasoul nodiflorum; Aridaria paucandra; Cryophytum gibbosum; Cryophytum rogersii","slenderleaf iceplant; small flowered iceplant",22-Dec-16,"Mona Robison/Science Program Manager",Cal-IPC,916-802-2004,rrobison@cal-ipc.org,,,,,,,"Jutta Burger,Naomi Fraga,Denise Knapp,Chris McDonald,Ron Vanderhoff,John Knapp,Elizabeth Brusati",20170126,2-Jun-17,,,B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,Observational,C,Observational,B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",Array,Array,B,3.5,Limited,,"Mesembryanthemum crystallinum and M. nodiflorum are salt accumulators. After plant death, the salt leaches from the decaying plant into the surrounding soil. This increased salinity stops other, less salt-tolerant species from establishing. More information is available on salt accumulation by M. crystallinum than for M. nodiflorum, but it is assumed that the mechanisms and ecosystem results are similar for both species.","El-Ghareeb 1991 Kloot 1983 Vivrette and Muller 1977","Excluding native plants, possibly altering soil conditions (see Question 1.1). On Santa Barbara Island, crystalline iceplant, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, forms large, dense patches and accumulates salt to the extent that all other species are generally excluded. A common associate is another annual iceplant, Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum. This is a serious management problem because only periodically are salt-tolerant shrubs such as Suaeda californica able to establish, if they can overtop the iceplant rapidly enough to overcome the shading effects. Otherwise, the iceplant leads to the extirpation of other plants from the area and then to erosion problems (Halvorson 1992). On the Channel Islands, M. nodiflorum is found in bare areas along the coastline extending in 1/4 mile. These sites are known locations of several rare and federally listed Malacothrix species (Knapp, J. pers. comm.). Knapp and Garoutte (2016) found a strong negative impact of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum on native plant diversity and (related) arthropod diversity at two of three study sites on San Nicolas Island.","Halvorson 1992 in Stone 1992. Cypher 2010 Knapp and Garoutte 2016 Knapp, J. Personal communication.","Causes oxalate poisoning in sheep. Ice plant was a primary food item for island foxes (>10% frequency of occurrence in scats) during two seasons on San Clemente, three seasons on San Miguel and all four seasons on San Nicolas. Although these plants are providing a benefit to foxes by increasing the diversity of available food items, these plants also may be excluding native species. Reducing or eliminating these non-native plants probably could be conducted without adverse impacts to foxes, with the exception of San Nicolas. On this island, foxes may be at least partially dependent on these species and any reductions should be conducted gradually and preferably in conjunction with active restoration of native species to provide alternate foods for foxes (Cypher 2010). Knapp and Garoutte (2016) found a strong negative impact of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum on native plant diversity and (related) arthropod diversity at two of three study sites on San Nicolas Island.","Cypher 2010 Halvorson 1992 in Stone 1992 Jacob and Peet 1989 Knapp and Garoutte 2016","There are no native species in the Mesembryanthemum genus which M. nodiflorum could hybridize with in California. There are a few native species in the Aizoaceae, but not in the Mesembryanthemum genus.","Jepson eFlora 2016","M. chrystallinum needs open disturbed areas for establishment and does not grow well in intact grassland. It is assumed that M. nodiflorum has similar requirements.","Vivrette and Muller 1977","In the south coastal region this species has been present for a century or more with numerous collections and records over that period. During this period it has colonized much or most of the suitable habitat (saline coastal bluff and bluff scrub on packed, exposed soils). At its current level of establishment I suggest, at least in this region, that it may be difficult to assess its rate of spread, since it has already filled much of the suitable habitat (Vanderhoff, pers. comm.). In inland southern California it is not as invasive as along the coast, but it is fairly common (Fraga, pers. comm.).","Fraga, N. Personal communication. Vanderhoff, R. Personal communication.","In the south coastal region this species has been present for a century or more with numerous collections and records over that period. During this period it has colonized much or most of the suitable habitat (saline coastal bluff and bluff scrub on packed, exposed soils). At its current level of establishment I suggest, at least in this region, that it may be difficult to assess its rate of spread, since it has already filled much of the suitable habitat (Vanderhoff, pers. comm. Knapp, J. pers. comm.). On the Channel Islands it is stable and has reached its distribution (J. Knapp, pers. comm.). Sayers reports seeing more in San Luis Obispo area recently.","Knapp, J. Personal communication. Sayers, J. Personal communication. Vanderhoff, R. Personal communication.","M. nodiflorum reproduces by seed. Seeds are produced in winter after rains. In California flowering occurs from March to August. During the first few years after seed maturation, the seeds are in a state of primary dormancy and none germinate. In its native habitat, M. nodiflorum seeds adhere to the soil and become part of the soil surface crust for many years until they germinate. Germination is regulated by the amount of rain that dilutes the salts that accumulate near the soil surface. There is no information available on vegetative reproduction or spread of M. nodiflorum, but since it is an annual species it is assumed to not reproduce vegetatively (Vanderhoff, pers. comm.).","Calflora 2016 Gutterman and Gendler 2005 Vivrette and Muller 1977 Vanderhoff, R. Personal communication.","M. crystallinum is used for landscaping by Caltrans and by gardeners and can invade areas disturbed by grazing. M. crystallinum, and it is assumed M. nodiflorum, are able to invade disturbed areas created by human activities. M. nodiflorum is not commonly available horticulturally, but seeds are available on-line.","Randall 2000 Vivrette and Muller 1977","Seeds are dispersed by water and adhere to the soil surface. The reference (Gutterman and Gendler 2005) does not list the distance traveled. M. crystallinum is dispersed by rabbits and mice, so that could occur with M. nodiflorum.","Gutterman and Gendler 2005. Randall 2000 Vivrette and Muller 1977","M. nodiflorum is native to South Africa. Other regions invaded are in Oregon, Arizona, Mexico, Europe and southern Australia. In Australia, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum and M. nodiflorum are found on wide range of soil types, from well-drained sandy soils (including sand dunes), to loams and clays. They prefer acid, neutral or alkaline soils, but can tolerate nutritionally poor or saline soils. They occur in a range of vegetation communities, including saltmarsh, samphire flats eucalypt woodlands and shrublands, and as with many introduced species, also grow in disturbed sites such as roadsides, rubbish dumps and homestead yards. In California, M. nodiflorum is found in coastal bluffs, salty flats in the interior of the coastal slopes, and saline wetland margins, areas which are similar to those invaded in Australia and elsewhere. The Pacific Islands in Mexico within the California Floristic Province is invaded in the same habitat types as the Channel Islands (Knapp, J. pers. comm.).","DiTomaso and Healy 2007 Australia CSIRO 2004 Knapp, J. Personal communication.","In California, M. nodiflorum is found in coastal bluffs, salty flats in the interior of the coastal slopes, and saline wetland margins. It occurs in coastal, inland and desert habitats from San Diego north to the San Francisco Bay Area, with one outlying population in Glenn County. The first herbarium specimen in California was collected in 1882 in San Diego. Based on specimens in CCH, appears to have first been introduced along the coast and on the Channel Islands, then spread inland along roads in the 1960s and 70s, and began being collected inland in the 1990s. In inland Southern California its around in the usual low alkaline places, in western Riverside County. Populations are scattered and typically not terribly large, but can be locally fairly common. Its in the Perris Basin and on the alkaline flats west of Hemet mostly, but some in the Elsinore-Temescal area. In open sites, seasonally wet, fine alkaline clay soils (Sanders, pers. comm). Also observed around Lake Elsinore in semi-saline soils of the dry lakebed, and along the outlet drainage down into Temescal Canyon (Boyd, pers. comm.). Also seen along riparian corridors along the Santa Clara River in Ventura County (Fraga, pers. comm.). Invades the Pacific Islands in Mexico within the California Floristic Province (Knapp, J. pers. comm.).","DiTomaso and Healy 2007 CCH 1882 Calflora 2016 Boyd, S. Personal communication. Fraga, N. Personal communication. Knapp, J. Personal communication. Sanders, A. Personal communication.","In California, M. nodiflorum is found in coastal bluffs, salty flats in the interior of the coastal slopes, and saline wetland margins. It occurs in coastal, inland and desert habitats from San Diego north to the San Francisco Bay Area, with one outlying population in Glenn County. In all cases it occupies < 5% of the area of that ecological type in California.","Calflora 2016 DiTomaso and Healy 2007 Knapp, J. Personal communication.","Australia CSIRO. 2004. Water for a Healthy County Taxon Attribute Profiles. http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cpbr/WfHC/Mesembryanthemum/index.html. Accessed December 13, 2016. Boyd, S. Personal communication from Steve Boyd, Botanist. Email received 2/2/17. Calflora. 2016. Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum. http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=5461 Accessed December 22, 2016. Consortium of California Herbaria (CCH). 1882. Specimen reference for Mesembryanthemum nodiflora. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/new_detail.pl?UC130790&YF=0 Accessed December 22, 2016. Cypher, B. et al. 2010. Use of non-native plants by island foxes: conservation implications. in California Invasive Plant Council Conference Proceedings, 2010. DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2007. Weeds of California and Other Western States. UCANR Publication 3488. Oakland, CA. El-Ghareeb, R. 1991. Vegetation and soil changes induced by Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. in a Mediterranean desert ecosystem. Journal of Arid Environments. 20:321-330. Abstract only. Fraga, N. Personal communication from Naomi Fraga, Director of Conservation Programs, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden. Email received 2/2/17. Gutterman, Y. and Gendler, T. 2005. Annual rhythm of germination of seeds of Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum 32 years after collection. Seed Science Research. 15(3), 249–253. Halvorson, W. H. 1992. Alien Plant Invasions in Native Ecosystems of Hawaii: Management and Research. Alien Plant Invasions in Native Ecosystems of Hawaii: Management and Research. 64-97. Jacob, R. and Peet, R. 1989. Acute oxalate toxicity of sheep associated with slender iceplant (Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum). Australian Veterinary Journal. 66(3), 91–92. Jepson treatment. Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=33363. Accessed December 22, 2016. Kloot, P. M. 1983. The role of common iceplant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum) in the deterioration of medic pastures. Australian Journal of Ecology. 8:301-306. Knapp, D.A. and C.S. Garoutte. 2016. Impacts of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum on the plant and arthropod diversity of San Nicolas Island. Abstract for presentation at Channel Islands Symposium. Knapp, J. Personal communication from John Knapp, California Islands Ecologist, The Nature Conservancy. Comments on PAF received January 2017. Randall, J. 2000. Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. pp. 244-246 in Bossard, C. M., J. M. Randall, and M. C. Hoshovsky (ed.) Invasive plants of California's wildlands. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA. Sanders, A. Personal communication from Andy Sanders, Director, UC Riverside Herbarium. Email received 2/2/17. Sayers, J. 2017. Personal communication from John Sayers, Environmental Scientist, San Luis Obispo District. Email received 3/15/17. Vanderhoff, R. 2017. Personal communication from Ron Vanderhoff, Roger’s Gardens Nursery. Comments on Plant Assessment Form, received January 2017. Vivrette, N. J., and Muller C. H. 1977. Mechanism of Invasion and Dominance of Coastal Grassland by Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. Ecological Monographs. 47(3), 301–318.",Yes,Unknown,Yes,Unknown,Yes,Unknown,No,No,Unknown,,,,"There is no specific information on the vegetative spread of M. nodiflorum. Populations of this species produce seeds every year (Knapp, J. pers. comm.).",,,,,D,,,D,D,,,,,,,,D,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/mesembryanthemum-nodiflorum-profile/, "Myoporum laetum",,,"ngaio tree; false sandalwood; mousehole tree",9/28/04,"Peter J. Warner","California Department of Parks and Recreation; CNPS; Cal-IPC","(707) 937-9172 (w); (707) 937-278 (h)",pwarner@mcn.org,"P. O. Box 603, Little River, CA 95456",,,,,,"Carla Bossard,John Randall,Cynthia Roye,Jake Sigg,Peter Warner",20050211,,,,U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Observational,C,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,Array,Array,B,3,Moderate,,"The species accumulates dead twigs, rendering it flammable (1). However, no documentation that this species has actually contributed to the spread of wildland fires, or to a change in fire intensity or frequency. insuffucient documentation of impact on fire regimes",,"Competition for light, moisture, nutrients in moist habitats, displacing native species of trees, shrubs, herbs, and forming monocultures (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). Personal observations, personal communications about Myoporum populations in California state parks.",,"Potentially toxic to wildlife, based on published accounts of toxicity to livestock, including sheep and cattle (1, 2, 3). Attractiveness of fleshy fruits could contribute to wildlife poisoning, although fruits are less toxic than foliage (2). Foliage is likely to be ingested by some herbivores, such as deer, and fruit is toxic to some degree, potentially injuring birds.",,"None likely. This is the only species in the family that grows without human assistance in California (1). No closely related species native to California.","1. Hickman, JC (editor). 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California (Third Printing, with corrections). University of California Press, Berkeley. p. 765.","Results of germination trials (1) suggest that Myoporum requires moisture and light for optimal germination rates. Myoporum's 4 seeds/fruit are encased in a hard endocarp; cutting of this endocarp resulted in no difference in germination, suggesting that physical disturbance is not necessarily needed for seed germination. However, germination does not occur if the 4-seeded unit is retained within the fleshy drupe. Reports indicate that this species spreads from landscape plantings into adjacent moist areas, or where the water table may be near to the soil surface (2, 3, 4, 5, 6). Under these conditions, Myoporum appears to need little physical disturbance. In light of these observations, the posted score here is conservative.","1. Burrows, CJ. 1996. Germination behaviour of seeds of the New Zealand woody species Melicope simplex, Myoporum laetum, Myrsine divaricata, and Urtica ferox. New Zealand Journal of Botany 34(2):205-213. 2. Goode, Suzanne. 2004. Personal communication. State Parks Resource Ecologist, Angeles District, California Department of Parks and Recreation. 3. Kerbavaz, Joanne. 2004. Personal communication. State Parks Resource Ecologist, San Mateo Coast Sector, Santa Cruz District, California Department of Parks and Recreation. 4. Orr, Regena. 2004. Personal communication. State Parks Resource Ecologist, San Luis Obispo Coast District, California Department of Parks and Recreation. (805) 771-1913 / rorr@hearst-castle.org 5. Smith, Darren Scott. 2004. Personal communication. State Parks Resource Ecologist,. San Diego Coast District, California Department of Parks and Recreation. (619) 278-3785 6. Warner, PJ. 2004. Personal observations, 1995-2004, Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino Counties. (707) 937-2278/ corylus@earthlink.net","Spreads from landscape plantings at central and southern California coastal state parks, where campground plantings of Myoporum are common. Also observed spreading occasionally from landscape plantings in northern coastal California. No indication or observations that the spread is rampant; a conservative estimation of spread is less than doubling in area over 10 years.","1. Goode, Suzanne. 2004. Personal communication. State Parks Resource Ecologist, Angeles District, California Department of Parks and Recreation. 2. Kerbavaz, Joanne. 2004. Personal communication. State Parks Resource Ecologist, San Mateo Coast Sector, Santa Cruz District, California Department of Parks and Recreation. 3. Orr, Regena. 2004. Personal communication. State Parks Resource Ecologist, San Luis Obispo Coast District, California Department of Parks and Recreation. (805) 771-1913 / rorr@hearst-castle.org 4. Smith, Darren Scott. 2004. Personal communication. State Parks Resource Ecologist,. San Diego Coast District, California Department of Parks and Recreation. (619) 278-3785 5. Warner, PJ. 2004. Personal observations, 1995-2004, Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino Counties. (707) 937-2278/ corylus@earthlink.net","No quanified information on total area infested. The species has been planted widely for many years, and is currently being removed in several state parks. A qualified estimate, based on this species' widespread use in landsapes, and the current rate of removal.","Warner, PJ. 2004. Personal observations, 1995-2004, Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino Counties. (707) 937-2278/ corylus@earthlink.net","Fruit is a fleshy drupe enclosing a stony endocarp containing 1-4 seeds (1, 2). Seeds removed from fruit and endocarp tend to germinate more readily than those remaining contained in the endocarp (1, 2). The endocarp may be an adaptation for seed longevity, and could account for long-lived seed banks. Abundance of seed production is unclear: > 1000 seeds/square meter? Seeds will definitely germinate in suitable habitat in California.","1. Burrows, CJ. 1996. Germination behaviour of seeds of the New Zealand woody species Melicope simplex, Myoporum laetum, Myrsine divaricata, and Urtica ferox. New Zealand Journal of Botany 34(2):205-213. 2. DiTomaso, J, and E. Healy. (in production). Weeds of California and Other Western States (unpublished).","Nurseries sell this species, seed catalogues advertise it, and the City of Los Angeles identifies it as a desirable street tree (1). Calif. Dept. of Parks and Recreation and other agences planted this tree widely in coastal areas over the past century","1. City of Los Angeles website. 2004. http://www.lacity.org/BOSS/streettree/MyoporumLaetum.htm",,,"Native to New Zealand coastal forests (1, 2). Cited (2) as invasive in Hawai'i, but not by USDA (3) in that state. Otherwise, no reports from anywhere other than the California coast, where it apparently invades habitats other than coastal forests. Due to frost sensitivity, and need for moisture, this species would probably not pose invasive threat to interior California, or the more northern coast - this may account for its scarcity as an invasive plant north of the SF Bay Area.",,"Central and southern California coast, especially moist to wet habitats, including coastal scrub, riparian woodland and scrub, salt, brackish, and freshwater marshes, dunes/strand where moisture is available (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)","1. Kitz, J. 2000. Myoporum laetum. in Bossard, CC, JM Randall, and MC Hoshovsky. Invasive Plants of Californias Wildlands. University of California Press, Berkeley. pp. 246-249. 2. DiTomaso, J, and E. Healy. (in production). Weeds of California and Other Western States (unpublished). 3. Goode, Suzanne. 2004. Personal communication. State Parks Resource Ecologist, Angeles District, California Department of Parks and Recreation. 4. Kerbavaz, Joanne. 2004. Personal communication. State Parks Resource Ecologist, San Mateo Coast Sector, Santa Cruz District, California Department of Parks and Recreation. 5. Orr, Regena. 2004. Personal communication. State Parks Resource Ecologist, San Luis Obispo Coast District, California Department of Parks and Recreation. (805) 771-1913 / rorr@hearst-castle.org 6. Smith, Darren Scott. 2004. Personal communication. State Parks Resource Ecologist,. San Diego Coast District, California Department of Parks and Recreation. (619) 278-3785 7. Warner, PJ. 2004. Personal observations, 1995-2004, Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino Counties. (707) 937-2278/ corylus@earthlink.net","more common in these ecological types from SF Bay Area south (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) conservative estimates, lacking any quantified data.","1. Goode, Suzanne. 2004. Personal communication. State Parks Resource Ecologist, Angeles District, California Department of Parks and Recreation. 2. Kerbavaz, Joanne. 2004. Personal communication. State Parks Resource Ecologist, San Mateo Coast Sector, Santa Cruz District, California Department of Parks and Recreation. 3. Orr, Regena. 2004. Personal communication. State Parks Resource Ecologist, San Luis Obispo Coast District, California Department of Parks and Recreation. (805) 771-1913 / rorr@hearst-castle.org 4. Smith, Darren Scott. 2004. Personal communication. State Parks Resource Ecologist,. San Diego Coast District, California Department of Parks and Recreation. (619) 278-3785 5. Warner, PJ. 2004. Personal observations, 1995-2004, Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino Counties. (707) 937-2278/ corylus@earthlink.net",,No,Unknown,Yes,No,Yes,Unknown,No,No,Yes,,,,"Fruit is a fleshy drupe enclosing a stony endocarp containing 1-4 seeds. Seeds removed from fruit and endocarp tend to germinate more readily than those remaining contained in the endocarp. The endocarp may be an adaptation for seed longevity, and could account for long-lived seed banks.",,,,,C,,,,C,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,C,,D,D,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/myoporum-laetum-profile/, "Myosotis latifolia",,"Myosotis sylvatica [misapplied in older California references]","common forget-me-not; wood forget-me-not; broadleaf forget-me-not",12/13/04,"Jim Bromberg/ Biological Science Technician","Point Reyes National Seashore","(415) 464-5231",James_Bromberg@nps.gov,"1 Bear Valley Road, Point Reyes Station CA 94956","Peter J. Warner / ecologist","California State Parks","707-937-9172; 707-937-2278",corylus@earthlink.net,"P. O. Box 603, Little River, CA 95456","Carla Bossard,John Randall,Cynthia Roye,Jake Sigg,Peter Warner",20050211,,,"There is no information on Myosotis sylvestris, and little on M. latifolia, so perhaps this PAF should cover both of them. I changed the level of documentation (and citation format) on 2.4 from anecdotal to ""other published"". Because the weeds book isn't out yet, I wasn't sure if it can be counted as reviewed yet.- E. Brusati",U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Observational,U,Observational,D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,B,Observational,C,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",Array,Array,B,3,Limited,,unknown,,"reduction in native ground cover (1). Myosotis is an invader of the understory along roads and trails, and once established, spreads into less disturbed adjacenty native plant communities (2). 1. At Muir Woods National Monument, it was found that M. latifolia was the dominant forest floor cover prior to removal. Following removal, there was a noticeable increase in uncommon native plants including trillium, clintonia, fetid-adderstongue, starflower, etc. (Monroe)","Email from Mia Monroe, Muir Woods National Monument (National Park Service). mia_monroe@nps.gov 2. Warner, PJ. Personal observations, 1996-2005. Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino, Humboldt Counties. 707-937-2278/corylus@earthlink.net","Reduction of habitat for invertebrates, small mammals and birds Muir Woods National Monument has experienced rebounds of plant diversity after removing monocultures of forget-me-nots. Since different plants are often required at various stages of the life cycle for different animals, it is suspected that habitat for many animals may be reduced by M. latifolia, although no known research has been done at this point. [Hypothetical arguments should be discarded. - PJW]","email from Mia Monroe, Muir Woods National Monument","Extremely unlikely to impact the one native forget-me-not, Myosotis laxa. Regional distributions and habitats of M. laxa and M. latifolia do not overlap, so potential for hybridization would seem to be low.","Hickman, J. (editor). 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California.","Myosotis will move in after disturbance by fire (1), and mowing, and trail maintenance, etc. (2). Point Reyes National Seashore experienced Myosotis spreading after the Mount Vision fire of 1995. In some shaded areas, populations of Myosotis were observed to be 75 to 100% cover in the three years following the fire.","1. U. S. Dept. of the Interior, Pt. Reyes National Seashore. 1998. Vision Fire Vegetation Monitoring Final Report 1996-1998. 2. Warner, PJ. Personal observations, 1996-2005. San Mateo, Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino, Del Norte, Humboldt Counties. 707-937-2278/corylus@earthlink.net","Aggressive. Infestations expand very quickly from one plant (2). Muir Wood National Monument has experienced M. latifolia growing and taking over partly shaded and moist areas especially where other non-natives have been removed or soil has been disturbed. While actual quantitative rates of spread have not been determined, staff at MWNM consider it to spread aggressively.","1. Email from Mia Monroe, Muir Woods National Monument 2. Warner, PJ. Personal observations, 1996-2005. San Mateo, Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino, Del Norte, Humboldt Counties. 707-937-2278/corylus@earthlink.net","Increasingly common. I have no prior data, but based on reports of distributions in the Jepson Manual and the CalFlora Database, I'd estimate that this plant is expanding its range (2). [M. latifolia] has become an increasingly common site along trails of the Monterrey Bay area (1).","1. Weed Control By Species:Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (October 2000). http://www.elkhornslough.org/plants/weeds.PDF 2. Warner, PJ. Personal observations, 1996-2005. San Mateo, Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino, Del Norte, Humboldt Counties. 707-937-2278/corylus@earthlink.net","Reproduces by seed and vegetatively by fibrous creeping roots. Seeds can remain viable over long periods of time (1).","1. Di Tomaso, J,and E. Healy. in prep. Weeds of California. as yet unpublished.","Seeds available at seed distributors and nurseries; seeds stick to hikers pant legs. Based on distribution of this species along trails and roads, the evidence is fairly convincing that human activities can be implicated in its dispersal (2). Muir Woods believes that seeds were scattered intentionally in the Redwood Creek watershed by local garden clubs. They additionally believe that seeds have been further distributed by attachment to hikers legs and transport throughout the trail system (1). These seeds are available at most seed distributor websites. Mowing and other road- and trailside maintenance activities can also spread seeds (2). Considering the dispersal mechanisms noted above, and the dominance of this species along roads and trails, I'd hypothesize that humans account for the most of the seed dispersal for this species (2).","1. email from Mia Monroe, Muir Woods National Monument 2. Warner, PJ. Personal observations from 1996-2005. San Mateo, Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino, Del Norte, Humboldt Counties. 707-937-2278/corylus@earthlink.net","unknown if there are any animal dispersal mechanisms but may be dispersed by water. The fruits have hooked appendages that cling to fur; most animals probably do not range more than 1 km from the site of seed attachment, but some do (2). Muir Woods National Monument has found populations of M. latifolia downstream from other populations and suspect that either seeds or root fragments may be carried downstream by high water events (1).","1. email from Mia Monroe, Muir Woods National Monument 2. Warner, PJ. Personal observations, 1996-2005. San Mateo, Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino, Del Norte, Humboldt Counties. 707-937-2278/corylus@earthlink.net","Only listed as invasive in the U. S. in California (1).","1. USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.","It is know to occur mostly in forested riparian areas of California. Sporadically very invasive in Calif. north coast forests and riparian woodlands, especially impacting forest edges, such as along trails and roads; very uncommon outside moist, shady, generally coastal habitats (4). The USDA reports Myosotis latifolia occurring in approximately 12 counties in California, mostly coastal counties or directly adjacent to the San Francisco Bay. Muir woods reports it occurring on the forest floor in the Redwood Creek Watershed. I have personally observed it in Point Reyes National Seashore and Golden Gate National Recreation Area along hillsides of forested creeks and streams. It is reported in Marin Flora to be abundantly naturalized in moist places with high shade, especially under redwoods.","USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. email from Mia Monroe, Howell, J. T. 1970. Marin Flora: manual of the flowering plants and ferns of Marin County, California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA. 4. Warner, PJ. Personal observations, 1996-2005. San Mateo, Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino, Humboldt Counties. 707-937-2278/corylus@earthlink.net",unknown,,,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Unknown,Yes,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,D,U,,,,U,C,D,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/myosotis-latifolia-profile/, "Myriophyllum aquaticum",,"Enhydria aquatica, Myriophyllum brasiliense, M. proserpinacoides","parrotfeather; Brazilian watermilfoil; parrotfeather watermilfoil; thread-of-life;",3/28/05,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph DiTomaso","University of California-Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Joe DiTomaso,Alison Stanton,Joanna Clines,Cynthia Roye,Doug Johnson",20050708,,,,A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,Observational,B,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,Array,Array,C,3,High,,"Forms large surface or subsurface mats that impede wateflow.","DiTomaso, J.M., and E. H. Healy. 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3421.","Large mats displace native aquatic vegetation.","DiTomaso, J.M., and E. H. Healy. 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3421.","Large floating mats create mosquito habitat and impede recreational activities (1). Can shade out algae that serve as the basis of the aquatic food web (2).","1. DiTomaso, J.M., and E. H. Healy. 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3421. 2. Anonymous. 2005. Parrotfeather (Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc.). Written findings of the Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. Available: http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/written_findings/","There are three native species of Myriophyllum in California, but this species does not produce any seed and is extremely unlikely to hybridize with the natives.","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA DiTomaso, J.M., and E. H. Healy. 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3421.","Inhabits both areas with natural disturbance, such as river channels, and calmer waters with less disturbance (1). Can survive drawdowns of water in irrigation channels (2). Appears to be adapted to high nutrient environments (2).","1. DiTomaso, J.M., and E. H. Healy. 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3421. 2. Anonymous. 2005. Parrotfeather (Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc.). Written findings of the Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. Available: http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/written_findings/","Has been observed to spread very rapidly in most aquatic systems.","DiTomaso and Anderson, observational.","Still spreading.","DiTomaso, observational.","Only populations in native range develop seeds. Creeping rhizomes produce numerous roots at nodes. Stems develop fine adventitious roots at lower nodes and on stem fragments. Male and female flowers develop on separate plants. Cultivated and naturalized plants in California are typically female (1). Rhizomes stored in a refrigerator for one year were able to regenerate (2).","1. DiTomaso, J.M., and E. H. Healy. 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3421 2. Anonymous. 2005. Parrotfeather (Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc.). Written findings of the Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. Available: http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/written_findings/","Escaped from aquaria. Can be spread by dumping of aquarium water or by catching in boat propellers.","1. DiTomaso, J.M., and E. H. Healy. 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3421.","Can cling to the feet and feathers of waterbirds or be carried downstream by waterflow.","1. DiTomaso, J.M., and E. H. Healy. 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3421.","Native to South America. Present along the west coast, in the southeast, and along the Atlantic seaboard (1). Inhabits warm temperate to tropical regions worldwide but is not as widespread as Eurasian watermilfoil (2). Scoring as C because seems to inhabit the same habitats elsewhere as it does in California.","1. USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. 2. DiTomaso, J.M., and E. H. Healy. 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3421.","Introduced from South America as a pond ornamental in the late 1800s to early 1900s. Grows best in tropical regions, can survive freezing by becoming dormant. Typically in water to 1.5m deep. Tolerates soft to very hard water and a pH range of 5.5 to 9.0. Does not tolerate brackish water. Requires high light conditions. Occurs in ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, canals, and ditches. Usually lives in still or slow-moving water, but occasionally in faster-moving water of streams and rivers. Occurs in North Coast, Cascade Range foothills, central-western region, and south coast to 500m (1).","1. DiTomaso, J.M., and E. H. Healy. 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3421.","Mainly in irrigation canals and in some ponds. Not as common as Eurasian watermilfoil","DiTomaso, observational",,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,,,,D,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/myriophyllum-aquaticum-profile/, "Myriophyllum spicatum",,,"spike watermilfoil, Eurasian watermilfoil",3/28/05,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709","Joseph DiTomaso","University of California-Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Joe DiTomaso,Alison Stanton,Joanna Clines,Cynthia Roye,Doug Johnson",20050708,,,,A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",U,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,Array,Array,B,3,High,,"Forms large surface or subsurface mats that impede wateflow (1). Dense canopies result in reduced oxygen exchange, increased nutrient loading, and increased water temperatures. There is concern that watermilfoil might mobilize phosphorous in Lake Tahoe, which is currently phosphorous limited, contributing to the loss of clarity in the lake (2).","DiTomaso, J.M., and E. H. Healy. 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3421. 2. Donaldson, S. 1997. Flood-borne noxious weeds: impacts on riparian areas and wetlands. Proceedings of the California Exotic Pest Plant Council Symposium. 3:7 Available: http://groups.ucanr.org/ceppc/Symposia/","Large mats displace native aquatic vegetation.","DiTomaso, J.M., and E. H. Healy. 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3421.","Large floating mats create mosquito habitat and impede recreational activities (1). Provides calm water for waterfowl, but simultaneously outcompetes native vegetation that supports waterfowl. One study in New York found that as watermilfoil cover increased from 35% to 97%, the total number of plant species dropped from 21 to 9 (2). Tends to have larger negative effects on predatory species than on small forage fishes. Can also decrease the quantity and quality of recreational activities such as angling, boating, swimming, and waterskiing. It is reasonable to expect that colonization of Eurasian watermilfoil at sites in the Lake Tahoe watershed yield annual damages of at least several hundred thousand to a few million dollars (3).","1. DiTomaso, J.M., and E. H. Healy. 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3421. 2. Donaldson, S. 1997. Flood-borne noxious weeds: impacts on riparian areas and wetlands. Proceedings of the California Exotic Pest Plant Council Symposium. 3:7 Available: http://groups.ucanr.org/ceppc/Symposia/ 3. Eiswerth, M. E., S. G. Donaldson, and W. S. Johnson. 2000. Potential environmental impacts and economic damages of Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) in western Nevada and northeastern California. Weed Technology. 14:511-518","There are three native species of Myriophyllum in California, but no information on hybridization.","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA enter text here","Inhabits both areas with natural disturbance, such as river channels, and calmer waters with less disturbance (1).","1. DiTomaso, J.M., and E. H. Healy. 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3421.","Forms long vines that can grow to four times the original size in one year. Populations in the Tahoe Keys expanded by as much as three times in one year (1).","1. Donaldson, S. 1997. Flood-borne noxious weeds: impacts on riparian areas and wetlands. Proceedings of the California Exotic Pest Plant Council Symposium. 3:7 Available: http://groups.ucanr.org/ceppc/Symposia/","So widespread that it is probably still spreading by not as rapid as in past.","DiTomaso, observational.","Reproduces vegetatively by rhizomes, stem fragments, and axillary buds. Axillary buds detach readily. Male and female flowers develop on the same plant. In California, seed production is much less important than vegetative production. Some populations produce many seeds, but seedlings are rarely observed. Seeds can survive at least seven years under dry conditions. At maturity, fruits detach and float for a period before sinking (1).","1. DiTomaso, J.M., and E. H. Healy. 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3421.","Escaped from aquaria. Can be spread by dumping of aquarium water or by catching in boat propellers.","1. DiTomaso, J.M., and E. H. Healy. 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3421.","Can cling to the feet and feathers of waterbirds or be carried downstream by waterflow, especially during winter floods. Waterbirds eat and disperse seeds. Easily fragmented and moved downstream.","1. DiTomaso, J.M., and E. H. Healy. 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3421.","Present in almost every U.S. state (1, 2). Typically inhabits temperate regions in the northern hemisphere but can also live in subtopical to tropical areas (2).","1. USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. 2. DiTomaso, J.M., and E. H. Healy. 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3421.","Present in ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, canals, and ditches. Usually in still or slow-moving water but occasionally found in faster-moving water of streams and rivers. Present in the central-western region, San Joaquin Valley, southern Sacramento Valley, and both the California and Nevada sides of Lake Tahoe, to 150m. Inhabits a wide range of environmental conditions. Often grows in hard alkaline water up to 3m deep, but can survive in water up to 8m deep if it is very clear with high light penetration. Tolerates a broad pH range (5.4 - 11), brackish water, and sandy to acid-peat substrates (1). Where water evaporates slowly and the plants are gradually stranded, Eurasian watermilfoil can develop a land form (2).","1. DiTomaso, J.M., and E. H. Healy. 2003. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3421. 2. Anonymous. 2005. Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.). Written findings of the Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. Available: http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Written_findings/","Probably most common submerged aquatic weed in California. Very widespread.","DiTomaso, observational.",,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,,,,B,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/myriophyllum-spicatum-profile/, "Nardus stricta",,,matgrass,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/nardus-stricta-risk/ "Nicotiana glauca",,,"tree tobacco",3/18/05,"Scott Oneto / Natural Resources Program Representative","University of California Cooperative Extension",209-223-6837,sroneto@ucdavis.edu,"12200B Airport Road, Jackson, CA 95642","Joseph DiTomaso","University of California-Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Joe DiTomaso,Alison Stanton,Joanna Clines,Cynthia Roye,Doug Johnson",20050708,,,"A larger problem south of the Tehachapis.",U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,C,Observational,A,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,B,3,Moderate,,,,"Displaces native plants. However, impacts are not strong. Prolific seed producer with seed set approaching 100% in manually self-pollinated flowers.","Wilken D., Hannah L. 1998; Nicotiana glauca R. Graham (Solanaceae) Tree Tobacco. Santa Barbara Botanic Garden Publication Pers.obs. Joe DiTomaso, Jake Sigg, Peter Warner, Carla Bossard 9/15/05","Affecting the habitat of the threatened cactus wren in California and the Blackburn sphinx moth in Hawaii. In California, tree tobacco invades coastal prickly pear cactus stands. Hummingbirds pollinate this tree instead of the native shrubs, which the threatened cactus wren is dependent on. In Hawaii, the endangered sphinx moth has been found to feed and reproduce on the introduced species. Tree tobacco also contains a toxic alkaloid called anabasine which is posionous to livestock and other foraging animals.","Meyers-Rice, B., Randall J. Weed Report: Nicotiana glauca, Tree Tobacco. The Nature Conservancy Wildlands Weeds Management and Research 1998-99 Weed Survey. Giffen, J. Pu'u'wa'awa'a Biological Assessment. August 2003 Knight, A.P., Walter R.G. A Guide to Plant Poisoning of Animals in North America. Teton New Media: Jackson, Wyoming. Pgs. 247-249. 2001","There are four native species of Nicotiana in California, but no information on hybridization. Very unlikely since the other species are herbaceous and this is woody. No information","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA","Found primarily in disturbed areas, of both human and natural origin. Is capable of sprouting along runners. First planted as a landscape ornamental, Tree Tobacco has escaped and can now be found widespread along roadsides, disturbed sites, waste areas, riparian areas, and recently burned sites.","Wilken D., Hannah L. 1998; Nicotiana glauca R. Graham (Solanaceae) Tree Tobacco. Santa Barbara Botanic Garden Publication","High Tree Tobacco seed set can reach nearly 100% in manually pollinated flowers. Trees grow rapidly and produce viable seed within a couple of years.","Scott Oneto, personal observations","Increasing, but less rapidly Although it is not well documented across the state, tree tobacco occurs along much of the coast and into the valley floor. In its native habitat, tree tobacco can grow at altitudes of 3700 meters.","USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.","Tree tobacco is a prolific seed producer with seed set close to 100%. Plants are self compatible and are fertilized by moths and hummingbirds. In warmer regions of California, plants can flower almost year round. Young trees can grow 3-4 feet a year and mature trees can also reproduce asexually through rhizome sprouting.","Wilken D., Hannah L. 1998; Nicotiana glauca R. Graham (Solanaceae) Tree Tobacco. Santa Barbara Botanic Garden Publication","First introduced as an ornamental, tree tobacco was widely planted for its beautiful yellow tubular flowers. Many infestations can be found downstream from old dwellings. Although it is not planted as widely, it can still be found for sale on the internet.",,"Seeds are produced in large quantities in capsules. The seeds are minute and can be carried long distances either by falling on bypassing animals or by moving in watersheds. Brushing up against trees will casue a large number of seeds to disperse which can then be lodged into the hair or coat of animals. Water can also move seeds downstream where new infestations will emerge.","Wilken D., Hannah L. 1998; Nicotiana glauca R. Graham (Solanaceae) Tree Tobacco. Santa Barbara Botanic Garden Publication","Weedy in other states including Hawaii, and most of the southern states. Wherever it was planted as an ornamental, a source for new infestations exists.","Observational and USDA NRCS Plants Database. http://plants.usda.gov/index.html","First introduced into California as an ornamental in the 1800's. It invades several California types Old home sites serve as a consistent seed source for down stream invasisons. Once established, it produces numerouse seeds that can be further distributed.","Wilken D., Hannah L. 1998; Nicotiana glauca R. Graham (Solanaceae) Tree Tobacco. Santa Barbara Botanic Garden Publication Meyers-Rice, B., Randall J. Weed Report: Nicotiana glauca, Tree Tobacco. The Nature Conservancy Wildlands Weeds Management and Research 1998-99 Weed Survey. Personal observations: Joe DiTomaso, UC Davis; Joanna Clines, Sierra National Forest; Alison Stanton, BMP Ecosciences; Cynthia Roye, California State Parks.","Most noticeable along roadsides, disturbed sites, recently burned areas, and in stream corridors","Wilken D., Hannah L. 1998; Nicotiana glauca R. Graham (Solanaceae) Tree Tobacco. Santa Barbara Botanic Garden Publication Meyers-Rice, B., Randall J. Weed Report: Nicotiana glauca, Tree Tobacco. The Nature Conservancy Wildlands Weeds Management and Research 1998-99 Weed Survey. DiTomaso and Healy. 2006. Weeds of California. UC DANR Publ. #3488.",,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Unknown,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,C,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/nicotiana-glauca-profile/, "Nothoscordum gracile",,,"false garlic",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/nothoscordum-gracile-risk/ "Olea europaea",,,olive,12/23/04,"Elizabeth Brusati, project manager","California Invasive Plant Council",510-843-3902,edbrusati@cal-ipc.org,"1442A Walnut St. #462, Berkeley, CA 94709",,,,,,"Joe DiTomaso,John Randall,Carla Bossard",20171025,,,"Re-evaluated 1/10/06 by Joe DiTomaso, John Randall, Peter Warner, Jake Sigg A major invasive species in Australia, but only two escaped populations in California. A concern because of the potential for spread from orchards.",U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",D,Observational,D,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,Observational,C,Observational,C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",C,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,Array,Array,B,3,Limited,,Unknown,"No information available.","In other areas, displaces native species, reduces light availability. However, occurs only in small patches or as single trees in California and does not have any perceived impacts.","Spennemann, D. H. R., and L. R. Allen. 2000. The avian dispersal of olives Olea europaea: implications for Australia. Emu. 100: 264-273","In other areas, fruits commonly eaten and dispersed by birds, but this has not been observed in California. Dispersed by feral hogs on Santa Cruz Island (3).","Spennemann, D. H. R., and L. R. Allen. 2000. The avian dispersal of olives Olea europaea: implications for Australia. Emu. 100: 264-273 Rey, P. J., and J. M. Alcantara. 2000. Recruitment dynamics of a fleshy-fruited plant (Olea europaea): connecting patterns of seed dispersal to seedling establishment. Journal of Ecology. 88:622-633 3. Roberts, James. 2005. Personal communication, Cal-IPC Symposium. Proceedings of the 2005 Cal-IPC Symposium. Available: www.cal-ipc.org","none no closely-related native species","Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA enter text here","Invades disturbed and marginal habitats such as roadsides and riparian strips. From habitats observed, Olea invades disturbed areas, such as upland areas adjacent to riparian corridors (e.g., Big Chico Creek, Butte Co.) or dry coastal grasslands (e.g., Santa Cruz Island), but can also establish away from any apparent disturbance (e.g., Annadel State Park, Sonoma Co.) (2).","1. Spenneman and Allen 2000 2. Warner, Peter. 1985-2005. Personal observations in Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino, Butte counties.","B or C. Probably spreads slowly as it only produces fruit every other year. Does not appear to be spreading in California despite its rapid spread in Australia.","Observational- DiTomaso.","Not spreading, appears to be stable.","Observational - DiTomaso","Reproduces at 7-8 years in garden, but much later in field. Bears hermaphroditic flowers. Pollen has partial self-compatibility. Fruit produced in cycles of 2-3 years. Seeds are dormant for 20 months and are vulnerable to rodent herbivory during that time. Seedling survival is critical link in regeneration. In Spain, water stress was responsible for 70% of seedling losses (2). Can produce fruit on one-year-old shoots in presence of sunlight (2).","Rey, P. J. and J. M. Alcantara 2000. Recruitment dynamics of a fleshy-fruited plant (Olea europaea): Connecting patterns of seed dispersal to seedling establishment. Journal of Ecology 88(4): 622-633 Thomas, J. 1995. Olive fact sheet. University of California Fruit and Nut Research and Information Center. http://fruitsandnuts.ucdavis.edu/crops/olive_factsheet.shtml. Accessed 12/23/04","Escapes from olive groves (1). Could escape from gardens via avian dispersal, although there are fruitless cultivars (2). Still widely sold as an ornamental as well as a crop plant. Very common in urban areas.","Found in Cal-IPC nursery survey 2004 1. Spennemann and Allen 2000 2. University of Arizona Pima County Cooperative Extensions, Master Gardeners. Olea europaea. http://ag.arizona.edu/pima/gardening/aridplants/olea_europaea.html","Commonly dispersed by birds, including species such as starlings, crows, and sparrows, that are present in California (1,2). Recruitment under conspecifics is nearly zero, so avian dispersal is important (1). Probably do not often disperse it beyond 1 km.","1. Rey and Alcantara 2000, 2. Spenneman and Allen 2000","Introduced around Mediterranean and to Australia for cultivation of olive oil, also in South Africa and Hawaii. Seems to be in at least one other habitat type in Australia.","Spennemann and Allen 2000 USDA PLANTS database. http://plants.usda.gov. Accessed online 12/23/04","Prefers Mediterranean climate with cool, but not too frosty, winter, and long, hot growing season (1). Present in California grasslands, riparian areas,and oak woodland (2). Brought to CA by missionaries in 1700's, increased plantings 1870-1900 (3).","1. Spenneman and Allen 2000 2. Meyers-Rice B., Randall J. _Weed Report: Olea europaea Russian Olive._ The Nature Conservancy Wildland Weeds Management and Research 1998-99 Weed Survey. 3. Thomas, J. 1995. Olive fact sheet. University of California Fruit and Nut Research and Information Center. http://fruitsandnuts.ucdavis.edu/crops/olive_factsheet.shtml. Accessed 12/23/04","Only infrequently to rarely encountered as a wildland weed in California.","Observational- DiTomaso",,No,No,No,Unknown,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,D,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/olea-europaea-profile/, "Oncosiphon pilulifer",,"Matricaria globifera, Pentzia globifera, Oncosiphon piluliferum","stinknet; globe chamomile","5 Jan 2021","Chris McDonald","University of California, Dept. of Agriculture & Natural Resources",,cjmcdonald@ucanr.edu,,,,,,,"Jutta Burger,Carlos de la Rosa,Jason Giessow,Marla Knight,Lynn Sweet",20210205,,,,A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",A,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,Observational,A,Observational,A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",B,Observational,B,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,C,3,High,,"Increases fire frequency in deserts and coastal sage scrub and disturbed sites. The dense patches of litter can increase fuel loads beginning in the spring when plants desiccate. Increased fuel loads can persist for up to two years. Persistent dense litter from annual forbs and grassees is unusual in California, and is common in relatively few weeds in California (such as medusahead).Persistent litter can create dense fuel beds that will promote the spread of fire. Abundant along road edges and adjacent scrub vegetation, likely substantially increasing the risk of fire conveyance from roads into wildlands (Obs: J Giessow, C McDonald, M Chamberland 2020). Persistent dense litter through the fall and winter drastically increases fire risk through the peak Santa Ana winds fire season. This is seen in average to high rainfall years. (Obs: J Giessow). In coastal sage scrub the increase of stinknet fuel can alter the fire regime, which may add to the fuels created by invasive annual grasses that have already altered the fire regime in coastal sage scrub. In comparison, in desert areas where fuels are naturally sparse, stinknet can increase the fire frequency along roadsides as well as in natural areas (Chamberland 2020). This appears to be happening in and around Phoenix, Arizona, but stinknet infestations in the California Desert, as of this writing, are minimal but increasing. Lastly, stinknet seeds exposed to smoke germinate at higher rates than control seeds, suggesting it is fire adapted and may create a positive feedback cycle with frequent fires (San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, unpublished data). Oncosiphon may likely reduce nutrient cycling. Large O. pilulifer patches produce litter that is persistent for about 2 years, while patches of annual grasses and native wildflowers have litter that generally persists for one year or less. It is unknown whether Oncosiphon alters the water cycle, but it likely reduces soil water moisture due to the abundance of biomass produced in patches, especially in sage scrub communities. It has been shown that annual grasses can reduce soil moisture (Wood et al. 2006). If Oncosiphon acts similarly to non-native annual grasses, then it would reduce soil moisture. ","Publications and the internet.","Stinknet patches form nearly monospecific stands. In years with adequate rainfall, stinknet seedlings can grow at very high densities, at over one plant per square centimeter, or 10,000 per square meter, and continue to grow in dense stands throughout the beginning of the growing season. Stinknet plants produce relatively large amounts of persistent litter, compared to annual grasses or native wildflowers, and stinknet litter can persist for 2 years. This in turn prevents and diminishes the growth of native wildflowers likely creating a positive feedback cycle. Stinknet patches also appear to reduce the vigor and success of native perennial seedlings, some of which do not survive competition with stinknet.","Field observations, personal contacts with scientists and land managers.","Stinknet is not palatable to livestock. The common name comes from Afrikaans, which roughly means stink only, in that the plant only stinks and it is not used as a forage by livestock or native African grazers. Stinknet has a much higher abundance on highly grazed pastures compared to lesser intensively grazed pastures, indicating it is not palatable (Rutherford and Powrie 2010). In California, very few stinknet plants shows signs of herbivore damage in the field. Very few large pollinators (bees, butterflies, beetles, flies) are observed on stinknet even when pollinators are present on nearby native wildflowers. Stinknet produces copious amounts of persistent thatch (Hedrick and McDonald 2020, Chamberland 2020). Stinknet seeds are not consumed by seed foraging rodents (such as kangaroo rats) (C Rodriguez unpub. data.) ","Rutherford and Powrie 2010","There are no native plants in California that are in the same genus as stinknet. The genus is native to Africa. There are also no weeds in California in the same genus. It is unknown if it causes any genetic impacts.","Jepson eFlora, CalFlora.","Livestock grazing increases the cover and abundance of stinknet in South Africa (Rutherford and Powrie 2010). In South Africa stinknet can also be found in disturbed areas. In California, stinknet quickly invades disturbed areas, including roadsides, burned areas, mowed fields, graded soils, and plowed areas. In western Australia, stinknet is found invading small grain crops and also invades disturbed soils surrounding farms and is also invasive on livestock ranches. In central and southern Arizona, large stinknet patches can be found adjacent to roadsides, disturbed sites, ephemeral drainages, and even in cracks in the sidewalk and street. Stinknet rapidly invades areas after fire, including spreading into annual grasslands, sage scrub, and riparian habitat (Obs: J Giessow, C McDonald). As tree canopy cover increases, the stinknet population can decline, but may still remain in patches where the tree canopy is reduced.","Rutherford and Powrie 2010, Douglas and Nicholson 2019, personal observations","In a series of years with average or above average rainfall in Southern California, stinknet patches can easily double in size in a few years. In metropolitan Phoenix Arizona, stinknet patches dominate large portions of roadsides, where few stinknet plants existed ten to twenty years ago. Small patches easily spread and increase in size in just a few years also creating an abundance of small patches adjacent to main infestations. Stinknet was first found in California in 1981 in Riverside County and in less than 40 years it has spread over 500 miles as measured from east to west.","Personal observations, conversations with land managers. CalFlora, iNaturalist for distribution information ","Stinknet can now be found in large portions of Western Riverside county, where it has created large patches over hundreds of acres. Stinknet is also found in many areas of San Diego County, where land managers are having a difficult time mapping all the new populations that have been found in the past few years. It has also increasing in San Bernardino and Los Angeles Counties. Stinknet has recently been found in the Central Valley and in Santa Barbara, Kern and Ventura Counties. Stinknet is also becoming more abundant in the California Desert especially in the Coachella Valley. Dozens of new stinknet sightings and populations have been found in the past few years in this region. It is also spreading east into central Arizona and southeastern Arizona. It can also be found in a few locations in and near Las Vegas, Nevada and in northern Mexico. While there are large patches in California and Arizona, there are areas adjacent to infestations that are not heavily invaded and only have a few isolated plants. There are many isolated plants that have dispersed a long distance that have the potential to increase in size and become large isolated patches. This may change as more plants reproduce in small isolated patches and form large patches. ","Personal observations, conversations with land managers, CalFlora, iNaturalist. San Diego County data can be seen here: https://sdmmpgis.maps.arcgis.com/apps/View/index.html?appid=be81637fe366455c85c767bcfafc307e","Stinknet is a winter annual. It generally produces one large synchronized blooming event in the late winter through spring, and sometimes a few smaller blooms will occur later depending on rainfall patterns. However, patches with additional soil moisture can continue to reproduce for several months after peak blooming. Plants produce numerous flowers and can produce 3,000-5,000 seeds per plant with large plants producing many more seeds (Douglas and Nicholson 2019). Seeds can survive in the soil for 5 years in Western Australia (Dodd and Lloyd 1988).","Douglas and Nicholson 2019, Dodd and Lloyd 1988","Stinknet seeds easily disperse on clothes, footwear, pets, tools and vehicles. The seeds are tiny (less than 1 mm long) and also disperse as a contaminant of agricultural and construction products and materials. The seeds are also tightly packed into the inflorescence, where they form a globe shape and the infloresence does not easily break apart. It is likely that these inflorescence balls roll on the ground, float downstream or downhill or break off from the plant. They are also carried in brisk winds. The inflorescenses are also picked up and carried in ‘dust devils.’ Once the inflorescence is forcefully hit, it begins to break apart and easily releases its seeds. Once the seeds are released from the inflorescence, the seeds can easily be carried on clothes and footwear because they are tiny. The seeds also appear to float and may be dispersed downhill with rainwater or downstream in a current. Stinknet seeds exposed to water release a viscous, sticky substance that could help them adhere to boots, tires, and animal fur or feathers. (San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, unpublished data). Many new stinknet patches are found near sites that are disturbed and also have human activity (such as adjacent to parking lots, hiking trails, highway rest stops, gravel stockpiles on roadsides, recently graded roadsides, etc.). ","Parsons, W.T and Cuthbertson, E.G. (1992) Noxious weeds of Australia, Calomba Daisy pp.296-298. Inkata Press as cited in Douglas and Nichols 2019. Hedrick and McDonald 2020.","Seeds are tiny so they could stick to birds and mammals which may migrate long distances. A large number of cases of a single or a few plants have been found far (hundreds of yards) from potential human sources (roads, hiking trails) or in areas where human traffic is less frequent (non-public access nature preserves). Birds are not regularly seen foraging on seed heads. Human assisted dispersal is arguably the more likely long-distance dispersal mechanism, as many new long-distance populations are near heavily trafficked sites, roadsides, parking lots, etc. Some locations do appear to be farther from human activity. Some new stinknet individuals are found far from roads, trails or where people frequent, so long-distance (miles) dispersal by animals cannot be ruled out. Several patches of stinknet have been found in areas where winds are concentrated or have significant force during large regional wind events, such as during Santa Ana winds. The inflorescences are also picked up and carried in ‘dust devils.’ It is very likely that during strong winds, either in large regional wind events like Santa Ana winds or in 'dust devils', stinknet inflorescences and seeds are picked up and carried long distances. Stinknet seeds appear to float and can be carried downstream. Stinknet seeds are also very likely carried downstream during flooding events, and flash flood events after desert monsoon storms. ","Hedrick and McDonald 2020","Stinknet is still spreading in California. It is likely expanding its range in South Africa as it is spreading into disturbed areas (such as farms) there. It is also expanding its range in Western Australia. It is currently unknown how far across the Southwestern US it will expand. Since stinknet is a winter annual it should occupy areas with adequate winter and spring moisture. Currently stinknet has been found adjacent to the coast, in interior ecosystems, such as chaparral, California sage scrub and annual grasslands, it has also been found in the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts of California as well as in Arizona and Nevada. As of this writing one population has been found in Santa Clara county near the bay. It has found above 4000 ft in elevation in Arizona, however it is highly likely it will spread higher than found in its current distribution given time.","Personal observations, CalFlora, iNaturalist, SEINet. ","Stinknet was first discovered in Riverside County in 1981. Within 10 years it had spread beyond a single introduction location and into several patches on adjacent lands. In the 1990's it had spread to San Diego County as well as Maricopa County, Arizona. In all three of these locations where stinknet populations have been spreading for 20 years or more, stinknet is locally widespread and locally abundant forming very large infestations. At these oldest invaded locations stinknet can dominate the herbaceous flora, forming large dense patches while only a few other herbaceous plants are present. Stinknet is still spreading in California. It is currently unknown how far across the Southwestern US and what variety of habitats is will invade. Since stinknet is a winter annual it should occupy areas with adequate winter and spring moisture. Currently stinknet has been found adjacent to the coast, in interior ecosystems, such as chaparral, California sage scrub and annual grasslands, it has also been found in the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts of California as well as in Arizona, Nevada and northern Mexico. As of this writing one population has been found in a disturbed site in Santa Clara county near the bay. After a fire, stinknet has been found to invade a variety of habitats including annual grasslands, sage scrub, chaparral and woodlands. As taller vegetation recovers such as when riparian tree canopy re-grows stinknet abundances may decline in the shade (Obs: J Giessow). It has found above 4000 ft in elevation in Arizona, in woodland or forested communities, however it is highly likely it will spread higher than found in its current distribution given time.","CalFlora, SEINet, personal observations, Chamberland 2020.","Since its discovery in 1981, stinknet has since spread to 8 counties in California. As of the time of writing it can be found in 7 counties in Southern California and has also been found in Santa Clara County near the San Francisco Bay. It has also been found in at least 5 counties in Arizona and two sites in Nevada, as well as in northern Mexico. New locations are often found each year during years with average or above average precipitation.","CalFlora, SEINet, personal observations","Chamberland, M. 2020. Stinknet: a Weed Advancing in Southern Arizona. https://extension.arizona.edu/sites/extension.arizona.edu/files/pubs/az1827-2020.pdf. Accessed 5 January, 2021. Dodd, J. and S.G. Lloyd. 1988. Department of Agriculture of Western Australia, Plant Industries Experimental Summary. Douglas, A. and D. Nicholson. 2019. Biology and management of matricaria (Oncosiphon piluliferum). http://www.giwa.org.au/_literature_247812/S4. Hedrick, P.W. and C.J. McDonald. 2020. Stinknet, A New Invasive, Non-native Plant in the South-western United States. Desert Plants 36(1): 5-16. iNaturalist. Observations: Stinknet (Oncosiphon pilulifer) https://www.inaturalist.org. Accessed January 5, 2021. KÄLLERSJÖ, M. 1988. A generic re-classification of Pentzia Thunb. (Compositae—Anthemideae) from southern Africa. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 96(4), 299-322. Rutherford, M.C. and L.W. Powrie. 2010. Severely degraded rangeland: Implications for plant diversity from a case study in Succulent Karoo, South Africa. Journal of Arid Environments 74(6): 692-701. SEINet Arizona New Mexico Chapter. Oncosiphon pilulifer (L. f.) Källersjö. https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/. Accessed January 5, 2021. Wood Y.A., Meixner T., Shouse P.J. and Allen E.B. 2006. Altered eco-hydrologic response drives native shrub loss under conditions of elevated nitrogen deposition. Journal of Environmental Quality 35:76–92. ",Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Unknown,No,No,Yes,,,,,U,U,U,U,D,D,D,D,D,D,D,U,U,U,U,D,U,D,U,D,U,U,U,U,U,D,U,D,U,U,U,U,U,U,U,U,U,U,U,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/oncosiphon-piluliferum-profile/, "Ononis alopecuroides",,,"foxtail restharrow",1-Aug-03,"Joe DiTomaso","UC Davis",530-754-8715,DiTomaso@vegmail.ucdavis.edu,"Weed Science Program, Robbins Hall, Univ. California, Davis CA 95616",,,,,,"Jake Sigg,Peter Warner,Doug Johnson,Joe DiTomaso,Brianna Richardson",20030801,,,,U,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",B,"Other Published Material",U,,D,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",D,Observational,A,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,C,Observational,C,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",Array,Array,C,2.5,Limited,,Unknown,,"Forms dense stands that are capable of excluding other vegetation.","Tu, M. 2002. Ononis alopecuroides. The Nature Conservancy. Weed Alert! http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/alert/alrtonon.html","Unpalatable to horses and burros. No information on wildlife palatability.","Tu, M. 2002. Ononis alopecuroides. The Nature Conservancy. Weed Alert! http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/alert/alrtonon.html","Probably none. No other species of Ononis in California.",,"Can move into disturbed areas but also expands into adjacent grassland and dry rocky areas. Weed of agricultural areas and disturbed fields.","Tu, M. 2002. Ononis alopecuroides. The Nature Conservancy. Weed Alert! http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/alert/alrtonon.html; DiTomaso, J.M. and E. A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. Div. Nat. Agr. Res. Univ. California (in press)","Spreads rapidly when established. San Luis Obispo County reported rapid spread with led to Q listing by CDFA.","Tu, M. 2002. Ononis alopecuroides. The Nature Conservancy. Weed Alert! http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/alert/alrtonon.html; DiTomaso, J.M. and E. A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. Div. Nat. Agr. Res. Univ. California (in press)","Nearly eradicated from state due to County and CDFA control efforts.","Tu, M. 2002. Ononis alopecuroides. The Nature Conservancy. Weed Alert! http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/alert/alrtonon.html; SLO County reports","Tu, M. 2002. Ononis alopecuroides. The Nature Conservancy. Weed Alert! http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/alert/alrtonon.html; DiTomaso, J.M. and E. A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. Div. Nat. Agr. Res. Univ. California (in press)","Probably seed contaminant in pasture species, presumably Trifolium seed.","Probably seed contaminant in pasture species, presumably Trifolium seed.","Tu, M. 2002. Ononis alopecuroides. The Nature Conservancy. Weed Alert! http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/alert/alrtonon.html; SLO County report","Does not seem to have a well developed long distance dispersal mechanism.","Observational, DiTomaso","Also weedy in northern and central Europe.","Tu, M. 2002. Ononis alopecuroides. The Nature Conservancy. Weed Alert! http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/alert/alrtonon.html","First introduced in about the 1990s. Only found in grasslands and woodland-savannas of San Luis Obispo County.","Tu, M. 2002. Ononis alopecuroides. The Nature Conservancy. Weed Alert! http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/alert/alrtonon.html; DiTomaso, J.M. and E. A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. Div. Nat. Agr. Res. Univ. California (in press)","Very uncommon, close to eradicated.","DiTomaso, J.M. and E. A. Healy. 2005. Weeds of California. Div. Nat. Agr. Res. Univ. California (in press); observational by CDFA and SLO County",,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/ononis-alopecuroides-profile/, "Onopordum acanthium",,,"Scotch thistle; cotton thistle; woolly thistle; winged thistle; jackass thistle; heraldic thistle",1/14/05,"Gina Skurka","California Department of Food and Agriculture","(916) 654-0768",gskurka@cdfa.ca.gov,"1220 N Street, Room A-357, Sacramento, CA 95814","Joseph DiTomaso","University of California-Davis",530-754-8715,jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu,"Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616","Carla Bossard,John Randall,Carri Pirosko,Dan Gluesenkamp,Gina Skurka,Brianna Richardson",20050708,,,,B,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",D,"Other Published Material",B,"Reviewed Scientific Publication",A,"Other Published Material",B,"Other Published Material",A,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,B,"Other Published Material",C,Observational,Array,Array,B,3,High,,"The fleshy taproot that may extend down 1 foot or more, would tend to be deeper than native grasses so this will contribute to less organic matter near the soil surface, increased soil erosion than native grasses' fibrous roots, and may affect soil water content.. Thick taproots of this weed may decompose more slowly than fine roots of grasses, lowering the annual input of organic matter ot the soil. Large infestations could have effects on evaporation, temperature, and erosion of the exposed soil surface. Moderate alteration of an ecosystem process.","CDFA Encycloweedia, Jan 6, 2005. <Z. japonica was discovered at the southwest end of Indian Island in Humboldt Bay, Humboldt County, California, in June 2002. In November 2006, Z. japonica was found near the Arcata Wastewater Treatment Plant in North Humboldt Bay. In March 2007, a fairly substantial population of Z. japonica at the Arcata Marsh, near the boat ramp at the foot of I Street in Arcata, CA, was found. In August 2007, a third new occurrence of Z. japonica growing on intertidal mudflats in Manila, CA, was discovered. On April 28, 2008, a new population of Z. japonica was discovered by a DFG crew in McNulty Slough in the Eel River estuary. McNulty Slough winds along the eastern boundary of the Department of Fish and Game Eel River Wildlife Area north of the mouth of the Eel River, Humboldt County, California. It inhabits mud flats between low and semi-high tide marks.
","Kirsten Ramey, California Department of Fish and Game,
","Currently limited to Humboldt County. However, Shafer et al (2008) examined growth and productivity of Z. japonica at several points in its range on the Pacific Coast of North America and concluded that southern populations may be better adapted to warmer conditions than northern populations, suggesting that Z. japonica could expand further south in California.
","Kirsten Ramey, California Dept. of Fish and Game; Shafer et al. 2008
",,Yes,Unknown,Yes,Unknown,Unknown,Unknown,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,,,,,,D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/zostera-japonica-profile/, "Zygophyllum fabago",,,"Syrian beancaper",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Watch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/zygophyllum-fabago-risk/